高氯酸盐还原菌的代谢过程及应用研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0895

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物法降解高氯酸盐（ $C l O 4 -$ ）作为一种经济、高效、二次污染小的技术，在处理 $C l O 4 -$ 方面取得了显著的效果。本文综述了高氯酸盐还原菌还原 $C l O 4 -$ 的主要机理、不同菌株的来源及特性、降解过程中其他因素（如电子受体、电子供体、pH、温度、盐度和重金属等）对高氯酸盐还原菌性能的影响并对高氯酸盐还原菌的应用现状进行了概述。指出高氯酸盐还原菌广泛存在于环境中，可通过一系列还原酶将 $C l O 4 -$ 还原为Cl^-，但是不同菌株的还原机理可能存在一定差异需进一步研究。同时操作参数和环境因子均会对高氯酸盐还原菌降解 $C l O 4 -$ 性能产生或正或负的显著影响。电子供体的额外投加作为生物法的缺点，使得其在实际工程中的应用非常有限。因此，寻找经济性较好的电子供体并将其应用在实际工程中是未来生物法降解 $C l O 4 -$ 研究的热点。本文就电子供体的投加策略及未来高氯酸盐降解研究方向提供了一些见解，以期实现生物法更经济、高效地应用在实际 $C l O 4 -$ 污染水体处理中。

关键词: 高氯酸根, 高氯酸盐还原菌, 机理, 影响因素, 应用

Abstract:

As an economical, efficient and less secondary pollution technology, microbial method has obtained notable achievements and concerns for removal of $C l O 4 -$ . The current review comprehensively summarizes the main mechanisms, source and screening of micro-organisms, major influencing factors (ie., electron acceptor, electron donor, pH, temperature, salinity, heavy metals and so on, on the performance of perchlorate reducing bacteria as well as the application status reported in literatures. The results demonstrated that perchlorate reducing bacteria are abundant under ambient conditions and it can easily reduce $C l O 4 -$ through a series of reductases, but different microorganisms may have different pathways and that should be revealed in the future research, furthermore, operational parameters and environmental factors could exert significant effects on the performance of perchlorate reducing bacteria to degrade $C l O 4 -$ , positively or negatively. Dosing extra electron donor is still the defects of microbial method, thus the technology has not been applied widely yet in some degree. Based on that understandings, establishing an economical strategy for electron donors should be explored. New option of electron donor dosing and the future research direction were proposed to provide some insights to the pertinent engineering challenges of perchlorate reducing bacteria in the degradation of $C l O 4 -$ .

Key words: perchlorate, perchlorate reducing bacteria, mechanisms, influencing factors, application

中图分类号:

X172

程丽杰, 高宁博, 楚华, 全翠, 张力恒, 李兴刚. 高氯酸盐还原菌的代谢过程及应用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(S2): 251-261.

Lijie CHENG, Ningbo GAO, Hua CHU, Cui QUAN, Liheng ZHANG, Xinggang LI. Metabolism and application of perchlorate reducing bacteria in microbial reduction of perchlorate: a review[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(S2): 251-261.

图/表 5

图1 高氯酸盐还原菌降解高氯酸盐的过程

图2 A. fulgidus菌还原菌高氯酸盐的过程

表1 不同来源中筛选的高氯酸盐还原菌及特性

分类	高氯酸盐还原菌	菌种来源	电子供体	pH	温度	高氯酸盐去除率/%	年份
① Clostridia	Sporomusa sp. An4	俄罗斯地下气体储存库^[41]	甲醇	7.0	37	100	2010
② Clostridia	Moorella perchloratireducens sp. nov. An10	俄罗斯地下气体储存库^[42]	甲醇	7.0	55	100	2008
③ Bacillus Vibrio SalinovibrioStaphylococcus Nesiotobacter	BBCOL	哥伦比亚加勒比地区高盐土壤^[44]	琼脂	6.5～12.0	37	10～25	2019
④ Azospira sp. KJ	Azospira sp. KJ	高氯酸盐降解生物反应床^[45]	乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸	8.0	30	100	2018
⑤ Dechloromonas spp.	Dechloromonas spp. PBR	土壤^[46]	—	7.4	23±1	100	2011
⑥ Dysgonomonas	PRB	长春市河流沉积物^[47]	—	7.0	—	98.93	2018
⑦ Sulfurovum	T-driven PCRB	石家庄桥西区污水处理厂活性污泥^[48]	S₂O₃^2-	7.5	40	98	2017
⑧ Dechloromonas sp. Thauera sp. Azoarcus sp.	Dechloromonas sp. Thauera sp. Azoarcus sp.	印度Thiruvananthapuram 区污水处理厂厌氧污泥^[49]	乙酸	7.0	32	99	2015
⑨ Dechloromonas sp.	Dechloromonas sp.JD15	$C l O 4 -$ 污染的底泥^[50]	—	7.0	25	80～90	2010
⑩ Marinobacter vinifirmus sp.	Marinobacter vinifirmus sp. P4B1	混合富集培养物^[51]	乙酸	—	22	100	2013
? Azospira sp. KJ	Azospira sp. KJ	高氯酸盐降解生物反应床^[52]	乙酸	8.0	30	100	2018
? Dechloromonas sp. Dechlorosoma sp.	MPRB	济南污水处理厂活性污泥^[52]	乙酸	7.0	30	100	2018
? Rhodococcus sp.	Rhodococcus sp. YSPW03	韩国韩州市政污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥^[53]	乙酸	7.0	35±5	100	2015
? —	高氯酸盐还原菌	森林公园土壤^[54]	树皮	—	38±1	100	2013
? Serratia sp.	Serratia sp. Serratia marcescens NIIST5	实验室间歇式生物反应器^[55]	乙酸盐	—	30	87	2013
?—	生物膜群落中PBR	厌氧甲烷氧化协同反硝化污泥^[56]	甲烷	7.0±0.2	29±1	0～100	2015
? Dechloromonas sp.	Dechloromonas sp.	上海曲阳污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥^[57]	乙酸钠	6.85	35	100	2016

表1 不同来源中筛选的高氯酸盐还原菌及特性

分类	高氯酸盐还原菌	菌种来源	电子供体	pH	温度	高氯酸盐去除率/%	年份
① Clostridia	Sporomusa sp. An4	俄罗斯地下气体储存库^[41]	甲醇	7.0	37	100	2010
② Clostridia	Moorella perchloratireducens sp. nov. An10	俄罗斯地下气体储存库^[42]	甲醇	7.0	55	100	2008
③ Bacillus Vibrio SalinovibrioStaphylococcus Nesiotobacter	BBCOL	哥伦比亚加勒比地区高盐土壤^[44]	琼脂	6.5～12.0	37	10～25	2019
④ Azospira sp. KJ	Azospira sp. KJ	高氯酸盐降解生物反应床^[45]	乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸	8.0	30	100	2018
⑤ Dechloromonas spp.	Dechloromonas spp. PBR	土壤^[46]	—	7.4	23±1	100	2011
⑥ Dysgonomonas	PRB	长春市河流沉积物^[47]	—	7.0	—	98.93	2018
⑦ Sulfurovum	T-driven PCRB	石家庄桥西区污水处理厂活性污泥^[48]	S₂O₃^2-	7.5	40	98	2017
⑧ Dechloromonas sp. Thauera sp. Azoarcus sp.	Dechloromonas sp. Thauera sp. Azoarcus sp.	印度Thiruvananthapuram 区污水处理厂厌氧污泥^[49]	乙酸	7.0	32	99	2015
⑨ Dechloromonas sp.	Dechloromonas sp.JD15	$C l O 4 -$ 污染的底泥^[50]	—	7.0	25	80～90	2010
⑩ Marinobacter vinifirmus sp.	Marinobacter vinifirmus sp. P4B1	混合富集培养物^[51]	乙酸	—	22	100	2013
? Azospira sp. KJ	Azospira sp. KJ	高氯酸盐降解生物反应床^[52]	乙酸	8.0	30	100	2018
? Dechloromonas sp. Dechlorosoma sp.	MPRB	济南污水处理厂活性污泥^[52]	乙酸	7.0	30	100	2018
? Rhodococcus sp.	Rhodococcus sp. YSPW03	韩国韩州市政污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥^[53]	乙酸	7.0	35±5	100	2015
? —	高氯酸盐还原菌	森林公园土壤^[54]	树皮	—	38±1	100	2013
? Serratia sp.	Serratia sp. Serratia marcescens NIIST5	实验室间歇式生物反应器^[55]	乙酸盐	—	30	87	2013
?—	生物膜群落中PBR	厌氧甲烷氧化协同反硝化污泥^[56]	甲烷	7.0±0.2	29±1	0～100	2015
? Dechloromonas sp.	Dechloromonas sp.	上海曲阳污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥^[57]	乙酸钠	6.85	35	100	2016

表2 高氯酸盐还原菌鉴定常用的PCR引物

高氯酸盐还原菌

引物

序列（5'-3'）

Moorella perchloratireducens sp. nov. An10 ^[42]

—

ACCTAATACGACTACTATAGGGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

ATTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

Dechloromonas spp. PBR ^[46]

pcrA320

pcrA598

GCGCCCACCACTACATGTAYGGNCC

GGTGGTCGCCGTACCARTCRAA

T-driven PCRB^[48]

341F

805R

CCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG

GACTGGAGTTCCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCAGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC

生物膜群落中高氯酸盐还原菌^[56]

320F

589R

GCGCCCACCACTACATGTAYGGNCC

GGTGGTCGCCGTACCARTCRAA

—^[58]

341F

518R

CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG

ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGG

Clostridium sp.andRhodocyclaceae^[59]

1070F

1392R

ATGGCTGTCGTCAGCT

ACGGGCGGTGTGTAC

Dechlorospirillum anomalous strain WD+Dechlorisoma suillus strain PS ^[60]

1525R

AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

—^[61]

UCD-238F

UCD-646R

T(C/T)GA(A/C/G)AA(A/G)CA(C/T)AAGGA(A/T/C)AA(A/C/G)GT

GAGTGGTA(A/C/G)A(A/G)(C/T)TT(A/C/G)CG(C/T)TT

表3 高氯酸盐还原菌可利用的电子供体

高氯酸盐还原菌	可利用的电子供体
CKB^[15]	乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、苹果酸或酵母提取物、二价铁、硫化物、腐殖质类似物2,6-蒽醌二磺酸盐的还原形式
GR-1^[35]	乙酸、丙酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和乳酸
Azospira sp. KJ^[45]	乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸
高氯酸盐还原菌^[54]	树皮
PRBC^[64]	乙酸、乙醇、酵母提取物、蔗糖、葡萄糖
乳酸富集的高氯酸盐还原菌^[65]	乙酸、氢气、乳酸
CIRB^[66]	简单的有机酸、氢气、乙醇、芳香烃、己糖、还原性腐殖质、可溶性和不溶性铁和硫化氢
Dechlorosoma sp. perclace^[67]	淀粉、马铃薯皮

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