中国制造业碳排放问题分析与减排对策建议

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1848

化工进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 1645-1653.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1848

中国制造业碳排放问题分析与减排对策建议

张凡¹^,²(), 王树众¹(), 李艳辉¹, 杨健乔¹, 孙圣瀚¹

^1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室，陕西西安 710049
^2.清华四川能源互联网研究院能源战略与低碳发展研究中心，四川成都 610213

收稿日期:2021-08-30 修回日期:2021-11-24 出版日期:2022-03-23 发布日期:2022-03-28
通讯作者: 王树众
作者简介:张凡（1995—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为能源高效清洁转化与低碳发展。E-mail：zhangfan_chengdu@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51871179);中国博士后科学基金(2019TQ0248);陕西省自然科学基金(2020JQ-038)

Analysis of CO₂ emission and countermeasures and suggestions for emission reduction in Chinese manufacturing

ZHANG Fan¹^,²(), WANG Shuzhong¹(), LI Yanhui¹, YANG Jianqiao¹, SUN Shenghan¹

^1.Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
^2.Energy Strategy and Low-Carbon Development Research Center, Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610213, Sichuan, China

Received:2021-08-30 Revised:2021-11-24 Online:2022-03-23 Published:2022-03-28
Contact: WANG Shuzhong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

如何同时实现全面建设社会主义现代化国家和2060年达到碳中和的目标，是制造业未来发展所面对的必答考题。推动高耗能、高排放的制造业转向“绿色制造”是实现碳达峰、碳中和的关键一步。本文从核算方法、宏观指标、行业分布、能源结构对制造业碳排放现状进行总结与分析，进而对制造业的通用型碳减排对策和重点行业的低碳工艺进行介绍，并列举了相关商业应用、阐释了技术发展瓶颈。文中指出：制造业减排通用对策包括源头减量，使用清洁能源，碳捕集、利用与封存，工业互联网；重点行业低碳生产工艺主要有氢气直接还原生产钢铁、二氧化碳加氢制甲醇、生物质制生物油等；钢铁、化工、建材、石化及炼焦、有色金属冶炼作为制造业的重要行业，应当选择适应各自生产过程的减排对策为碳中和目标作出贡献。

关键词: 二氧化碳, 制造, 整体优化, 再生能源, 二氧化碳捕集

Abstract:

How to achieve the goal of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 is a necessary question for the future development of manufacturing industry. Pushing energy intensive and highly polluting manufacturing enterprises to "green manufacture" is a key step to achieve the goal of peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality. The current situation of carbon emission in manufacturing industry from accounting methods, macro indicators, industry distribution and energy structure were summarized and analyzed in this study. And then, the common carbon emission reduction countermeasures and low-carbon technology in key industries of manufacturing industry were introduced. Finally, the relevant commercial applications were listed and the technical development bottlenecks were explained. Common mitigation strategies for manufacturing were source reduction, clean energy using, carbon capture, utilization and storage, and the industrial internet. Low-carbon production technology in the key industries mainly included direct reduction of hydrogen to produce iron and steel, hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol, biomass to bio-oil, etc. Iron and steel, chemical industry, building materials, petrochemical and coking, non-ferrous metal smelting as the important parts for manufacture, should contribute to the goal of carbon neutrality by choosing mitigation strategies adapted to their own production processes.

Key words: carbon dioxide, manufacture, global optimization, renewable energy, CO₂ capture

中图分类号:

X322

张凡, 王树众, 李艳辉, 杨健乔, 孙圣瀚. 中国制造业碳排放问题分析与减排对策建议[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(3): 1645-1653.

ZHANG Fan, WANG Shuzhong, LI Yanhui, YANG Jianqiao, SUN Shenghan. Analysis of CO₂ emission and countermeasures and suggestions for emission reduction in Chinese manufacturing[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(3): 1645-1653.

图/表 11

表1 典型碳排放计算方法

机构或方法	核算对象	计算方法
IPCC	区域及行业	$C = E × H × 1 - S × F × O$
CEADs^［2］	区域及行业	能源排放： $C = E × H × F × O$ 水泥生产（工艺排放）： $C = P × F$
自上而下^［3］	钢铁行业	$C = E × F$
自上而下^［4］	化工行业	$C = E × F$
自下而上^［5］	建材行业	$C = P × F$
自下而上^［6］	造纸行业	$C = P × F$

表1 典型碳排放计算方法

机构或方法	核算对象	计算方法
IPCC	区域及行业	$C = E × H × 1 - S × F × O$
CEADs^［2］	区域及行业	能源排放： $C = E × H × F × O$ 水泥生产（工艺排放）： $C = P × F$
自上而下^［3］	钢铁行业	$C = E × F$
自上而下^［4］	化工行业	$C = E × F$
自下而上^［5］	建材行业	$C = P × F$
自下而上^［6］	造纸行业	$C = P × F$

图1 制造业在全国能耗、GDP、二氧化碳排放中占比

图2 全国与制造业的能耗强度与碳排放强度

图3 制造业重点行业能源消耗量与二氧化碳排放量（1Mtce=1×106t标准煤）

表2 清华大学-工业部门（不含电力和热力供应）二氧化碳排放预测 (亿吨)

年份	排放途径	政策情景	强化政策情景	2℃情景	1.5℃情景
2020	能源消耗	37.7	37.7	37.7	37.7
	工业过程	13.2	13.2	13.2	13.2
	总排放量	50.9	50.9	50.9	50.9
2030	能源消耗	45.4	42.1	38.2	14.1
	工业过程	11.7	11.0	9.5	8.8
	总排放量	57.1	53.1	47.7	22.9
2050	能源消耗	36.9	26.2	12.0	4.6
	工业过程	9.2	8.0	4.7	2.5
	总排放量	46.1	34.2	16.7	7.1

图4 IEA-中国工业二氧化碳排放

图5 WRI-中国2050年工业（不含电力和热力供应）减排效果分解

图6 麦肯锡公司-中国钢铁业和水泥业CO2减排路径图

图7 传统高炉工艺和HYBRIT工艺流程对比

表3 国内二氧化碳化工利用代表项目

代表项目	原料	产品	CO₂减排效应
顺成集团——二氧化碳加氢制甲醇	焦炉煤气	甲醇联产LNG	0.44×10⁸m³/a（标准）
潞安集团——二氧化碳干重整	二氧化碳、天然气	富一氧化碳合成气	60t/d
久泰集团——二氧化碳/合成气一步法制芳烃	二氧化碳/合成气（来自低温甲醇洗装置）	1,2,4,5-四甲苯及粗氢气	—
北京紫顶光合——等离激元光/热催化CO₂制清洁燃油	CO₂、H₂O、工业废热（均来自电厂）	燃料燃油	160×10⁴t/a

图8 常见的生物柴油制备方法

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中国制造业碳排放问题分析与减排对策建议

Analysis of CO₂ emission and countermeasures and suggestions for emission reduction in Chinese manufacturing

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中国制造业碳排放问题分析与减排对策建议

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Analysis of CO₂ emission and countermeasures and suggestions for emission reduction in Chinese manufacturing