In this review,state-of-the-art technology of polyolefin-based elastomer manufacture,including major producers and product trademarks,grades and properties were summarized. Research and developments on production process and catalyst system for the ethylene-propylene binary and ternary rubbers(EPM,EPDM,mEPDM),the poly(ethylene-co-α-olefin) elastomer(POE)and the poly(ethylene-block-α-olefin) elastomer(OBC)were also introduced. It has been pointed out that the thermoplastic elastomer,such as POE and OBC,and the polyolefin plastomer not only had excellent mechanical and physical properties of polyolefin-based elastomer,but also was easy molding and processing,and can be recycled and reused. And the metallocene catalyst had the advantages of high activity,good ability to catalyze copolymerization with α-olefin,and single active site. In order to independently develop the polyolefin-based elastomer,the thermoplastic elastomer and plastomer with more excellent performance and more profitable,such as mEPDM,POE and OBC et al,the researches on the metallocene catalyst with high temperature adaptability and the high temperature solution polymerization process must be strengthened.

In the paper,the current situation of the use of coal,petroleum and natural gas in China was presented. And also,new technologies and development trend of the fossil energy utilization were analyzed. Then,combined with the development requirement of economy,society and environmental protection,some development proposals were respectively put forward for the optimal utilization of coal,petroleum and natural gas. Coal to electricity is the best way for safe,economic and clean utilization. Modern coal chemical industry needs to move steadily forward with innovation and development. Refinery needs to continuously decrease the diesel/gasoline ratio and increase the jet fuel production. And,fuel refinery should accelerate to chemical refinery transformation. Natural gas is still mainly used as fuel,and needs to reduce the cost of industrial gas and orderly develop natural gas to electricity.

The development and application of high temperature gas dust removal technology makes great sense to the energy utilization and cleaner production in industrial processes. Granular filtration technology which shows a balance between efficiency and pressure drop,better economy and good adaptability in harsh environment,has provided an effective way to settle issues involved in efficient synthetically utilization of solid fuels,clean electricity generation and utilization of residual heat,etc. The principle and forms of granular bed filters(GBFs)were introduced in this paper. Special emphasis was placed on the structure type and improvement research of GBFs,including fixed GBFs,moving GBFs and other forms of GBFs. The influence factors and present studies on engineering application of GBFs were then summarized,and the development trend of GBFs was discussed at last. There are many control factors in moving GBFs and the filtration efficiency of moving GBFs still needs to be improved compared with fixed GBFs,but moving GBFs are more appropriate for industrial application and are the first choice,because moving GBFs can be operated continuously at a steady efficiency and pressure drop. In addition,uniform flow and high utilization efficiency of granular layer,optimization of dirty gas inlet modes and pertinency and integration design are the future directions of research for moving GBFs.

Hydrate deposition is a main reason for the plugging in oil and gas transmission pipelines. This paper investigates the common experimental apparatus used for hydrate deposition research,including micromechanical force apparatus,rocking cells and flow loops of different scales. According to the researches performed using the apparatuses above and through computational fluid dynamics simulations,hydrate particle bedding,hydrate film growth and hydrate particle wall adhesion are identified to be the three mechanisms of hydrate deposition. High hydrate concentration,large hydrate particle size and low fluid velocity together lead to hydrate particle bedding. When there is a temperature gradient between the pipe wall and the bulk phase,gas molecules or water molecules tend to diffuse to the cooler pipe wall to form film growth deposition. The capillary liquid bridge force and the van der Waals force between hydrate particle and the pipe wall could count for adhesion deposition. For the three deposition mechanisms,deposition characteristics and deposition models were introduced respectively. Hydrate deposition mechanisms are closely related to subcooling and they can besegregated depending on the fluid subcooling degree at different pipeline positions. The optimization of deposition model and the coupling between hydrate deposition characteristics and flow characteristics have a great significance for oil-gas flow assurance,and is the main focus of the future research.

The development of novel circulating fluidized bed(CFB)reactors has always been the hot issue in the field of fluidization. This paper first began with a brief introduction of basic principles of circulating fluidization and gas-solids hydrodynamics in CFB reactors,and then the recent advances on the study of novel CFB reactors were reviewed in terms of geometric structure,operation conditions,flow behavior and application prospect etc. Existing novel CFB reactors were also classified. Based on achieving the increase of solids concentration of risers,high density circulating fluidized bed(HDCFB)reactors and circulating turbulent fluidized bed(CTFB)reactors greatly improve the evidently non-uniform spatial and temporal flow structure. However,there are some disadvantages for each reactor,with a large radial gradient of solids holdup in HDCFBs and intensive axial solids backmixing as well as long particles residence time in CTFBs. Moreover,the overall low solids concentration of both reactors further restrict their application in low carbon olefin production process. Coupling effective transportation characteristics of risers with the advantages of high solid concentration as well as efficient heat and mass transfer in dense beds,novel CFB reactors like diameter-changing riser reactors,internal-loop fluidized bed reactors,and multi-regime circulating fluidized bed reactors can achieve high density transportation and develop a uniform flow structure,eliminating effects of reaction environment on final product distribution. Finally,the review proposed that the research on novel CFB reactors should put emphasis on improving gas-solids flow structure,developing optimized integration technologies and establishing unified flow model.

The FeCl₂·4H₂O crystals were fluidizely calcinated by air in a φ44mm fluidized bed reactor. The process of producing Fe₂O₃ by FeCl₂·4H₂O using fluidzed calcination was studied. The conversion of FeCl₂·4H₂O crystals with reaction time was obtained by measuring the chloride ion concentration in tail gas absorption solutions with chloride ion selective electrode,and process influence factors was investigated,including superficial gas velocity,average grain diameter and bed temperature. The result indicated that the fluidzed calcination was surface reaction controlled process. Apparent gas velocity was increased,the reaction rate was accelerated,the calcination time was shortened. When the apparent gas velocity at 0.64m/s,the external diffusion was eliminated,and the reaction was controlled by surface reaction. Then,increasing the apparent gas velocity had no obvious effect on the calcination reaction. The generated Fe₂O₃ was loose,and it was peeled off the surface of the particles as well as flowing out of the furnace with air by calcining FeCl₂·4H₂O crystals in fluidization state,which was similar to the shrinking reaction process. The FeCl₂·4H₂O crystals' temperature rising rate and calcination reaction rate speed were accelerated with the increase of apparent gas velocity in the environment of fluid-bed calcination. However,the increasing of superficial gas velocity has no obvious effect on the calcination reaction in the environment of good fluidization. The smaller of the FeCl₂·4H₂O crystals' initial average particle size,the variation of reaction rate with time was more obvious,and the completing time of the calcination reaction was shorter. The bed temperature has a significant effect on the calcination reaction,and the calcination reaction is proportional to the particle surface area.

The oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing smelting process is taken as research object. In order to measure and compare the local mixing characteristics in the bottom-blowing stirred reactor,the grayscale intensity was obtained based on field images of bubble perturbation. According to the actual size of bottom-blowing copper melting furnace,the test platform for water model of gas blowing was built. By watching high-speed videos of experimental process at different design parameters,the field RGB images of water model above the nozzles were captured and saved. Only the area undisturbed by apparatus was extracted as the study area. Finally,the grayscale intensity average and standard deviation of green component can be obtained. It was found that the green component of bubble RGB images extracted the contour features of actual bubble images more than other grayed images at our experimental conditions. The horizontal profiles of green component present obvious single apex and double peak,corresponding to the operating conditions of single-line nozzle and double-line nozzles,respectively. These results proved the validity of grayscale intensity for characterizing the mixing process. The mean and standard deviation time series of grayscale intensity in study area were calculated. Results showed that most times series follow Gaussian distributions statistically at the dynamic equilibrium stage of the bath. This work provides some academic bases and references on pushing the research about adopting image analysis techniques to investigate flow and mixing in the bottom-blowing stirred reactors.

Flow characteristics of tap water,ethylene glycol and 26^# white oil in 304 stainless steel pipe,plexiglass pipe,polypropylene pipe(PP pipe) and polytetrafluoroethylene pipe(PTFE pipe) were experimentally studied based on experimental platform of small circulation line. Measurements were made for pressure drops under different flow rates. The relationships of frictional coefficient versus Reynolds number,Poiseuille number versus Reynolds number and contact angle versus frictional coefficient for three liquids flowing in four pipes were figured out respectively. Together with the contact angle measurement by the contact angle meter,the effect of pipe surface wettability on frictional coefficient was discussed. The results all showed that surface wettability of pipe has certain influence on the flow resistance. The frictional coefficient and Poiseuille number decrease with the increase of contact angle at the same Reynolds number. The effect of lyophobic pipe surface wettability on frictional coefficient is greater than that of lyophilic pipe and the phenomenon is more obvious for the smaller Reynolds numbers.

In the process of zero discharge of wastewater,the existence of organic matter has an adverse effect on crystallization of inorganic salt. Therefore,it is necessary to study the effect of organic additives on salt crystallization. The solubility,supersolubility and variation of the metastable zone(MSZW) of sodium chloride in pure water and aqueous solution that added peptone,phenol and heptanediacid were measured in this paper. The results showed that the existence of the three organic matters decreases the solubility of sodium chloride. The solubility decreases with the increase of organic concentration. The effect of heptanediacid is the largest. All the organic additives doped in sodium chloride will narrow the MSZW,and the degrees of the organic additives are in the order as follows:phenol > heptanediacid > peptone. In the phenol aqueous solution with saturated temperature of 343.15K and COD of 20000mg/L,the width of MSZW can be reduced by 65.3% compared with that in pure water. The faster the stirring rate and the lower the cooling rate,the narrower the MSZW. In the presence of different organic matters,the order of the influence of stirring rate on the MSZW as follows:heptanediacid > peptone > phenol,the order of the influence of cooling rate on the MSZW as follows:peptone > phenol > heptanediacid.

Particle motion in a water-cooled screw conveyor is crucial to its heat transfer efficiency. In order to reveal the flow characteristics of particles in water-cooled screw conveyor used in semi-coke industry,the calculation model of water-cooled screw conveyor was established based on discrete element method(DEM). The influence of screw speed,filling rate,pitch and screw shaft diameter on the flow characteristics of particles were studied from the perspective of particle force chain. The results showed that the velocities of the particles near the casing are reduced by the boundary inhibition. The motion of the particles is mainly slip when the filling rate is less than 80% and mainly rotation when the filling rate is more than 80%. Under full-fill conditions,the motion of the particles is dominated by rotation when the ratio of the pitch to the helix diameter is less than 2/3. And the axial motion of the particles gradually toke the dominant position when the ratio of the pitch to the helix diameter is more than 2/3. The mass flow rate increased with the increase of screw speed and pitch,and decreased with the increase of screw shaft diameter. The sensitivity of the mass flow rate to the fill rate above 80% is higher than the sensitivity of the low fill rate.

The existence of the maximum power cycle and no maximum power cycle in organic Rankine cycle(ORC)means that there is a kind of shift-curve of net power output and its corresponding shift-temperature of heating fluid for the working fluids; which played an index function in the selection of the working fluids and the evaluation of the cycle performance. Based on trapezoidal cycle and its theoretical model,the relation and formulas of the saturated line shape(saturated liquid line slope,saturated gas line slope and its ratio and critical temperature)and thermal properties of the working fluids as variables were established. The model of working fluid with linear saturated line was proposed and defined. The mathematical model and relation between the cycle performance and properties of the working fluids were built. The empirical equations of the shift-temperature of heating fluid for the working fluid in ORC and the theoretical equations of the shift-temperature of heating fluid in working fluid with linear saturated line were derived,respectively. The characteristics and general principles of the shift-temperature of heating fluid and its corresponding optimum condition were investigated. Results showed that the deviation of shift-temperature of heating fluid with 21 working fluids between empirical equations and numerical simulations in ORC was less than 1.97%. The shift-temperature of heating fluid in model of working fluid with linear saturated line is the addition of the critical temperature of working fluid and the pinch point temperature difference of evaporator. The maximum optimal conditions(maximum optimal evaporation temperature and maximum net power output)corresponding to the shift-temperature of heating fluid increases with the ratio of the saturated line slope, which will be close to the critical point of the working fluid when it becomes the dry working fluid.

The liquefied hydrocarbon pressure vessel exposed to heat radiation from fire is extremely dangerous,which may incur the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion(BLEVE)of disaster domino effect. In this paper,based on the established two-node lumped temperature model(LTM),the dynamic reliability of the horizontal LPG tank exposed to fire was researched by applying stochastic diffusion process(SDP)and first passage failure(FPF)theories to LTM. Firstly,the LTM was converted to a two-dimensional Ito stochastic differential equation(SDE)to obtain the expressions of drift and diffusion coefficient. Then,according to FPF,a conditional dynamic reliability function was defined and the Kolmogorov backward equation(KBE)that the defined function satisfied was derived. Finally,the dynamic reliability was obtained by solving the KBE using the finite difference method(FDM)with some reasonable boundary conditions. Being different from the static reliability method,the dynamic one could describe the damage probability in whole timeline so as to provide a more reliable and accurate probability result for quantitative risk assessment(QRA)of domino effect.

In order to eliminate the high temperature corrosion of the side water-cooled wall in a 600 MW front and rear wall swirl-opposed firing boiler,three layers of opposed near-wall air nozzle were punched in the front and rear walls. The boiler combustion of original condition and near-wall air condition with different nozzle arrangement schemes was simulated by use of Fluent. The distribution of reductive atmosphere of near-wall region was emphatically focused on. The results showed that the simulation results agreed with the actual operation condition of boiler and the anti-corrosion performance of different nozzle patterns was limited. Due to the push of rising flue gases from the bottom,the nozzle arrangement had a great influence on the effect on anti-corrosion. In addition,by adjusting the position of nozzle and combining the nozzle flow characteristics,the coverage of reductive atmosphere in the near-wall region maintained at a low level while the ratio of near-wall air was less than 4%,indicating that the front and rear wall arrangement scheme can effectively restrain the high temperature corrosion of the side water-cooled wall on the basis of the combination of appropriate nozzle positions and nozzle flow velocity.

Azeotropic distillation was used to separate 2-methylpyridine and water azeotropic mixture. First,cyclohexane was chosen as the azeotropic entrainer. Second,Aspen Plus were used to simulate the continuous azotropic distillation process. The effects of entrainer flow rate and output quantity at the bottom and feed location on the product purity and heat duty were analyzed to get the optimal operation parameters. The result indicated that when the theoretical stage number was 21,the entrainer flow rate was 3600kg/h,the output quantity at the bottom was 888kg/h,and the feed location was 15,the purity of 2-methylpyridine and water can achieve as 99.54% and 99.97%,respectively. Finally,in order to investigate the effectiveness of the solvent,the batch azeotropic distillation experiments were carried out. The results showed that the purity of 2-methylpyridine and water can achieve as 99.85% and 99.96%,respectively,which revealed that cyclohexane was an ideal azeotropic agent and the azeotropic distillation was useful in the separation of 2-methylpyridine and water system.

The status,the research framework and the development trends of the biorefineries in and abroad were discussed in this paper. Succinic acid was regarded as the one with better flexibility and capability for wide application in synthesizing the butanediol and its derivatives. Glycerol was of great value in the synthesis of propanediol,epichlorohydrin,latic acid etc. Key research fields were thus listed with a focus on the application of the succinic acid and glycerol as the "platform molecules". Meanwhile,based on the review on lignocelluloses converting techniques,a new progress about catalytic decomposition and fermentation of lignocelluloses was introduced. Furthermore,the existing challenges and limitations of the overseas biorefineries on efficiency,feedstock sources,product separation and region restriction were analyzed in depth. The further anticipation of development prospect of biorefinery in expanding material sources and featured bio-based chemicals also offers a reference for the future development of the domestic biorefinery.

The proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC)has the advantages of low operating temperature,quick start-up and shutdown,and high energy density. It has a good application prospect in mobile power supply,vehicle and other equipment. However,there are still many problems to be solved,such as manufacturing cost,battery life,and cold start ability,which restrict the commercialization of PEMFC. Among them,the cold start capability of fuel cell is an important subject for commercial applications. This paper summarized the research progress of PEMFC cold start from several aspects,including the freezing mechanism of PEMFC,hydrothermal transmission characteristics during cold start,and visualization studies. The results showed that there was no definitive conclusion on the specific icing location of the battery. The ice formation during the cold start did destroy the membrane electrode assembly and shorten the battery life. The visualized research method has been widely used in water management. And the internal water distribution provided a more intuitive basis. The hydrothermal management based on the electrode material and the cell structure may draw more attnetions in the future.

To improve the electrostatic separation of the catalytic cracking slurry oil,the slurry from the first stage electrostatic separation was modified for further electrostatic separation in the second stage. Comparing electrostatic separation efficiencies after the addition of four kinds of additives,it was found that additive A was the most effective solvent,which had higher permittivity and lower conductivity. Through the optimization of electrostatic separation experiment conditions after adding additives, the optimal experimental conditions of the modified electrostatic separation was determined. The second-stage electrostatic separation efficiency was increased by 21% compared to the first stage; and the catalyst particles in purified slurry was below 10μg/g. the permittivity of solid particles was measured using Energy spectrum analysis and FTIR. The particle sizes and compositions before and after the electrostatic separation were determined. It was found that added additive A in FCC slurry before electrostatic separation could reduce the particle content and increase the permittivity of purified slurry. The effect to catalyst particles in slurry was more noticeable.

The petroleum asphalt was modified by three fractions extracted from Shenhua direct coal liquefaction residue[hexane soluble(HS),asphaltene(AS)and preasphaltene(PA)]. The optimum of modifiers and mechanism were studied. The optimal conditions were as follows:the optimum amount of HS has been found to be 1% and AS to asphalt ratio of 4%,however the penetration and ductility of PA-modified asphalt can't meet the specifications of ASTM D5710-95 40-55 penetration grade designated for modified asphalts at the same time. The modified asphalts were investigated by FTIR. The involvement of modifiers(HS,AS) decreased the stretching vibration of aliphatics(-CH₂-) of modified asphalt at 2924cm^-1 and 2847cm^-1. The results showed that the involvement may cause dehydrogenation reaction of the alkyl side chain. TG and DTG curves of modified asphalt and petroleumasphalt were basically the same,but the ultimate weight loss temperature was increased. For example,the maxium increasing temperature of 4%AS/90 reached 11℃. The much larger size of the fluorescent substance with larger molecular of modifiers can be seen from the fluorescence microscopy images.

The ash expansion characteristic and mineral conversion of Zhundong coal(ZDC)ash with different amounts of vermiculite injection were studied by using heating microscope and XRD. The results showed that the vermiculite composite additive could improve the expansion characteristic of ZDC ash. The more vermiculite compound additives,the higher the swelling rate of coal ash. The deposits with vermiculite composite additive were more friable and polyporous so that it could be removed by soot blower or fall off easily. The ash softening temperature of ZDC with vermiculite composite additive change slightly,almost having no change by blending ratio of 5%. And the ash softening temperature would decreases obviously when increasing the blending ratios of additive continually. Thus,the blending ratio of 5% was most appropriate. The main minerals in ZDC ash included gehlenite,akermanite and melilite when heating at higher temperature. However,melilite became the main mineral with longer heating time. After adding the vermiculite composite additive,the gehlenite and akermanite were transformed into diopside with lower ash fusion temperature at high temperature.

Coal pyrolysis is an effective and efficient method to produce coal gas,tar and clean char. The char,as the main product,is always used for combustion. To investigate the combustion performances of pyrolysis char,the non-isothermal thermal-gravity analysis was taken to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature,holding time and atmosphere on combustion of the resultant pyrolysis char of Buliangou coal in this paper. And Coats-Redfern integrate method was used to kinetic analysis of char combustion. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperature obviously influenced the combustion of char prepared by the integrated process of CO₂ reforming of CH₄ with coal pyrolysis. The combustion performance of char decreased and activation energy gradually increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature,which was positively related with low volatile in the char. Pyrolysis holding time and atmosphere had slight effect on char combustion. The char from hydropyrolysis and integrated process showed the similar combustion behaviors and activation energy as those obtained under N₂ atmosphere. The heating rate of combustion affected the char combustion characteristics. High heating rate resulted in combustion at high temperature.

The carbon-supported zinc acetate was used as the catalyst for the gas phase synthesis of vinyl acetate from acetylene and acetic acid. Researches on active components,features of catalyst support,promoters,catalyst preparation method and deactivation mechanism were reviewed. It was pointed out that zinc acetate was the optimal active component,and the mechanisms of three kinds of catalytic reaction were compared,then the optimal loading amount of active components and the loading method were discussed. The advantages of using activated carbon as catalyst support were described,and the influence of support modification on the activity of the catalyst was analyzed in associated with the effective pore diameter. In addition,the good application prospects of bamboo activated carbon as support were affirmed. The reasons of catalyst deactivation were also summarized in this paper. Further improving the ratio of effective pores by modifications and refraining the deactivation of the catalyst are in demand.

As a novel environment friendly media,ionic liquids(ILs) have shown advantages in the catalysis of this cycloaddition reaction due to their structure designability,high stability,and high catalytic activity,etc.This review was mainly focus on the latest progress on the use of ILs as catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides. The conventional ILs contained imidazolium,pyridine,quaternary ammonium salt,quaternary phosphonium salts and other ILs. The functionalized ILs included hydroxyl-functionalized,carboxyl-functionalized and other ILs. Compared with conventional ILs,functionalized ILs had much better catalytic performance. A series of inorganic or organic support immobilizing ILs catalysts had been developed. Their supports included mesoporous silica,graphene oxide,polymers,etc. The chemical industry has always preferred to use a heterogeneous catalyst due to the ease of separation and the ability to use in a fixed-bed reactor. How to overcome the disadvantages of low activities,difficulties in separation and tough reaction conditions is a key issue. It is of great academic significance and practical value to pursue the new and efficient catalyst for high selectivity synthesis of cyclic carbonates.

Ag/AgBr-diatomaceous earth composite photocatalysts were prepared by a deposition-photoreduction method. The synthesized samples were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and UV-vis diffuse spectroscopy(DRS). The photocatalytic activity and stability of the prepared samples were evaluated by the degradation of RhB under visible-light(λ>420nm)irradiation. Moreover,trapping experiments were performed to investigate its photocatalytic mechanism. The results showed that the Ag/AgBr-diatomaceous earth composite with the mass ratio of Ag/AgBr to diatomaceous earth of 4:1 exhibited the highest activity,and the RhB degradation efficiency within 60min reached 83.1%. The main active species were revealed to be h⁺ and·O₂^-.

Graphene oxide(GO)was prepared from flake graphite through the modified Hummers method. N₂ was used as the carrier gas to feed the saturated vapor of aqueous ammonia into a tube furnace to mix with GO. During the process,the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the graphene oxide decomposed to form active centers,which can interact with aqueous ammonia to realize the nitrogen doping,and graphene oxide was reduced to graphene at high temperature,finally the nitrogen-doped graphene(N-rGO)was obtained. N-rGO was mixed with copper sulfate solution using chemical precipitation method and the octahedral cuprous oxide was supported on the N-rGO to form the composite material of Cu₂O-N-rGO under the assistant of hydrazine hydrate. The composite materials Cu₂O-N-rGO are further characterized by SEM,XRD,and XPS. The results show that N element in the form of pyrrolic-N,pyridine-N and graphite N is observed on the graphene skeleton and the octahedral cuprous oxide also is uniformly loaded into the surface of N-rGO. The electrocatalytic performance of Cu₂O-N-rGO was tested using the cyclic voltammetry(CV)and chronoamperometry. The results indicate that the composite materials Cu₂O-N-rGO have good catalytic performance for glucose and hydrogen peroxide.

Seven kinds of ionic liquids were used in the reaction of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide to synthesize propylene carbonate,and 1-bromide ethylamine-3-methyl imidazolium ionic liquid[AeMIM]Br showed the best catalytic performance. Then the catalytic properties of ionic liquid[AeMIM]Br mediated Lewis acid was investigated. After that,the optimal composite catalytic system[AeMIM]Br/(ZnBr₂)₂ was reacted with the tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS)prepared ionic liquid catalyst supported on silica gel,which achieved the phase transition of the catalyst and was helpful to realize the catalytic progress in fixed bed reactor. The silica gel supported catalyst was applied to cycloaddition reaction with CO₂ in order to investigate its catalytic efficiency. The results showed that the structure characteristics of ionic liquids had great influence on the catalytic properties. For alkyl imidazole ionic liquids,the longer the side chain,the better the catalytic properties. The catalytic activities of functionalized ionic liquids were superior to alkyl imidazole ionic liquids,and thus the addition of Lewis acid ZnBr₂ to the catalytic system could improve the catalytic effect significantly. The best catalytic performance was obtained when the ratio of TEOS and[AeMIM]Br/(ZnBr₂)₂ was 1:2,giving rise to the conversion rate of 96.9%,selectivity of 94.8%,and the turnover frequency (TOF) of 3124h^-1. The catalytic performance of this catalyst was stable and could be reused many times.

Hierarchical HZSM-5 were obtained by alkali treatment of commercial HZSM-5 zeolites(SiO₂/Al₂O₃ radios of 25,38 and 50)using NaOH solutions of different concentrations (0.2-1.0mol/L)and exchanged with NH₄Cl. The catalytic performance of the obtained hierarchical HZSM-5 in fast catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂-BET,XRD,TEM and NH₃-TPD. The XRD patterns showed that the desilicated ZSM-5 structure was still maintained. The results of N₂-BET and TEM image indicated that the mesopores were created after alkali treatment indicating the formation of hierarchical structure. The NH₃-TPD results showed that the acidity increased first and then decreased as the alkali concentration increased. The Py-GCMS was used to test the catalytic activity of fast pyrolysis of cellulose. The yields of aromatic over Z25, Z38,and Z50 were 33.5%,35.6% and 32.2%,respectively,and increased to 37.1%,38.5% and 34.0% after treated with 0.4mol/L NaOH solution. The coke yield also decreased to 29.1%,25.8% and 29.8% respectively after alkali treatment. The results indicated that controlled desilication of zeolite could increase the conversion of cellulose to aromatic hydrocarbons and inhibited the formation of coke.

Aiming at the low ionic conductivity and poor alkaline resistance of anion exchange membranes at elevated temperature,we make an overview on the effects of alkaline functional groups and polymer backbone structure on their main properties such as ionic conductivity and alkaline stability. The research progress of using functional groups of quaternary ammonium salt,guanidine,quaternary phosphonium salt,imidazole salt,and sulfonium salt,and block copolymer,side chain polymer as polymer matrix materials are mainly introduced. What's more,the influence mechanisms of various factors on the ionic conductivity are analyzed emphatically. The results show that,in order to prepare anion exchange membranes with high ionic conductivity and excellent alkaline resistance,further study on improving the ionic conductivity and alkaline stability of functional groups,and optimizing the polymer backbone structures to construct efficient and orderly ion transport channel are the main research directions in the future.

Sodium-ion secondary batteries have attracted global attentions nowadays,and the tunnel-structure-crystalized Na_0.44MnO₂,as one of the main cathode materials,not only well provides the non-aqueous batteries with high energy density and outstanding cyclic stability,but also applies promisingly in the safe and high rate aqueous batteries. To summarize the relevant progress,the crystal structure,principles of charging and discharging of Na_0.44MnO₂ are discussed with the focus on the synthesis methods and their effects on the structure and electrochemical properties of Na_0.44MnO₂. In addition,the applications of Na_0.44MnO₂ material in the full-cells and the aqueous batteries and the recent research progress on the doping and coating modification of this material are also briefly introduced. It is concluded that Na_0.44MnO₂ material has great scientific value and application prospects as sodium-ion battery cathode material in the future.

Lithium sulfide,as one of the cathode materials for lithium sulfur battery,not only has a high theoretical capacity(1166mA·h/g),but also permits utilization of carbon or silicon materials as an anode material instead of lithium metal. So it exhibits better safety performance and higher practical capacity. The energy storage system has attracted widely attentions from both domestic and foreign scholars. In this review,the recent progress of lithium sulfide composited with metal,carbon,and conducting polymers and used as cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries is demonstrated. Moreover,the design and functionalization of lithium sulfide cathode materials are discussed as well. In the future,the research should be focused on the synergetic composition with various conductive materials and the design of their new structure. At the same time,reducing the particle size of lithium sulfide to improve the loading amount of active material is also playing a key role in stabilizing the cycling performance. Finally,the lithium-sulfur batteries with high performance is expected to be accomplished in decades.

As one of new porous materials,porous liquids combine the advantages of the microporous solids and liquids with permanent microporosity and fluidity,which have drawn great attention and shown great value in theoretical research and application. In this paper,the concept of porous liquids was introduced,the preparing methods of three type porous liquids were summarized,and their characteristics and synthetic conditions were analyzed. TypeⅠporous liquids were neat liquids consisting of rigid hosts with cavities,obtained by properly modifying large organic molecules or nanoparticles to maintain liquid phases at room temperature. TypeⅡ consisted of rigid molecules with cavities dissolved in solvents which are sterically prevented from entering the host cavity. The novel fabricated method was preparation of cavity hosts by one-pot synthesis to match solvent molecules well. Type Ⅲ also consisted of steric solvents and cavity hosts. The key to Type Ⅲ was keeping fluid porous phases steady via matching microporous framework materials with steric solvents or dispersing agents well. In addition,the latest research progresses and status on CO₂ sequestration with porous liquids were reviewed. Advantages,disadvantages and mechanisms of capturing CO₂ using different types of porous liquids were analyzed. Finally,the outlook of synthetic methods and applications in gas separation based on porous liquids was presented.

Magnesium-lithium(Mg-Li)alloy have attracted considerable interest in automobiles,aerospace,military and nuclear industries because of their super lightweight,high strength,high ductility and good formability. However,the high chemical activity of lithium means the Mg-Li alloys are susceptible to corrode in applied environment and difficult to protect,which limit their widespread practical application. Therefore,it is important to investigate the corrosion mechanism of Mg-Li alloys and develop efficiently anticorrosion technology. In this paper,a review was provided on the current status of corrosion mechanism of Mg-Li alloys in atmosphere,neutral and alkaline NaCl solution and Hank's solution based on recent progress at home and abroad. The corrosion behavior of Mg-Li alloys in different environment was introduced. The research progress of surface protection technologies for Mg-Li alloys were systematically summarized,including anodic oxidation,electroplating and electroless plating,chemical conversion coatings,coating and other surface anticorrosion methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed. The future developments of the surface protection technology for Mg-Li alloy were also prospected. This paper proposed that anticorrosion and practicability of coatings for Mg-Li alloys could improve by composite,functionalization and self-healing.

A series of manganese dioxide,namely urchin α-MnO₂,α-MnO₂ nanowires and β-MnO₂ nanorods were synthesized using hydrothermal method by changing raw materials such as KMnO₄、MnSO₄、Na₂S₂O₈,etc. The MnO₂ materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements. A novel hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)sensor was fabricated by coating the mixture of Nafion and nanomaterials on a glassy carbon electrode(GCE). The performances of the modified electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry(CV)and chronoamperometry current-time response(I-t). The test results indicated that the urchin α-MnO₂ nanowires based sensor exhibited the best electro catalytic activity towards the reduction of H₂O₂ with a sensitivity of 26.2μA·L/mmol. And the reduction peak currents of H₂O₂ were linear to their concentrations in the range of 2×10^-6mol/L to 0.14×10^-3mol/L wih a lowest limit of detection of 0.57×10^-6mol/L(S/N=3).

A novel double-coated phase change microcapsule(PCM@TiO₂) with solid paraffin as core and TiO₂/poly(methyl metha-crylate)(PMMA) as shell was prepared by pickering polymerization. TiO₂- coated hollow glass microspheres(HGM@TiO₂) was successfully prepared by heterogeneous precipitation method after hollow glass microspheres(HGM)pretreated with saturated Ca(OH)₂ solution. The structure and property of the materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. To prepare water-based reflective insulating paints,PCM@TiO₂ or HGM@TiO₂ was added to silicone-acrylic emulsion,and thermal insulation temperature difference was measured. The results showed that with the fixed amount of insulating filler of 10g,the solar reflectance was 85.61% and temperature difference was 12.7℃ when the amount of PCM@TiO₂ was 4g,and the solar reflectance was 80.27% and temperature difference was 14.1℃ when the dosage of HGM@TiO₂ was 6g.

Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-α was synthesized by sol-gel method at 900℃ using Sm₂O₃,HNO₃,(NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆,citric acid as raw materials and then compounded with (Li/K)₂CO₃. The preparation temperature(900℃)is much lower than conventional sintering temperature(1400℃). The sintering temperature of Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-α(SDC) was determined by DSC-TGA. The XRD results showed that there was no reactions between Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2-α and (Li/K)₂CO₃. The SEM examinations revealed that the SDC particle size is uniform,and the surface is uniformly covered by (Li/K)₂CO₃ that act as the SDC particle binder. The conductivity of the composite electrolyte in dry nitrogen was measured using electrochemical analyzer. The highest conductivity was 3.3×10^-2S/cm at 600℃,which is higher than that of single CeO₂ material. The H₂/O₂ fuel cell by the composite electrolyte showed that the electrolyte impedance and polarization impedance under open-circuit condition were 3.13Ω·cm² and 0.81Ω·cm²,respectively,and generated the maximum power density of 130mW/cm² at 600℃.

Water-soluble,low polymerization degree phenolic resin crosslinker,synthesized by phenol and formaldehyde through a certain degree of reaction,has lower volatile and toxicity compared to conventional phenolic monomer crosslinking agent. Therefore,it is widely used in oil field water shut off Profile operation. However,this kind of crosslinking agent is easy to cure at room temperature that has greatly limited its application. In this paper,a novel phenolic crosslinking agent is prepared by molecular design. The cross-linking agent has excellent stability and can be stored for 60 days at 50℃. The gelation system can be prepared by using this crosslinking agent. The gelation strength is up to 20000mPa·s and the gelation temperature ranges from 60℃ to 120℃. It can tolerate 20000 mg/L of sodium ion,5000mg/L of calcium ion,and pH 5-9. The gel retention rate is around 75% after 60 days,and the blocking rate is about 94%. Compared with the conventional phenolic crosslinking agent it has a wider applicability.

The static and dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out on the system of acetonitrile and n-propanol with β-CD/Al₂O₃/ATP composites as adsorbent. The effect of the adsorption conditions on separation of the mixture was investigated. The result showed that β-CD/Al₂O₃/ATP composite had good adsorption separation effect to the system. The saturate adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was increased with the extension of adsorption time,the decreasing of adsorption temperature and the increasing of oscillation rate. The experimental data were fitted by the Langmuir equation,showing a good linear relationship. The kinetics of the adsorption of acetonitrile and n-propanol on the composite was well described by the pseudo secondary dynamics equation. The dynamic adsorption experiment showed that appropriate reduction of flow rate and increase of column height was beneficial to improve adsorption and separation efficiency. The saturate adsorption capacities of the β-CD/Al₂O₃/ATP composite material for acetonitrile and n-propanol were 182.6mg/g and 69.76mg/g,respectively. The adsorptive selectivity of acetonitrile was 0.73 with the flow rate of 0.05L/min and the column height of 10cm.

To study factors that affect sedimentation stability of water-based NiFe₂O₄ ferrofluid in the absence of magnetic field,the ferrofluid samples,firstly,were prepared by two-step method. Among the materials utilized to prepare the fluids,the nanoparticles and carrier liquid were nano NiFe₂O₄ powders and RO reverse osmosis membrane-treated water,respectively and the dispersant agents used include sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,sodium lauryl sulfate,sodium oleate,polyethylene glycol,cetrimonium bromide,oleic acid and stearic acid,etc. In gravitational field,the effects of types of dispersant agents,mass fraction of dispersant agent,and the nanoparticles' mass fraction on the stability were explored. Meanwhile,viscosities of some samples were measured to obtain better preparation method which can improve the stability and fluidity of the fluids. Afterwards,using the same method,we prepared two other ferrofluids,with nanoparticles of CoFe₂O₄ and Fe₃O₄ respectively. The NiFe₂O₄ ferrofluid's thermostability in gravitational field was also studied by comparing that of it with its counterparts. The experiments showed that sedimentation stability and fluidity of the fluid could be better when dispersant agents were oleic acid,sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulfate whose mass fractions were 4.0%-4.6%,3.4%-3.7% and 1.5%-1.7%,respectively,and the mass fraction of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles is 1.9%. Moreover,the fluid is better thermostability compared with other ferrofluids.

Ion-surface imprinting technology has been widely used to remove heavy metal ions existed in waste water,due to its high selectivity to the target ions and good chemical stability. In this paper, electroactive surface-imprinted composite film was prepared successfully using Pb²⁺ as the template ion, polyaniline(PANI)as the polymer matrix and hydroxylated carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs-OH)as imprinting substrate, during which,Pb²⁺ ions were eluted by applying constant positive potential to form imprinted cavities. The structures of MWCNTs-OH and imprinted film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The Pb²⁺ ion separation performance of the film was studied by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance(EQCM)and atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS).The results showed that the maximum ion exchange capacity of composite film was 359mg/g and had excellent selectivity for Pb²⁺at the presence of other heavy metals ions(Cd²⁺,Zn²⁺,Co²⁺,Ni²⁺),with the separation factor of Pb²⁺/Zn²⁺ reached 418.74. Besides, the film exhibited outstanding cycle stability and rapid adsorption/desorption properties. In conclusion, this novel ion-surface imprinted composite film can be used for the efficient separation and recovery of Pb²⁺ in wastewater.

The concentration of furfural is relatively low(about 30g/L)in its industrial production process. Compared with the traditional distillation method,adsorption can reduce energy consumption. The macroporous resin materials for adsorption have been reported but the adsorption capacity is very limited for furfural. In this study,the large pore hydrophobic metal azolate framework(MAF-6)was used in the adsorptive separation of furfural-water solution. The static adsorption isotherms,static adsorption kinetics and fixed-bed dynamic breakthrough curves of MAF-6 were determined for pure furfural. The experimental results showed that adsorption capacity of MAF-6 was 260mg/g for furfural due to its large Langmuir specific surface area(1582m²/g)and pore volume(0.63cm³/g). The adsorption process of MAF-6 was well described with the Langmuir adsorption model and the adsorption equilibrium time was 45min for furfural. It is because the pore aperture(7.6Å)of MAF-6 is greater than the kinetic diameter of furfural(5.7Å)that makes the pseudo-second-order model fit the experimental data than the pseudo-first-order model. In the fixed-bed breakthourgh experiments,the effect of bed height and flow rate were studied and the Yoon-Nelson model can well describe the breakthrough process of MAF-6 for furfural.

Nanorods with unique structure,excellent performance and important biomedical applications value,have gradually become a novel drug carrier. The paper discussed the recent research progresses in nanorods drug carriers,including fabrications and applications of some typical drug carriers,such as Au nanorods,hydroxyapatite(HAP)nanorods, and mesoporous silica(MSP) nanorods. The general synthesis process of drug carries(Au nanorods,Au@SiO₂ nanorods,Au@C nanorods,hollow Au nanorods)were primarily analyzed. The surface modification,functionalization,loading and controlled release of those carries based on Au nanorods were briefly discussed. The controlled-release properties of some familiar nanorods carriers were analyzed and compared. Three common release methods for nanorods carries were presented. Direct-release with the as-dispersed carries,is economical and practicable,but the required carrier dosage is large and easy to loss. The release method with dialysis bag requires the lower carrier dosage,does not need separation but needs to purchase dialysis bag. The third method,release in cuvette,is mostly used at photosensitive carriers. Furthermore,the size and in vitro cytotoxicity of nanorods carriers were discussed in detail,and their metabolism properties in vivo such as distribution and immune clearance were also introduced. Finally,the outlook on the development of nanorods carriers was presented. Future research on nanorods carries maybe focus on multiple stimuli-responsive heterogeneous carries based on nanorods,hollow nanorods carries and nanotube carries.

1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO)is an important platform compound and has been widely used in the production of high performance fiber synthesis. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an excellent 1,3-PDO biosynthetic cell factory. However,the capsular polysaccharide accumulation of K. pneumoniae increased the viscosity of fermentation broth and impacted the efficient transport of substrate and product,resulting in an obstacle in downstream extraction and industrialization of 1,3-PDO. In this study,by analyzing the capsular synthesis pathway of K. pneumoniae,the key genes wecA (initial glycosyltransferase gene) and wzi involved in the assembly of capsular polysaccharide were disrupted by Red recombinant system. The effects of genes deletion on capsule content,cell morphology,cell growth,broth fluid viscosity,and product synthesis,were studied. The capsular content was reduced by 38.5%,which led to the loss of cells fimbriae synthesis ability and the adhesion,and the titer of 1,3-PDO increased by 23.0%. The study provided a novel prospect on the development of K. pneumoniae on the production of 1,3-PDO.

Fluorocarbon surfactant is one of the most important special surfactants due to its unique excellent properties,which can be applied to the applications that the traditional surfactants does not meet the requirement. In this paper,the types and basic properties of fluorocarbon surfactants were introduced. Its good stability,high surface activity and synergetic effect to traditional surfactants were summarized. The structural characteristics of fluorocarbon surfactants were analyzed. The synthesis approaches were studied. The potential applications of fluorocarbon surfactant products and their effect on the environment were discussed. Short-fluorocarbon chain surfactants with small accumulation and good degradation ability,which are good for human health and ecological environment,should therefore be the focus of future research. At the same time,a new idea was proposed of using hydrophobic and oleophobic properties of fluorocarbon surfactants to convert the surface of shale reservoir from water/oil wet to gas wet,which will improve shale gas recovery.

Supported ionic liquids are a kind of new materials that have recently emerged. The concept of supported ionic liquids phase catalysis developed therefrom integrated good solubility of ionic liquids with high specific surface area of supports, which reduces the amount of ionic liquids while improving the activity and selectivity of catalytic reaction, thus became one of the research hotspots in the field of ionic liquid in recent years. In this paper, the methods of preparing supported ionic liquid were described, such as impregnating, covalent bonding, bonding-impregnating, sol-gel method, and polymerization, with their respective advantages and disadvantages compared. It reviewed the applications of supported ionic liquids in catalytic hydrogenation reaction which utilizes silica gel, mesoporous materials, polymers, carbon materials, magnetic materials as supports. In particular, this paper compared the supported ionic liquids phase catalysis with the traditional ionic liquid two-phase catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis, highlighting the advantages of supported ionic liquids phase catalysis in terms of activity, selectivity, separation and recycling of catalyst. Finally, the main problems and the future development of supported ionic liquids phase catalysis were summarized herein.

Immobilization of phthalocyanines(Pcs)onto supports can efficiently improve their photostability,reduce their aggregation,as well as solve the recycle problems of them. However,there are too many kinds of supports and immobilization methods for Pcs' immobilization,and how to choose the suitable one is a problem. This review focuses on the structure and photo mechanisms of Pcs,as well as the supports and immobilization methods of immobilized Pcs. Moreover,the comparison of each support and methodologies for immobilization and the application of these supports and methodologies are also mentioned. Accordingly,it is pointed that the support and immobilization method should be chosen according to the physicochemical properties of Pcs and application requirements. Besides,it is suggested that the composite support is the future development direction.

With the development of lithium ion batteries industry,some issues related to the spent lithium ion batteries(LIBs) such as environment pollution and resource recovery have gradually been significant. How to efficiently recover and reuse valuable metals in spent LIBs in a harmless way has become one of the focused issues across the world. In order to obtain a green and efficient recovery of valuable metals such as cobalt and lithium,the recovery processes of valuable metals in spent LIBs are introduced,including pretreatment,cathode material treatment and recovery of cobalt and lithium from leaching solution. New methods and technologies for each process are reviewed with emphasis as well as their advantages/disadvantages. Recently,the hydrometallurgical leaching process with a typical model of acid-reductant was the main method for recovery of spent LIBs. However,little work has been made on the leaching mechanism such as kinetic control and ions transfer path. The research prospects on the methods are also put forward. In order to promote the industrialization for recovery of spent LIBs,the research of organic acid leaching and product precipitating should be paid more attention,with the focus on enhancing leaching efficiency,increasing precipitation index and simplifying process condition.

The use of microbial co-metabolism degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater has drawn more and more attention because of its high efficiency and uniqueness. At present,majority of laboratory researches were on aerobic co-metabolism and anaerobic co-metabolism. There were few studies on the co-metabolism of facultative microorganisms. In this paper,aerobic microorganisms,anaerobic microorganisms and facultative microorganisms co-metabolize the refractory pollutants in printing and dyeing wastewater were introduced. The results showed that at the aerobic,anaerobic,and facultative conditions,different target pollutants has their own most appropriate co-substrates. The domestic and overseas research progresses of facultative metabolic treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater were the main focus for this paper. Under the facultative condition,facultative microorganisms were able to effectively degrade various different types of dyes,additives etc.,as long as providing suitable co-substrates. At the same time,facultative microbial co-metabolism had the advantages of not requiring of a lot of energy and not producing of large amount of odorous substances. The results suggested that further studies on the mechanism are needed in the future,and the efficiency of microbial co-metabolism can be further improved. Finally,the research on the mechanism of facultative microbial co-metabolism needs to be conducted to screen out the dominant bacteria in functional strains,to carry on the differentially expressed proteins and proteomics research. Constantly optimizing the proportion of microbial community structure in dyeing wastewater will promote the treatment effect of functional flora and provide more insight for the solution of printing and dyeing wastewater biotreatment in future.

The carbonic anhydrase was immobilized by the carboxylated Fe₃O₄ and glut-aldehyde cross-linking method in this study. The effects of the free carbonic anhydrase and immobilized carbonic anhydrase on the CO₂ absorption were compared. A packed tower reactor was designed. The effect of the operating conditions and SO₂ on the performance of CO₂ catalytic absorption with the immobilized carbonic anhydrase was investigated in the packed tower reactor. The results showed that the free enzyme and immobilized enzyme could shorten the time of CO₂ reaching saturation concentration. The optimal operating conditions,such as the ratio of liquid to gas,the gas flow rate,enzyme dosage of the unit tower volume,and absorption liquid temperature,were 28L/m³,25.5cm/min,600mg/L,and 35℃,respectively. The CO₂ removal efficiency could still reach more than 30%,after catalytic absorption with the immobilized enzyme for 5h. The existence of SO₂ had negative effect on the CO₂ catalytic absorption.

The limitation of waste incineration technology is that the secondary pollution it caused will bring harm to human beings and environment. As lead in flue gas is one of the pollution sources,the study of non carbon based adsorbent arises concern in this field. Since the moisture rate of waste is high in China,fixed bed reactor was used to investigate the lead chloride adsorption properties of kaolin,zeolite,calcium oxide and silica in the atmosphere with and without moisture. Then the adsorption behavior of kaolin was further discussed. The results showed that kaolin has the highest adsorption capacity,followed by calcium oxide,zeolite and silicon dioxide in pure oxygen without moisture. Both chemical composition and structure determine the adsorption efficiency. In the atmosphere of oxygen and moisture,the capacity of kaolin is improved significantly. Moisture has great effects on kaolin,but has little effects on the other three adsorbents. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) results of kaolin showed that the adsorption products in two kinds of atmosphere were both PbAl₂Si₂O₈. By comparing the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer(SEM-EDS) results of kaolin,it was found that the whole surface of the kaolin after adsorption is in a molten state at the atmosphere of oxygen and moisture,which is in sharp contrast to the surface of kaolin in another atmosphere. The role moisture plays in the adsorption of kaolin could be explained as follows:① moisture can participate in the adsorption reaction;② moisture promotes the melting of kaolin,which makes adsorption easier. When the temperature at 700-900℃,higher temperature is beneficial to kaolin adsorption,the efficiency ranges from 20% to 40% in oxygen atmosphere without moisture,and ranges from 70% to 85% in oxygen atmosphere with moisture.

Heat treatments were performed with municipal solid waste incineration fly ash(MSWI FA),mixing with silica fume,colloidal silica,quartz sand respectively and a certain proportion of water. The effects of additive species,thermal treatment temperature on the leaching of critical heavy metals(Pb,Cd and Cr) were studied. The changes of chemical speciation of heavy metals,crystal structure and microstructure during heat treatment were also investigated. The results showed that silica fume and colloidal silica react with calcium-based materials in fly ash to form silicate phases such as CaSiO₃、Ca₂SiO₄、Ca₃SiO₄Cl₂、Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃ and hydroxyl-ellestadite during the heat treatment,changing the chemical speciation of heavy metals and stabilizing heavy metals in the silicate lattice,which reduces the leaching toxicity. The leaching concentration of Pb in fly ash decreased from 11.91mg/L to 0.79mg/L and 0.78mg/L,respectively,under the conditions of adding 10% silica fume or 25% JN-40 colloidal silica and heat treatment at 600℃ for one hour,while the leaching concentration of Cd decreased from 3.18mg/L to 0.09mg/L and 0.10mg/L,respectively. During the heat treatment,the leaching concentration of Cr increased but did not exceed the standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste.

To reduce investment and sludge volume and to solve the problem of low production rate of H₂O₂ on cathode,an electro-Fenton system using iron and stainless steel sheets as anode and cathode respectively was established for treating reverse osmosis concentrate of petrochemical wastewater. The effects of H₂O₂ concentration,pH,current density,and aeration conditions on treatment efficiency were investigated. The results showed that aeration could effectively enhance the electro-Fenton process,improve the removal of organic matter,and significantly increase sludge settling velocity. The optimum conditions were H₂O₂ dosage of 150 mg/L,pH of 4,current intensity of 10mA/cm²,and air flux of 120L/h. After reaction of 10 min the removal of COD_Cr was up to 57.1%. Then at the reaction time of 60 min,the removal rate of COD was 66.7%,with the effluent COD<20mg/L,and the main indicators of the treated water satisfied the class B emission limits of "Integrated Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants"(DB 11/307-2013)of Beijing. The method can effectively treat the RO concentrate of petrochemical wastewater in a short time,with a higher pollutants removal than those reported by other relevant researches,and so has a wide application prospect. The enhancement of aeration on pollutants removals found in the study will probably become a hot area of research and application in the future.