Injection is one of the effective ways to remove elemental mercury(Hg⁰)from coal-fired flue gas,and the key is the absorbent. Due to its many advantages of unique structure,superior performance,low cost,easy availability,and environmental friendliness etc.,attapulgite (ATP) is commonly used as absorbent. What's more,appropriately modified attapulgite exhibits excellent mercury removal performance,which endows it good prospects for industrial application. In this paper,adsorption characteristics of attapulgite and its application progress in Hg⁰ removal from flue gases were presented. Mercury removal performances of natural ATP and modified ATP,together with modifiers and the modification methods were summarized,then the mercury removal mechanism of such absorbents was analyzed. Meanwhile,the effects of flue gas components,adsorption temperature and amount of absorbent on mercury removal efficiency were discussed. Finally,we pointed out that further research should focus on the development of organic-inorganic composite modified absorbents with outstanding performance and good stability. Meanwhile,the mercury removal mechanism should be further studied in order to realize its industrial application.

The features of velocity field and pressure fluctuation in impinging stream reactor were summarized in the paper. The radial velocity, axial velocity and oscillation behavior in the unconfined impinging stream reactor were studied systematically. The oscillatory modes of the stagnation points were divided. And a large number of velocity correlation formulas suitable for different nozzle distance were obtained, but the mechanism of oscillation was not clearly explained. With the increase of the Reynolds number in the laminar flow state, many scholars had divided the flow type in the confined impinging stream reactor, and proposed the critical parameter correlation of engulfment flow. Due to the change of the structure parameters, there was no universally applicable correlation. The impinging zone and the flow field pattern were determined by non-linear analysis in the submerged impinging stream reactor. However, the mechanism of energy distribution and velocity signal in the turbulent flow field cannot be revealed. The trends of research on flow field in impinging stream reactor were also pointed out.

Dynamic mixers for polymer blending have the advantage of improving the mixing quality of the dispersed phase in the polymer. In this paper,the research progress of mixing theory which focused on dispersion mixing and distribution mixing was introduced. Dynamic mixers for polymer blending were divided into kettle mixer and screw extruder,and the structures of spherical cavity type,pin type and cavity transfer type dynamic mixers were introduced in detail. The research methods of the dynamic mixer were expounded from experimental methods and numerical simulation methods. Experimental methods were described from microscopic analysis technology with computer image processing technology,mechanical performance analysis technology and particle image velocimetry technology. On the other hand,the numerical simulation methods were expounded from the macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. The application of dynamic mixer in chemical industry,plastic industry and rubber industry was introduced. This paper pointed out that the combination of experiment methods and numerical simulation methods could improve the existing research level and solve the problems in the process of design and optimization.

The higee rotating bed has drawn a wide attention since it was introduced. It has been applied in the chemical industries. Now,the structural improvement of higee rotating bed is optimized according to the requirements on the hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance. In this paper,based on different rotor structures,the higee rotating bed was classified into three types:packed rotating bed,plate rotating bed and compound rotating bed. The rotor structure features and recent researches of different types of higee rotating beds were introduced and their hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance was analyzed and summarized,the advantages and potential problems were pointed out. The results can be used as guidance for the selection of the rotating bed and the study of rotor structure in chemical production processes. Finally,the insufficiencies of application research and the possible developmental direction of higee rotating bed were indicated. The improvement of the rotor structure of higee rotating bed can be achieved from the aspects of the packing and the liquid distribution,and the application expansion from the aspect of the equipment integration was also suggested.

To investigate pipeline hydrate depressurization dissociation,a high-pressure flow loop was used where hydrate depressurization dissociation experiments were performed from natural gas + diesel oil + water systems for three different water cuts(30%,70% and 100%). Based on the experimental data of hydrate macroscopic morphologies,the processes and characteristics of pipeline hydrate depressurization dissociation were analyzed and a simplified macro physical model including four independent parts was proposed accordingly. For hydrate dissociation on the pipe wall,it mainly includes the processes of hydrate layer thinning,collapsing and falling off. Gas migration pathway and G/O(gas bubble in oil) structures could be observed during these processes. For hydrate dissociation in water systems,the thickness of hydrate cloud would gradually decrease under the combined action of hydrate particle dissociation and floating up. For hydrate dissociation in water-dominated systems,the thickness of hydrate cloud would gradually decrease under the combined action of hydrate floccule dissociation and floating up. In addition,liquid stratification phenomenon would be gradually enhanced during the dissociation in water-dominated systems. For hydrate dissociation in oil-dominated systems,the flocculent-like hydrate cloud would gradually shrink as a whole due to dissociation and a liquid stratification phenomenon caused by dissociated water downward deposition would be observed.

The test results of a 10kW integrated organic Rankine cycle(ORC)system with R245fa as the working fluid under isolated network operating condition were presented in this paper. A single screw expander was integrated in the system to drive the synchronous generator to generate electric power. The 10.5kW halogen lamp array was used as the load to consume the generated electric power. Two independent parameters,the load capacity and the expander speed,were varied during the test. The ORC system characteristics were analyzed at the heat source temperature of 115℃. The experimental data showed that the single screw expander performed very well. The maximum expander isentropic efficiency was 84.1%,which decreased with increase of load and expander speed. The maximum isentropic efficiency of working fluid pump was 73.97%,which increased with the increase of load and expander speed. The mechanical efficiency of the working fluid pump was only 19.22%-36.82%,and had no obvious relationship with the load and the expander speed. The generated electric power increased with the increase of load and expander speed. The maximum generated electric power and the electrical efficiency were 5.86kW and 7.38%,respectively.

Based on the fluid flow characteristics of the shell-side of the sideling flow heat exchanger,a sideling flow heat exchanger with inclined shutter baffles was proposed. The numerical study of the conventional and inclined shutter baffles sideling flow heat exchangers was carried out with Fluent,a kind of CFD software,and the impacts of the modes the shutter baffle assembled and inclination angle on the fluid flow and heat transfer of sideling flow heat exchanger with inclined shutter baffles was analyzed. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient and comprehensive performance of the inclined shutter baffle heat exchangers increase by 6.18%-6.47% and 3.22%-3.59% respectively,compared with the conventional sideling flow heat exchanger when the shutter baffles and strips were assembled concurrently. When the shutter baffles and strips were assembled concurrently,both heat transfer coefficient and comprehensive performance of the inclined shutter baffle heat exchangers with inclination angle of 70° reach the highest value with a relatively low shell side pressure drop. Compared with the heat exchanger with inclination angle of 60°,the heat transfer coefficient and comprehensive performance of the one with inclination angle of 70°increase by 2.84%-2.93% and 7.07%-7.19% respectively,and the shell-sided pressure drop decreases by 11.26%-11.52%. The results provide the theoretical and engineering application bases for the structure improvement and heat transfer enhancement of the sideling flow heat exchanger.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KH₂PO₄)was prepared by reactive crystallization of ammonium phosphate(MAP)and potassium hydroxide(KOH),which was promising for industrialization due to low cost. It was experimentally proved that the crystal size of final KH₂PO₄ product was mainly determined in the reaction stage. Therefore,the effect of reaction time,stirring speed,feed concentration,and feeding time on the crystal size distribution of KH₂PO₄,was studied and the reaction crystallization mechanism was discussed. Proper reaction crystallization conditions were proposed as:MAP and KOH solution mass percentage of 50%,KOH feeding time of 30min,reaction time of 3h,and stirring speed of 300r/min. Under those conditions,the median size of KH₂PO₄ product was 1070μm with fairly uniform distribution and regular tetragonal crystal morphology.

In order to study the inhibitory effect of R134a(CH₂FCF₃)on methane/air explosion,the experimental tube system for explosion was set up. In the experiments,with and without R134a,the explosion processes were observed,and pressures and flame propagation velocities were measured. Then, the inhibitory effect of R134a was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that the PVC film is broken by itself at the pressure about 8kPa,uncorrelated with the amount of R134a. But the broken moment is delayed with the spraying amount of R134a. Under the same methane concentration,the flame propagation velocity decreases gradually in the tube with the increase of the R134a concentration. When the CH₄ concentration is close to the equivalent ratio,the influence of R134a to suppress the flame propagation becomes smaller,but the inhibitory effect on the overpressure is still great. When a volume fraction of 2.67% R134a is added to initial methane/air mixtures with methane concentrations at 9.0%,9.5% and 10.0%,the peak values of overpressure reduce 25.34%,61.78%,38.73%, respectively,and the average flame propagation velocities are slow down to 1.28, 1.423 and 1.17 times respectively. The inhibition of R134a is mainly due to the mechanism that free radical produced by R134a strongly disturbs and impedes the normal oxidative chain of gas fuel and oxygen.

Rotational characteristics of assembled rotors in tube are the foundation to study its heat transfer enhancement and fouling-preventing performance. Thus,in this paper, the experiment apparatus was built,and rotational speeds of helical two-blade rotor,large-lead helical two-blade rotor,small-diameter helical two-blade rotor and helical three-blade rotor in different flow rates and different axial positions were measured using photoelectric tachometer to analyze the rotational characteristics of assembled rotors. The results showed that rotational speeds of rotors is determined by the factors of axial position of rotor in tube,flow rate in tube,lead of rotor,diameter of rotor,and blade number of rotor. Rotational speeds of the four types of rotors all increased with the increase of flow rate in tube and varied approximately linearly. Rotational speeds of the four types of rotors all decreased with the increase of axial position of rotor in tube. The larger the lead of rotor is,the lower the rotational speed is. The smaller the diameter of rotor is,the lower the rotational speed is. Rotational speeds of rotors can only be improved at a small range in the front of tube by increasing the blade number of rotors. Lastly, the fitting correlations of rotational speeds of the four types of rotors in different flow rates and different axial positions were acquired.

To clarify the effects of wind-splitting ratio of a wall-attached air duct and dust exhaust distance on the air curtain formation and dust barrier effectiveness in the fully mechanized working area,3_down610 fully mechanized working face in Jiangzhuang coal mine was developed. The airflow migration and dust diffusion for various wind-splitting ratios (50%-90%) and dust exhaust distances (2-5m)were numerically simulated by Ansys CFD. The results showed that the increase of wind-splitting ratio and decrease of dust exhaust distance are both conducive to the formation of effective dust barrier air curtain. For 3_down610 fully mechanized working face and those working faces with similar production conditions,an effective dust barrier air curtain can be formed under the parameters of both the wind-splitting ratio-80% with dust exhaust distance-2m and wind-splitting ratio-90% with dust exhaust distance-2-3m. For these parameters,the high concentration dust can be blocked within the area 7.5m from the working face. The measured results indicate that simulation results generally agree with each other in terms of air flow direction,the average relative error of air flow velocity is less than 13%. By applying the optimal parameters,the average total dust concentration and average respiratory dust concentration in measured section 7m away from the working face are decreased to 18.6mg/m³ and 8.1mg/m³,respectively. It demonstrates that the dust barrier effect is significant.

The present work proposed a new operation mode named the vessels-alternated semi-continuous distillation with constant total reflux(SCTR). In the new mode, the column was under total reflux all the time with two reflux drums working in turn at both the top and the bottom, respectively. A simulation was conducted by Matlab to study the discharging policy and optimize the operating parameters including the total holdup and distribution of vessels. The optimization was done according to the product yield both of light and heavy components, as well as the amount of total product per unit time(P.I.). Compared with operation mode of constant reflux(CR),SCTR can save the operation time by more than 32%. It took almost the same time to operate compared with CTR with one vessel, but more time than the MVBD with three vessels. The results showed that the SCTR operation was more suitable for separation of binary mixtures with low concentration of light component. But it was advantageous in realizing semicontinuous operation by discharging product and replenishing feed periodically. Experiments with ethanol-propanol system in different feed concentrations(0.2、0.5 and 0.8)were presented, which confirmed the operation feasibility and simplicity of the new operation mode.

A solvent extraction-resin adsorption combined method was developed to recover and remove micro-amount boron from brine of salt lake in Qinghai. The effects of pH,phase ratio, extraction stages on extraction process, and the effect of pH of brine after first stage extraction, resin dosage on boron adsorption were investigated. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were studied. The stripping and elution process were also optimized. The results showed that best extraction result could be obtained when pH was 2. The reduction of boron concentration was not obvious when the phase ratio and extraction stage value were above 3. The best pH for boron adsorption from brine was 7. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm data were fitted well with pseudo-second-order rate model and Langmuir model,respectively. The concentration of boron could be reduced to 1.0mg/L or less when resin dosage is 6g/(100mL brine) using the extraction-adsorption combined method. The proper stripping agent and eluent were 0.1mol/L NaOH and 0.5mol/L HCl, respectively.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the electrostatic characteristics of anthracite and biomass powders in hopper. The effects of different operating parameters and material properties,in terms of the fluidizing time,fluidizing gas velocity,material type,particle size,the moisture content,on particle charging were examined with particle charge-to-mass measured by Faraday cup. And the fitting analysis on the various factors affecting the electrostatic was implemented. The results indicated that under the same experimental conditions,ratios of powders charge to mass increased as the fluidizing time went on. Charge saturation was attained for fluidization time greater than 90min. Biomass powders were always charged positively,whereas anthracite became negatively charged. As superficial velocity increased with stronger collision,the charge density of powders increased as well. The ratios of charge to mass of small size fine anthracite particles were larger than that of the big size fine anthracite particles with the same superficial velocity. The ratios of biomass powders charge to mass decreased significantly with the increase in the moisture content.

In view of the problems of water shortage and energy waste,the optimization design of organic Rankine cycle(ORC)coupled with reverse osmosis(RO)desalination was presented in this paper. The high pressure pump was driven by expander,and seawater entered the condenser cooling from the organic fluid out of the expander which can improve the recovery rate of desalination. The paper analysed effects of the pure working fluid,ratio of mixture components,seawater inlet temperature and seawater flow rate on the cycle performance by the method of thermodynamic analysis. In the same heat absorption,working fluid and seawater temperature,the results showed the water production of the system that seawater is heated by the condenser is 80% higher than the system that is not preheated. Then fresh water production of zeotropic mixtures is greater than pure fluid because of the temperature slip. Aiming at water production function,R134a/R245fa(0.5/0.5)is the best working fluid. It is 10.01% higher than R245fa at 12℃ and 25.04% higher than R245fa at 18℃. In the operation of the system,when the high-pressure pump seawater inlet temperature less than 40℃,the water flow depends on the power of high-pressure pump. When the water temperature exceeds the working temperature of the reverse osmosis membrane,the system need to open the drain valve and increase the water flow of the condenser and the excess water discharged from the drain valve. At the same time,the advantage of zeotropic mixtures is better than pure working fluid.

For the defects of DHX conventional process that DHX column bottoms condensate directly flowing into the deethanizer column overhead caused more heavy hydrocarbon in the DHX column overhead reflux,resulting in the poor effect of absorption and condensate,and low propane recovery. This paper summarized two improved processes by adding deethanizer column overhead reflux drum: ①improved processⅠ:the separated liquid by deethanizer column top reflux tank serving as DHX column and deethanizer column top reflux;and ②improved processⅡ:the separated gas by deethanizer column top reflux tank was cooled and then served as DHX column top reflux,and the separated liquid by deethanizer column top reflux tank served as deethanizer column top reflux. Adjusting the two improved process for different feed gas pressure,rich or lean gas and respectively obtained processes applying to medium pressure condensate gas,low pressure oil-associated gas and high pressure condensate gas. By using HYSYS software to simulate and analyze the three processes,the results showed that the improved processⅠhad high propane recovery(>99%)in medium and high pressure condensate gas,but the improved effect for low pressure oil-associated gas was relatively unsatisfactory. Furthermore,the improved processⅠhad more energy consumption for high pressure condensate gas. The improved process Ⅱ indicated the high propane recovery(>99%)at different feed gas pressure and low energy consumption,and was an efficient process with high propane recovery,wide range of adaptation and low energy consumption. Thus,the improved process Ⅱ was the best process of the three processes,but the improved processⅠcould be a referable process under certain special conditions.

Entropy and entransy are the measure of irreversibility of heat transfer process,which can be used to evaluate the utilization of energy in the heat exchanger networks(HENs). In view of the irreversibility of HENs,firstly,the mathematical models of HENs energy efficiency were established based on entropy analysis method and entransy analysis method. Then, taking the maximum energy recovery as the goal,the HEN analysis of the single-stage once through hydrocracker (SSOT) unit was carried out. The applicability of the two methods was compared,and it was proved that the entropy analysis method is suitable for the analysis of complex HENs. The results showed that the minimum temperature differences ΔT_min were selected 15K,20K,25K respectively,and the heat transfer efficiency calculated by the two methods were different. The efficiency of the second law of thermodynamics calculated by entropy analysis method increased 86.80%,88.59% and 90.42%,respectively,which was inconsistent with the principle of minimum entropy production. The entransy transfer efficiency decreased 76.45%,74.86%,73.41%,respectively. The results of entropy analysis method were consistent with the greater the temperature differences,the lower the heat transfer ability. Thus,the entransy analysis method is more suitable for the analysis of energy utilization efficiency of HENs than that of entropy analysis method. At the same time,this method is helpful to evaluate the energy saving potential of heat transfer network.

With the rapid development of refinery and petrochemical industry in China,there are tens of millions poor quality heavy aromatics produced annually,including reforming C₁₀⁺ aromatics from aromatics complexes(HAB),ethylene tar from steam cracking plants(PGO),light cycle oil from fluidized catalytic cracking plants(FCC)in refinery(LCO),and direct synthetic oil from coal(CTL). In the near future,the gasoline and diesel standards will be upgraded to higher levels. It is getting less and less economically feasible to produce gasoline or diesel fuels from poor quality heavy aromatics. On the other hand,the market demands for xylenes,especially p-xylene,are gigantic and keeping soaring in China,and almost half of p-xylene consumption is supplemented by import. Therefore,it is extremely meaningful economically and technologically to produce light aromatics and olefins from poor quality heavy aromatics alternatively. Starting from systematic analysis of the sources,composition features,and utilization status of HAB,PGO,LCO and CTL feedstocks,the resources of poor quality heavy aromatics were systematically described. This paper also analyzed proper pre-treating solutions to various feedstocks,as well as compared relevant processing technologies to produce basic petrochemicals from different poor quality heavy aromatics including the new research advances in Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology (SRIPT). Based on the PAC (polycyclic aromatics cracking) platform technology developed in SRIPT,the light aromatics and saturated light hydrocarbons could be produced from these four kinds of poor quality aromatics.

It is a promising technology to treat sewage sludge,straw,algae and other waste biomass by using them to prepare coal water slurry(CWS),which achieves their reduction,harmless and resource utilization. There are varieties of biomass with complex structures,and thus it is of great significance to study the co-slurry ability of biomass and coal. The paper reviewed the type of wastes used to prepare biomass coal water slurry(BCWS),the modification methods of biomass,the various techniques used to study the characteristics of CWS,and the effects of biomass on the slurry ability of CWS. The high moisture content,developed pore structure,and complex composition of biomass like sewage sludge resulted in its poor slurry ability,but the pseudo-plastic behavior,thixotropy and stability of BCWS were better than that of CWS. The future researches of slurry ability of BCWS are to strengthen the research on the modification methods of biomass;to explore the microcosmic mechanisms on the co-slurry ability of biomass and coal;and to develop proper additives for BCWS.

For researching the performance of polygeneration systems in energy saving and emission reduction,three different polygeneration systems were designed and modeled by Aspen software. Based on the exergy theory,the total exergy efficiency and the exergy losses of sub-systems were simulated. Carbon capture ratio and carbon emission ratio were also analyzed. When the syngas split ratio of the chemical engineering side was 25%(Case-1),75%(Case-2) and 100%(Case-3),the FT Syncrude exergy was 1039.02MW,2928.91MW and 3905.22MW,and the electricity exergy was 2596.1MW,1235.4MW and 476.4MW with the total exergy efficiency of 42.80%,49.87% and 52.46%,respectively. The exergy losses were mainly distributed in the process getting along with the chemical exergy transformation such as the gasification,the FT synthesis and the separation processes. With increasing syngas split ratio in the chemical engineering side,the carbon dioxide capture ratio decreaseed from 79.36% to 52.98%. And the proportion of the carbon emission to the total carbon input fell from 5.32% to 3.01%. The results showed that the total exergy efficiency rose with increasing chemical exergy conversion degree. The chemical engineering side had a greater impact on exergy efficiency than power side. The tandem type polygeneration systems had more efficient and reasonable energy utilization than the polygeneration systems in parallel. The carbon emission reduced with increasing the syngas amount in the chemical engineering side.

To improve the semi-cokes utilization efficiency in multi generation technology of coal pyrolysis,the application of low temperature pyrolysis char to methane by one step process was proposed. The influence of pyrolysis conditions on"one step"methanation activity was investigated in this work. A series of semi-coke samples derived from pyrolysis of Erdos lignite were prepared grammed under different atmosphere and temperature using a tubular furnace. The surface chemical,microcrystalline structure and methanation activity of these semi-cokes were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a fixed-bed reactor. The results demonstrated that the interaction of H₂O with the lignite could weaken the loss of the oxygen-containing functional groups and restrain the graphitization process of semi-cokes. Thereby,the semi-cokes with higher content of oxygen-containing functional groups and lower graphitization degree were observed under H₂O ambiance compared with those in N₂ and H₂ atmosphere. In the range of 773K to 873K under H₂O atmosphere,the pyrolysis reaction proceeded more deeply with increasing temperature,which led to fewer oxygen functional groups and higher graphitization degree in the semi-cokes. As a result,the CH₄ accumulation was reduced. The optimal pyrolysis condition for methanation reactivity was under H₂O atmosphere at 773K,which was of great significance to optimize the co-production of pyrolysis and gasification process of low rank lignite.

CaO can be used to absorb CO₂ and to promote the tar cracking in sludge gasification to produce hydrogen-rich gases. Gasification of CaO-sewage sludge is a promising alternative technology to use sewage sludge and to reduce the secondary pollutions. In this work,3A molecular sieve and TiO₂ were used as the supports to modify CaO. Three CO₂ sorbents were prepared:CaO-3A molecular sieve,CaO-TiO_2,and CaO-TiO₂-3A molecular sieve. The effects of modified CaO as the CO₂ sorbents on the gasification of sewage sludge in a fixed bed reactor were studied at different temperatures. The experimental results showed that the increase of gasification temperature and the addition of the CO₂ sorbents could both promote the H₂ production and energy conversion rate. Among the three modified CaO CO₂ sorbents,CaO-TiO₂-3A exhibited the highest H₂ yield and energy conversion rate. With the CaO-TiO₂-3A sorbent,the concentration of H₂ reached 84.2% and the carbon conversion rate was 46% at 650℃. The experiments results showed that CaO-TiO₂-3A appeared to have the best adsorption and hydrogen production performances.

The Themys HP high pressure thermogravimetric analyzer from France Setaram company was used to analyze the Longkou oil shale in China under different pressures.Using product characteristic index,the distributed activation energy model DAEM and pyrolysis kinetics characteristics were analyzed.The study found that the pyrolysis of Longkou oil shale was mainly consisted of shale dehydration stage,the stage of organic matter pyrolyzed, and the stage of carbonate and clay minerals decomposed. The rise of pressure had a great effect on the behaviors of Longkou oil shale.The pressure increase in a small scale had adverse effects on the precipitation of pyrolysis products.The product characteristic index could be used to characterize product releasing behavior for Longkou shale with the condition of pressure changes.The pressure increase(<5bar)was beneficial for volatile releasing,but it suppresses volatile releasing if the pressure was higher than 5 bar.Thermal dynamics analysis showed that pyrolysis reaction activation energy decrease with the increase of pressure.Pyrolysis reaction would be improved if the pressure was properly increased.

Formaldehyde(HCHO),emitted from buildings and decorative materials,is a major indoor air pollutant. Long-term exposure to low concentration of HCHO may cause serious health problems to human being. Catalytic oxidation of HCHO is one of the most effective approaches since it can completely convert HCHO into CO₂ and H₂O at relatively mild operating conditions. Among numerous catalyst systems,supported platinum(Pt)catalysts have been extensively studied due to their superior catalytic performance for the oxidation of HCHO. In this paper,the recent progresses of the supported Pt catalysts in catalytic oxidation of HCHO have been summarized,and the main factors that influence the catalytic properties have been reviewed in terms of preparation methods,the types and the morphologies of the supports,the addition of promoters,as well as the reaction conditions. Besides,the reaction mechanisms for catalytic oxidation of HCHO over some supported Pt catalysts have also been summarized. It is believed that the outstanding ability of the supported Pt catalysts to activate oxygen molecules at low-temperature is mainly responsible for their excellent catalytic performance in low-temperature oxidation of HCHO. The opportunities for future research are as follows: to further enhance the catalytic activity of the supported Pt catalysts by improving the utilization of Pt atoms and producing more surface/interface active sites through optimizing catalyst preparation methods and strategies; to deeply reveal the reaction mechanisms for catalytic oxidation of HCHO over some representative supported Pt catalysts by combining some advanced characterization techniques like oxygen isotopic tracer technique and theroretical computations.

Methanol to olefins(MTO)is an important technology for the production of light olefins. ZSM-5 is one of the common zeolite catalysts for MTO/MTP. Many researchers have focused their work on the modification of ZSM-5 catalysts to improve their activity. This review has attempted to explore the relationship between the catalytic performance and the basic-acid properties,crystalline size and Si/Al molar ratios of modified ZSM-5 and to conclude the reaction scheme and the mechanism of deactivation caused by carbon deposition. Considerable efforts have been focused on reviewing the metal modifications of ZSM-5 catalysts,including the impact of alkaline earth metals,transition metals,rare earth metals,noble metals and multi-component metals on the activity,selectivity and stability of the catalyst. Finally,it is concluded that the key to develop the industrial applications of MTO is to obtain catalysts with excellent catalytic activity based on the mechanism of catalysts and their modification.

Removal of dichloroethane in the model oil was studied by the means of adsorption. The modified SAPO-34 zeolite adsorbents with different metal ions were prepared by saturated impregnation with SAPO-34 zeolite as carrier,and Ni²⁺,Cu²⁺,Mg²⁺,Zn²⁺ metal ions as the active components. The adsorbents were characterized by means of low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),ammonia adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption(NH₃-TPD). The adsorption dechlorination effect of the five adsorbents as well as the dechlorination effect of loading amount of the metal ions were investigated,then the optimum adsorbents and the optimum adsorption conditions were obtained. Finally,the regeneration ability of the adsorbent was studied. The results show that Ni/SAPO-34 zeolite has both good adsorption dechlorination and regeneration ability,and the optimum adsorption conditions are as follows:the loading amount of Ni²⁺ is 4%,adsorption temperature is 20℃,the ratio of catalyst to oil is 1∶30,and the adsorption time is 50min. This study provides foundation for the removal of organic chlorides in real oil.

A series of iron-ceria oxide catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method and the effects of Ce adding into Fe₂O₃ on CO catalytic oxidation activity were investigated. Activity result shows that the addition of Ce increases the CO catalytic activity significantly,which can attain more than 90% CO conversion at ambient temperature and atomospheric pressure. Higher surface area and better redox ability than those of pure Fe₂O₃,and the formation of iron-ceria solid solution in the catalyst may be responsible for the increased catalytic activity. Additionally,different iron precursor has great influence on the CO catalytic oxidation. Sample that was prepared by using FeCl₃ as iron precursor shows the best catalytic performance.

PEM water electrolyzer(PEMWE)is a sort of clean and environment-friendly water electrolysis technology with some advantages of high efficiency,high hydrogen purity,pollution-free and low energy consumption etc. Therefore,it has a very broad prospects in the field of renewable energy. The proton exchange membrane is the core material of PEM water electrolyzer and is also the heart of membrane electrode assembly(MEA). However,the cost and performance of proton exchange membrane greatly limit the commercialization of proton exchange membrane,and thus developing new materials is necessary to solve these two problems and promote the commercialization. In this paper,we introduce the characteristics of PEMWE proton exchange membrane,analyze the principle,characteristics,applications and the new progress of the modification of perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane,the synthesis of organic/inorganic nanocomposite proton exchange membrane and fluorine-free proton exchange membrane. The advantages and disadvantages of different research directions are also discussed. Based on the previous analysis,it is suggested that the fluorine-free proton exchange membrane,especially the block-type fluorine-free sulfonated proton exchange membrane,is the major development direction of proton exchange membrane of PEM water electrolyzer in the future.

Polylactic acid is very attractive in the field of biodegradable materials.However,due to the limitation of the molecular chain structure of PLA,its flexibility is poor and the material is brittle which make the PLA polymer unsuitable for many applications.The mechanical and thermal stability can be improved by reinforcing it with natural fibers. This paper reviewed the research status and new progress of natural fiber reinforced polylactic acid biodegradable composites in domestic and overseas,and discussed the properties,technical methods and potential applications of polylactic acid composites modified by animal fiber and plant fiber.In addition,this paper reviewed research progress of the degradation of PLA/plant fiber composites.The development prospects of PLA/natural fiber composite such as reducing the cost of PLA composite materials,improving the mechanical properties and the biodegradable properties, was also predicted.

In recent years,ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA),due to its excellent low temperature resistance,oxidation resistance,environmental stress cracking resistance,corrosion resistance,etc.,has wide application prospect in a lot of areas. In order to endow it with new properties and functions and expand its applications,stuies of graft modification of EVA and related applications have drawn much attention recently. In this work,recent advances in the synthesis of EVA graft polymer via melt grafting,solution grafting and emulsion grafting was introduced firstly. Then,the grafting mechanism was analyzed using EVA-g-maleic anhydride polymer as an example. Subsequently,the characterization methods including instrument method and chemical titration and the applications of EVA graft polymer were summarized and reviewed. Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis methods of EVA grafted polymer,characterization method and its application prospects are elaborated,and we pointed out that the solution grafting method is the future trend. Blending compatible materials,membrane materials and oil dewaxing materials will be the widely used areas in the future.

A new kind adsorptive material of high exchange capacity (10.52mmol/g) had been synthesized via the graft reaction of PVC resin with triethylene tetramine (TETA),and its structure and synthesis mechanism were investigated by the means of FTIR,EA,TG and chemical method. The results showed that TETA group had been introduced into PVC chain successfully along with the elimination of HCl. Moreover,the maximum adsorption capacity of the novel adsorptive resin was about 563mg/g for Cr(Ⅵ),and the adsorptive behavior was preferably described by the Langmuir isotherm model. After five times cycles of adsorption-desorption,the resin still kept excellent adsorption performance. The prepred PVC-TETA resin is expected to have a promising prospect in the treatment of chromium-containing wastewater.

Activated carbon nanofibers with large surface area,high electrical and thermal conductivity and high porosity have gained extensive attentions. How to further increase the yield of carbon,surface area,and porosity has been a hot issue to date. The activated carbon nanofibers(ACNF)was prepared by using electrospun cellulose nanofibers as matrix and impregnated in ZnCl₂ and NH₄Cl solutions,followed by carbonization in nitrogen atmosphere. The structure and morphology of ACNF were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis. The results showed that cellulose precursor with diameter of 250nm±60nm are prepared by electrospun and fibers are fused with adhesions after direct carbonation. Carbonated temperature decreased,and fused nanofibers did not observed,and the yield of ACNF increased from 15.6% to 33.2%-38.3% after impregnation with ZnCl₂ and NH₄Cl solutions. The pore size of ACNF decreased from 1.10nm to 0.7nm,and BET specific surface areas increased from 320.12m²/g to 450.35mg/g. The saturated adsorption capacity of methylene blue increased from 110.25mg/g to 163.49mg/g,by 48%.

Expandable graphite is widely applied as a new functional carbon material,especially in the fields of flame resistance and fireproofing. However,its application is limited because of the high expansion temperature. The preparation of low temperature graphite by chemical oxidation is discussed,which was prepared by 50 mesh natural graphite and KMnO₄/HClO₄/NH₄NO₃ mixed compounds used as chemical intercalant and oxidizer,respectively. In addition,the structure,morphology and functional groups of the products in different stages are characterized by XRD,FTIR and SEM. The results show that the best proportion is 1∶0.45∶8∶0.12 for flake graphite: KMnO₄: HClO₄: NH₄NO₃(mass ratio),and the reaction time is 15min with stirring speed of 200r/min. The initial expansion temperature is 150℃ and expansion volume can reach 430mL/g at 400℃. The analysis shows that crystal structural integrity becomes worse and the interlayer spacing is increased due to oxygen-containing groups grafted onto graphite,whereas the layer structure is stable. Acid radical ions escape from the graphite as gas after expansion and flake graphite is changed into graphite sheet with plenty of pores.

In the reaction system of Ca(OH)₂-CO₂,aragonite CaCO₃ nanoparticles were prepared with the addition of phosphoric acid and polyacrylamide(PAM)in a high shear mixer (HSM)-aided crystallizer. The structure and morphology of products were characterized by XRD and SEM. The effects of shear rate and the amounts of additives on the polymorph and the size of CaCO₃ have been studied. The results indicated that the crystalline purity of aragonite CaCO₃ generated in the HSM-aided crystallizer achieved 98.1% and the average diameter was 50nm. Moreover,the reaction time in the HSM-aided crystallizer was only (1/6)～(1/3) of that in the traditional stirred tank crystallizer. HSM can realize sufficient micro-mixing,and it can control the microenvironment such as the distribution of supersaturation in the reactive crystallization,which is beneficial to the formation of metastable aragonite. The addition of H₃PO₄ and PAM plays an important role in controlling the polymorph and the size of aragonite CaCO₃. H₃PO₄ can react with Ca(OH)₂ to form hydroxyapatite which serves as heterogeneous nuclei. PAM can inhibit the crystal growth in radial direction and stabilize aragonite by preventing agglomeration in the solution.

At present,basic research on the plastic deformation of the heat-resistant magnesium alloy and the subsquent heat treatment process is relatively little. However,they are the bottleneck of the magnesium industry. Therefore,the as-cast Mg-8Al-3.5Sr magnesium alloy was subjected to solution treatment,and then hot rolling and recrystallization annealing. The microstructure of the samples before and after annealing was studied by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the rod-like Al₄Sr phase is appeared,and the grain boundaries become clearly visible as polygonal with an average grain size of 65μm,when the alloy sample was treated by solution at 380℃ for 24h. With the increase of hot rolling reduction,the average grain size decreased,and the optimum microstructure which had an average grain size of 26μm was obtained when the hot rolling reduction was 80%. When the reduction amount was increased to 90%,there were a large number of cracks. When the recrystallization annealing condition was 300℃ for 1h,the equiaxed recrystallization structure appeared in the crystal,and the average grain size was further reduced to 21.5μm. When the recrystallization annealing temperature was too high,the grains would grow abnormally and the Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase precipitated.

Two different processes for preparing polyferric sulphate(PFS) were investigated and compared. Firstly,PFS was generated through direct oxidation process with ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid as raw materials,and with the potassium chlorate as oxidizing agent. The effect of reaction temperature,reaction time,and the molar ratio of ferrous sulfate to sulfuric acid in raw materials on basicity was investigated. Results showed that basicity improved from 7.68% to 9.34% when reaction temperature increased from room temperature to 70℃. As the molar ratio in raw materials increased from 2.01 to 4.08,basicity increased from 8.65% to 11.91%. However,The increase of the reaction time did not improve the basicity. Secondly,ion exchange membrane electrodialysis was used to prepare PFS. The effects of current density and membrane stack configuration on basicity were investigated. Results showed that the basicity increased from 7.68% to 20.13% remarkably when current density increased from 0 to 30mA/cm². And basicity was not affected by membrane stack configurations. Compared with BP-A configuration,BP-A-C configuration could decrease membrane stack voltage drops and energy consumption. Thirdly,the two processes were compared in terms of PFS performance and production cost. Results showed that the performance of PFS generated by electrodialysis process was better than that of PFS generated by direct oxidation process,while the former cost was 1.16$/L PFS higher that the latter cost.

Hydrogel microparticles(microgel)based on natural polymers have been widely used as biomaterials due to their excellent biocompatibility. In this study,a series of dextran microgel were prepared using the inverse microemulsion technique. And,effects of the HLB value,emulsification method,volume ratio of water to oil(φ),molar ratio of water to emulsifier(R₀)on the morphology,and particle size of the dextran microgel were investigated. The results indicated that dextran microgels with particle size from 400nm to 70μm could be prepared with the CYH/Span 80-Tween 80/Dex-CHO emulsion system. Microgels prepared under ultrasonic had smaller particle size than that prepared under mechanical agitation. Dextran microgel with relatively small diameter at ～422nm was obtained with m_{(Tween 80)}/m_{(Span 80)}=0.10,HLB=5.27,φ =1/6. In addition,the particle size of the dextran microgel increased with the increase of the R₀ value. The dextran hydrogel microparticles based on the natural dextran with controllable particle size can be used as promising carrier materials for biomedical applications.

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)are emerging as an energy conversion device to directly harvest electricity energy from wastewater,of which the power density is relative low,which limited its applications to a great degree. The anode material is crucial for the improvement of power density and the energy conversion efficiency of MFCs. In this study,an advanced three-dimensional(3D)carbon anode with macropore structure was obtained by the one-step carbonization of cassava straws which are agricultural solid residues. The morphology of the 3D porous carbon(3DPC)was observed using scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results showed that the 3DPC consists of sieve-like tube structure with macropore,which is beneficial for biomass loading and mass transfer. The electrochemical performance of the 3DPC was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS),cyclic voltammetry(CV) as well as dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) device. It was found that the 3DPC obtained at 800℃ had the best electrochemical activity,and the highest power density was as high as 73.0W/m³,which was 3.7-fold higher than that of commercial carbon paper. This study provided new ideas and methods for the construction of highly efficient biochemical system electrode materials.

Using corn starch as raw material,the porous starch was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. Polyethyleneimine as surface modifier and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent were used to modify the surface of porous starch,and the preparation conditions were optimized based on their sedimentation volumes. The charge distribution on the surface of modified porous starch was analyzed by Zeta potential meter,and its external morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the ideal porous starch was obtained by operating under the conditions as the mixing ratio of α-amylase to glucoamylase,1∶4;the amount of mixture enzyme,5%;the pH of the reaction system,about 6; the enzymatic reaction temperature,45℃ and reaction time,24h. The optimum conditions for the surface modification of porous starch were that the reaction system contained 6% polyethyleneimine,5% glutaraldehyde,and stirred at 35℃ for 8h. The porous starch prepared under those conditions yielded the best shape and more surface charge distribution,and its isoelectric point reached 9.8. The starch immobilized E coli was preparedwhen E. coli were immobilized using the porous starch with the surface modification as the carrier under the acidic condition.

Sodium alginate/gelatin/chitosan composite microspheres were prepared by complex coacervation method using allicin as model drug. The effects of different conditions of swelling,drug loading and sustained release of DSGCM were investigated. The results showed that,when gelatin and sodium alginate(mass ratio 1∶3)was 2% and the allicin and the mix gel ratio was 1∶2,the preparation of DSGCM was spherical with particle sizes in the range of 0.8―0.9mm, and the drug loading and the entrapment efficiency were 24.3% and 69.4%,respectively. The composite microspheres was sensitive to pH,and the swelling rate of DSGCM was 450% in pH=7.4 media. The drug release process fitted well with the Higuchi equation kinetic model. The addition of gelatin could delay the drug release of DSGCM.

High-quality sulfur-containing chemicals is still widely used in industries. And some of them are even facing a short supplying. Reusing and further processing for hydrogen sulfide from waste gas are not only economical beneficial but also environmentally friendly. This paper discussed 16 kinds of sulfur-containing compounds,which are classified further in eight sorts: inorganic sulfide,thiol,thioether,thiophenol,thioamide,sulfur-containing heterocycles,organic bisulfide,and high valence sulfur-containing organics. The basic physical and chemical properties,the main applications,and the market supplying of those compounds were presented. The status of research on the main synthetic methods both domestic and abroad was discussed with a focuses mainly on the industrial synthesis routes and the other synthesis routes based on the raw material hydrogen sulfide to develop the downstream products from recycled hydrogen sulfide rationally,an overall consideration should be conducted among the factors such as market positioning,technical manners and resource integration. Based on the current market,the methionine,polyphenylene sulfide are having promising market,which may be the priority for the future research.

Using 3-methty-diphenylamine as raw materials,a tricyclic system of benzazaphosp-hazinephosphinic acid,3-methyl-10-hydroxyl-5,10-dihydrophenopho-sphazine-10-oxide (1) was obtained through one-pot reactions involving nucleophilic substitution,hydrolysis,and oxidation. Further manipulation of compound (1) via nitration,catalytic hydrogenation and condensation led to a novel diiminobenzoquinone compound(PPBQ). The novel diiminobenzoquinone compound can control the emulsion free radical polymerization of vinyl monomer efficiently. The ethyl methacrylate (EMA) latex with controllable average molecular weight(M_w≤65769)and polydispersity (M_w /M_n≤2.49) and oligomer of EMA(M_w<1000)could be provided when the molar concentration of monomer and initiator(K₂S₂O₈)were 4mol/L and 3.7×10^-3mol/L,respectively,the loading of the molar ratio of PPBQ to initiator(K₂S₂O₈)was less than 0.8. A new way of preparing high solid coatings (HSC),antisludging agent and water clarifying agent containing component of acrylic oligomer was propopsed. The structure of the synthesized intermediates and PPBQ were characterized by IR,MS and ¹H NMR analysis. The structure of EMA oligomer was characterized also by FTIR,MS and gel chromatograph(GC)analysis.

Tung oil anhydrides(TM2 and TM3)were synthesized through the Diels-Alder reaction of tung oil and maleic anhydride(MA). The TM3 reacted with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)at different ratios forming tung oil ester, the rest anhydride hydrolyzed to yield tung oil derivatives with 3～6 carboxyl groups. The obtained products were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The CMC value and surface tension of the tung oil base derivatives were measured by conductivity. The emulsifying performance of sodium carboxylate for acrylic monomers and oligomers was evaluated. The results showed that the hydrophilic of derivatives and the CMC values were increased with the increase of sodium carboxylate group of derivative, and then the emulsifying ability enhanced. The acrylate modified tung oil derivatives and their composite were UV curable. The cured film with excellent water resistance can be obtained through the tuning the formula of UV curable composite.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)is a kind of poisonous and harmful air pollutants,and it has the characteristics of low energy density of per unit volume,complex composition and large fluctuation of calorific value. This paper introduced three sorts of technologies,namely, adsorption concentration,regenerative oxidation and catalytic combustion. Besides,the domestic and international latest research progresses were reviewed from two aspects of engineering application and experimental research. In addition,the existence of the value and the key problems which restrict the development of technology were analyzed mainly from the organic exhaust type. In terms of analysis and comparison,it draw the conclusions that the adsorption concentration has better adaptability to the complex components of VOCs,but the adsorption system of unit volume adsorption material utilization rate is low and occupies a large area comparatively. Catalytic combustion has some merits like low ignition temperature and energy saving,but higher operating costs and catalyst's poor adaptability on the complex components of VOCs limit its extensive application. Regenerative combustion has comparative high heat recovery rate,but the low concentration,large fluctuation of calorific value the engine exhaust limit the stability of its operation. Compared with the above three technologies,combination technologies have a better comprehensive performance. In the future,the advantages of different technologies are reasonably combined and optimized,which will become one of the most effective manners to manage volatile organic exhaust gas economically,efficiently and safely.

As a by-product of civil and industrial activities,sludge influences people's life and the ecological environment greatly. The preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge can solve this problem,which also makes it possible to fight against pollution by means of pollution. The activated carbon derived from sewage sludge is a kind of low-cost adsorbent,which can effectively adsorb pollutants in wastewater,desulfurization and denitrification. This paper reviewed the research progress of sewage sludge based activated carbon through three main areas:preparation,adsorption properties and adsorption models. The effects of the sludge source,carbonization,activation and additives on sludge activated carbon preparation were discussed. The adsorption properties for metal ions,dyes,antibiotics and other harmful substances were elaborated. On this basis,this paper also listed the isothermal adsorption model and adsorption kinetics model fitting of the sludge based activated carbon in adsorption process. At the same time,this paper points out that present research is confined to the pursuit of activated carbon with high surface areas,and there are still the problems of high cost technology and the risk of secondary pollution in this technology. Finally,the research direction is proposed,which are the appropriate preparation methods and applications should be studied based on the sludge from different sources.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which seriously threaten human health,have been the key factor influencing indoor air quality,and need to be treated effectively. In this paper,the main purification technologies of indoor VOCs were reviewed,including green plants,adsorption,non-thermal plasma(NTP),metal catalytic oxidation,and photocatalytic oxidation. The principles and influence factors of the purification technologies were summarized,and the merits and faults of each technology and problems need to be resolved in the future were analyzed. Green plants are just suitable for low concentration pollutants,and are usually used as supplementary means. The core of adsorption is the adsorbent,and the replacement of regeneration of adsorbent should be considered. For non-thermal plasma,the removal efficiency of VOCs by NTP technology is high,but the cost is high. As for metal catalytic oxidation method,the metal oxide catalysts with low price and high efficiency are needed to be developed. For photocatalytic oxidation technology,the current study is focused on the modification of TiO₂ and improvement of light conversion efficiency. This paper also briefly presents the current situation of the air purifier market and the proportion of various technologies in the market. Then the technical research hot spots in the future were proposed.

The simulated methylene blue wastewater was treated continuously for a long-term time by using upflow biological aerated filter(UBAF)in this study. The conditions of the start-up and domestication were investigated and the changes of biomass with the filling height and the regularity of pollutants removal in UBAF were analyzed. Furthermore,the degradation dynamic model of organic substrate was established,which based on the performance analysis of substrate degradation under different hydraulic loads. The results showed that the removal rate of COD,ammonia nitrogen and chroma were 80.93%,73.81% and 56.79%,respectively. Rich microorganisms and biota were adhered on the surface of filling after the reactor was continuously domesticated for 43 days. When the reactor was stably operated under the optimal parameters,the film thickness,microbial biomass and linear degradation rate of pollutants decreased with increasing filling height. The removal of COD,ammonia nitrogen and chroma mainly concentrated in the packing height 35cm below. The kinetic model was determined by analyzing the COD of different height fillings and hydraulic loadings. The model parameters n and K₂ of organic compound degradation kinetic were 0.2022 and 0.0406, respectively.

In this paper,the reaction kinetic and gas product characteristics of pyrolysis of refuse derived fuel(RDF),sludge and their mixture were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(TG-FTIR). The results showed that there was synergistic effect in the co-pyrolysis process of sludge and RDF. When the proportion of sludge is 50%,the whole pyrolysis process presented promotion effect,and the effect is the most obvious at the temperature range from 500℃ to 1000℃. The Coats-Redfern method was used to analyze the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process. The results indicated that the co-pyrolysis reaction of RDF and sludge in the low temperature stage(240-380℃)and high temperature stage(670-740℃)conforms to the second-order reaction law,while meets the first-order reaction law in the middle temperature stage (430-540℃). Compared with RDF pyrolysis,the activation energy of co-pyrolysis of RDF and sludge decreased obviously,which indicated that co-pyrolysis could promote the pyrolysis reaction process. FTIR analysis showed that the co-pyrolysis of RDF and sludge has little effect on the precipitation of CO₂ and CO,but promotes the production of CH₄. Meanwhile,the co-pyrolysis results in an increase in the precipitation of HCl,NH₃ and HCN as well. The results of this study could provide data support for the development and design of the co-pyrolysis process of RDF and sludge.

Coking wastewater contains toxic refractory compounds in high loads,distributed between liquid and suspended solids. The pretreatment including gravity sedimentation,ammonia stripping/phenol extraction,coagulation/air floatation and ozonation was applied prior to biological treatment providing its effective performance. The removal of characteristic pollutants was studied in each pretreatment process. The results showed that 56.05% of suspended solids and 46.54% oil content were removed in 90min gravity sedimentation. Ammonia was stripped for 50min,and phenol was extracted using mixture of tributyl phosphate with 30% kerosene at pH=9,T=30℃,R=1∶4,n=3. Ammonia and phenol were recovered for 69.85% and 76.02%,respectively. At the FeSO₄ dosage of 1500mg/L and initial pH=9,coagulation/air floatation removed sulfide,cyanide and ammonia for 89.93%,60.68% and 2.95%,respectively. At the concentration of gaseous ozone 14mg/L±1mg/L and initial pH＝10,sulfide,cyanide and ammonia were degraded as a result of 80min ozonation for 94.92%,91.05% and 47.26%,respectively. The results obtained in the study may serve the optimization of the pretreatment process,targeting the purification performance and the economic efficiency with the separation of phases,the recovery of chemical products and the transformation of toxic pollutants.

High voltage occurs in each cell of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) when it starts,and the high voltage will accelerate the corrosion of the carbon carrier of the catalyst,which will affect the performance of the reactor. In order to reduce high voltage in the start-up process and shorten the duration time,we study the effects of three different start-up methods of regular start-up,associate minimum monolithic voltage and lower hydrogen inlet pressure on PEMFC through experiment,and then puts forward a new start-up control strategy of reducing the hydrogen inlet pressure in the start-up process and putting a 10Ω load in when the minimum monolithic voltage value of the stack is greater than 0.3V. The results show that the new system shut-down control strategy of PEMFC can reduce both the high voltage in start-up process and the duration time. So it is a very effective start-up strategy which improves the durability of the stack.