油气田含油污泥生物处理技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1299

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

油气田含油污泥是石油钻井、运输、储存过程中产生的主要污染物。随着油气田开发的逐步深入，含油污泥所带来的生产和环境矛盾越来越突出。原有的含油污泥处理方式已经不适用新的环保要求。目前，物理化学处理方法初步实现了含油污泥减量化和原油资源回收，但其并不能从根本上去除含油污泥的石油污染物，甚至有可能造成二次污染。生物处理方法有低毒、环保、效率高等特点，具有较广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了含油污泥的来源、特征、处理标准和环境影响。将生物处理技术分为生物表面活性剂（BSF）洗油法和生物降解法，并从BSF的类型和特性、洗油机理、降解工艺、降解菌、对处理效果的影响因素以及BSF增强生物降解作用等方面进行了详细阐述。文章指出BSF洗油法主要应用于高含油污泥（含油率≥6%）的处理，含油率可降到2%以下；对于低含油污泥（含油率≤6%）采用微生物降解技术处理，可达到0.3%的生态标准。生物处理技术是最有前景的满足资源回收的环保型的含油污泥处理技术。

关键词: 含油污泥, 生物表面活性剂, 洗油, 生物降解, 生物修复

Abstract:

Oily sludge in oil and gas fields is the main pollutant in the process of oil drilling, transportation, and storage. With the deepening development of oil and gas fields, the contradiction between oil production and environmental pollution is becoming increasingly noticeable. The original oily sludge treatment methods are no longer suitable for new environmental requirements. At present, physical and chemical treatment methods have initially achieved oily sludge reduction and crude oil resource recovery, but they cannot fundamentally remove petroleum pollutants in oily sludge, and may even cause secondary pollution. Biological treatment methods have the characteristics of low toxicity, environmental friendliness and high efficiency, as well as have extremely wide application prospects. In this paper, the origin, characteristics, treatment standards and environmental impact of oily sludge were briefly introduced. The biological treatment technology is divided into BSF oil washing and the biodegradation. The types and characteristics of BSF, oil washing mechanism, degradation process, degrading bacteria, influencing factors on treatment effect and BSF enhancing biodegradation were described in detail. BSF oil washing method is mainly applied to the treatment of oily sludge with an oil content more than 6%, and the oil content can be reduced to less than 2%. For oily sludge with an oil content less than 6%, the ecological standard of 0.3% can be reached by microbial degradation technology. Biological treatment technology is the most promising oily sludge treatment technology that can meet resource recovery and environmental protection.

Key words: oily sludge, bio-surfactant, oil washing, biodegradation, bioremediation

中图分类号:

包清华, 黄立信, 修建龙, 俞理, 崔庆锋, 马原栋, 伊丽娜. 油气田含油污泥生物处理技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(5): 2762-2773.

BAO Qinghua, HUANG Lixin, XIU Jianlong, YU Li, CUI Qingfeng, MA Yuandong, YI Lina. Development in the biological treatment of oily sludge in oil and gas fields[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(5): 2762-2773.

图/表 5

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处理方法	技术原理	优点	缺点
脱水干化/填埋	机械分离降低含水率，晾晒风化，挖坑填埋	工艺简单	效果差，长期污染
溶剂萃取	用有机溶剂萃取石油烃（PHC），达到油、泥分离	普适性强，溶剂可循环利用	溶剂易挥发，有毒，过程复杂
焚烧	高温燃烧	技术成熟，处理彻底	造成二次污染，成本高，能耗大
高温热解法	无氧环境中，间接加热到400～500℃，转化为气态，再冷却为油相	回收率高，处理彻底，经济，环保	设备成本高，能耗大，操作复杂
热化学洗油+ 离心脱水	经加热、加化学试剂，洗出PHC，通过絮凝、沉降、离心，实现油、水、泥分离	适应性强，回收率高，技术成熟	成本高，工艺复杂，造成二次污染
污泥调剖	与乳化剂、稳定剂混合配制成高黏度的悬浮液，注入油气田地层	制备简单，容易实施	无法回收原油
超声波处理	通过机械振动和加热降低原油黏度和油水界面膜刚性，增加液滴流动性，促使聚结	成本较低，设备简单，适应性好	对超声波的声强、处理时间等参数要求严格
生物处理法	微生物在生长过程中利用PHC为碳源，转化为CO₂和H₂O	环境友好，处理彻底，经济，高效	周期长，不适合用于高含油污泥，占地面积大，技术不成熟

处理方法	技术原理	优点	缺点
脱水干化/填埋	机械分离降低含水率，晾晒风化，挖坑填埋	工艺简单	效果差，长期污染
溶剂萃取	用有机溶剂萃取石油烃（PHC），达到油、泥分离	普适性强，溶剂可循环利用	溶剂易挥发，有毒，过程复杂
焚烧	高温燃烧	技术成熟，处理彻底	造成二次污染，成本高，能耗大
高温热解法	无氧环境中，间接加热到400～500℃，转化为气态，再冷却为油相	回收率高，处理彻底，经济，环保	设备成本高，能耗大，操作复杂
热化学洗油+ 离心脱水	经加热、加化学试剂，洗出PHC，通过絮凝、沉降、离心，实现油、水、泥分离	适应性强，回收率高，技术成熟	成本高，工艺复杂，造成二次污染
污泥调剖	与乳化剂、稳定剂混合配制成高黏度的悬浮液，注入油气田地层	制备简单，容易实施	无法回收原油
超声波处理	通过机械振动和加热降低原油黏度和油水界面膜刚性，增加液滴流动性，促使聚结	成本较低，设备简单，适应性好	对超声波的声强、处理时间等参数要求严格
生物处理法	微生物在生长过程中利用PHC为碳源，转化为CO₂和H₂O	环境友好，处理彻底，经济，高效	周期长，不适合用于高含油污泥，占地面积大，技术不成熟

种类	制造微生物	类型	表面张力 /mN·m^-1	界面张力 /mN·m^-1	CMC /mg·L^-1	HLB^①
鼠李糖脂	假单胞菌/伯克氏菌类	阴离子	25～30^[14]	0.001～4.0^[17]	5～2000^[18-19]	10~15^[20-21]
槐糖脂	酵母菌类	阴离子/非离子	30～37^[22]	1.0～2.0^[22]	17～100^[22-23]	9～13^[13,24]
海藻糖脂	念珠菌/红球菌/放线菌	非离子	27.9~36^[16,25]	5~17^[16]	4～37^[16,22]，165^[25]	11^[16]
脂肽	芽孢杆菌/链霉素/假单胞菌/沙雷氏菌/曲霉菌/游动放线菌	非离子	27～32^[22,26-27]	<1^[25]	23～160^[22,26]	17^[28]

种类	制造微生物	类型	表面张力 /mN·m^-1	界面张力 /mN·m^-1	CMC /mg·L^-1	HLB^①
鼠李糖脂	假单胞菌/伯克氏菌类	阴离子	25～30^[14]	0.001～4.0^[17]	5～2000^[18-19]	10~15^[20-21]
槐糖脂	酵母菌类	阴离子/非离子	30～37^[22]	1.0～2.0^[22]	17～100^[22-23]	9～13^[13,24]
海藻糖脂	念珠菌/红球菌/放线菌	非离子	27.9~36^[16,25]	5~17^[16]	4～37^[16,22]，165^[25]	11^[16]
脂肽	芽孢杆菌/链霉素/假单胞菌/沙雷氏菌/曲霉菌/游动放线菌	非离子	27～32^[22,26-27]	<1^[25]	23～160^[22,26]	17^[28]

技术分类	优点	缺点
地耕法	成本较低，操作简单，能耗低，处理量大	①易受气候条件影响；②存在二次污染；③需要面积大；④耗时
堆肥法	①保持代谢过程中产生的热量；②环保，VOCs的排放通过辅助收集单元控制；③易于设计和实施	①处理能力较差；②需要面积较大；③处理时间较长
生物泥浆反应器法	①快速有效；②需要土地面积小	①处理成本高；②需要预处理；③产生VOCs需要处理；④处理后，混合物需要脱水，增加成本