Mono ethylene glycol(MEG) is an important bulk chemical,yet the self-sufficiency of which in China is not higher than 40%. The method for producing MEG in industry by non-catalytic direct hydration of ethylene oxide(EO)under high molar ratio of water to EO is of high-energy-consumption. Hence,it is urgent to develop catalytic hydration of EO with low molar ratio of water to EO. Herein,based on the catalysis and deactivation mechanism,the newly developed resin-based catalysts,metallic oxide-based catalysts,Co^Ⅲ(Salen)-based catalysts and Sn-doped zeolites were introduced in detail and depth for the first time. Moreover,constructive suggestions for overcoming the disadvantages of these catalysts were proposed. It was advocated that the activity,thermal stability and anti-swelling property of ion-exchange resins could be improved by choosing new functional groups and additives such as carbon nanotubes with various draw ratios,graphene with various layers and kinds of nano oxides. It was suggested that the porous niobic acid materials with different acidity could provide higher activity. For the stability improvement of Co^Ⅲ(Salen)-based catalysts,the development of new Co^Ⅲ(Salen) active species by changing organic ligands and counter-ions could be a good consideration. As for improving the activity and active site number of now-available zeolites,it was reasonable to synthesize kinds of metal-doped zeolites with different framework topologies by different methods and metal sources. It was anticipated that this review would play an instructive role to some extent in developing catalysts for producing MEG with low cost and energy consumption in industry.

An experiment study on the gravity discharge characteristics of fine particles from a hopper was performed. The effects of particle size and hopper geometry on the gravity discharge rate were investigated respectively. High speed camera was employed to capture the discharge pattern of particles from the hopper and the periodicity of discharge pattern was discussed. The results showed that with the increase of particle sizes,both the interstitial pressure gradient and empty annulus effect had significant influences on the discharge rate. Thus,the discharge rate increased with particle size at first and then kept stable. Besides,as particle size increased,a transition from unstable and intermittent discharge to stable and continuous discharge was found in the discharge patterns of fine particles from conical and flat-bottomed hoppers. For the case of intermittent discharge,the discharge rate in conical hopper was lower than that in flat-bottomed hopper,due to a longer intermittent discharge period. On the other hand,for the case of continuous discharge,the discharge rate in conical hopper was higher than that in flat-bottomed hopper,due to the conical angle. Finally,by modifying the interstitial pressure gradient,a new model was proposed to predict the discharge rate of fine particles from conical and flat-bottomed hoppers. The predicted values of discharge rate were in good agreement with the experimental values.

Saturated flow boiling heat transfer in rectangular microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 1.24mm was experimentally investigated. Deionized water and 0.3% Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid were selected respectively as the working fluids. Rectangular microchannels' surface roughness was disposed firstly by acidic polishing process,further sonic frequency system(SFS) method was adopted to obtain the microscopic images of surface roughness,and then these images were gray-scale processing by means of MATLAB. Accordingly,three experimental rectangular microchannels whose surface roughness was 25.3、38.7 and 51.2 respectively were acquired. Contrastive study on the effect of different surface roughness on nanofluid critical heat fluxes(CHF)and instability in the process of saturated flow boiling heat transfer of deionized water and 0.3%Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid was carried out. Results indicated that under the same experimental conditions,the CHF of 0.3% Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid can be increased by 18.37%-226.28% than deionized water. With the increase of surface roughness,the CHF of both of them increases slightly,but the rising tendency of 0.3%Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid shows more obvious.Through the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of massive experimental data,it was found that the increase of microchannels' surface roughness can make the instability of fluid in the microchannels increase.

The computational method of pore-scale porous media is established by using Volume of Fluid(VOF)numerical simulation method based on the background of CO₂ storage in Saline aquifer,and the migration mechanism of supercritical carbon dioxide(ScC-CO₂)injection into porous media containing water is studied. The effects of capillary number,geological storage pressure,ScC-CO₂ injection temperature,two-phase surface tension coefficient and contact angle on the two-phase migration rate and the displacement efficiency were analyzed. At the same time,displacement efficiency was compared with experimental data under different capillary numbers. The result showed that with the increase of capillary number, displacement efficiency decreases first and then becomes stable,and the numerical simulation of displacement efficiency agrees well with experimental data under different capillary numbers. Under the same porosity,when wall surface is hydrophilic,wall surface wettability is better. The faster the rate of displacement,while the displacement efficiency decreased. At the same time,the lower geological storage pressure,the higher the injection temperature. Small surface tension coefficient has a higher displacement rate and efficiency.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the flow characteristics of local flow field in the vertical cylinder separator with inlet baffle at different curvature ratios (K). Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) was used to numerically calculate the three-dimensional turbulent flow for separators. The effect of K values was researched within the scope of -0.15-0.25 and baffles were classified into concave surface K>0,plate K=0 and convex surface K<0. The stagnation pressure and local resistance were calculated. Water was used as working fluid. The mechanism was analyzed at different K values about impinging jet in limited narrow space of separator inlet.The results showed that the impact on the baffle wall and the local flow resistance declines with the decrease of the curvature ratio K in the separator inlet. The average local resistance coefficient of K=-0.1 is 2.8% lower than that of K=0,and K=0.1 is 2.0% higher. The local flow structures and the static pressure distribution were altered by different K. For the case of concave surface,jet expansion was limited in the impacted area due to the enlarging of jet exit-to-surface distance L. On the contrary,the convex surface was beneficial to the impinging jet expansion. Distribution of tangential velocity in wall jet region and baffle outlet was deeply affected by impacted area.

In the present work, the flow characteristics and drag reduction of a turbulent flow field over a riblets surface plate were investigated experimentally and compared with a smooth surface. Experimental tests were carried out in a closed rectangular duct with 1mm in width and 0.3mm,0.5mm,0.7mm in height riblets using particle image velocimetry. Tap water was used in this experiment and test temperature was controlled at 25℃±0.5℃,and the velocity was maintained between 0.03-1.8m/s. The study showed that a notable decrease in fanning friction factor for riblets surfaces can be seen at an h⁺ range of 4-15 compared with flat plate. A maximum rag-reduction of nearly 11.91 percent was acquired over the riblets surface of 1 mm wide and 0.5 mm height. Riblet can thicken the boundary layer and weaken turbulent fluctuation intensity. Furthermore,both Reynolds shear stress and vorticity and root-mean-square velocity were decreased.

To analyze the operating characteristics of hybrid heat sources, heat pump water heater, under variable condition, the apparatus of the direct-expansion solar-air source water heat pump was established using a variable capacity compressor and an electronic expansion valve. The mathematical model of this system was developed and verified. The simulated results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The validated mathematical model was used to further analyze the effect of ambient temperature, solar radiation intensity and compressor frequency on the system performance. The frequency conversion control strategy of the compressor was developed, and the recommended frequency and heating time under different working conditions were obtained, which can provide guidance to operations under variable conditions. Based on the meteorological parameters of typical meteorological years in Nanjing, the annual operating characteristics of the system in different modes were simulated and compared. The results showed that, compared with the constant capacity mode, the COP of the system in the variable capacity mode annual increased by an average of 49.27%, while the power consumption decreased by 29.73%,and the energy saving was quite remarkable.

The pinch point problem of recuperator on supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton recompression cycle was studied. Then,the effect of the pinch point on the thermal efficiency,specific work output,irreversible exergy losses,and exergy efficiency of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton recompression cycle was analyzed; and the effect of the inlet temperature of turbine and pressure ratio on supercritical carbon dioxide brayton recompression cycle was discussed. The simple regenerative cycle and the recompression cycle was coampared. The results showed that,with the increase of the spilt ratio,the pinch point first appeared at the outlet of low temperature side of the low temperature recuperator,then at the inside,finally at the inlet. A minimum split ratio existed for the given initial conditions. The thermal efficiency and the exergy efficiency first increased with the rise of split ratio, and then decreased. The split ratio had a great effect on the exergy losses of heater,low temperature recuperator,cooler,and high temperature recuperator. Increasing of the pressure ratio and the inlet temperature of turbine decreased the minimum split ratio of recompression cycle. Furthermore,within a certain range of split ratios,the thermal efficiency of recompression cycle was higher than that of the simple regenerative cycle.

In order to understand the characteristics of motion and heat conduction of biomass particles and solid thermal carriers(steel particles) in rotary retorting,the motion and heat conduction of biomass particles and steel particles in rotary retorting were simulated using discrete element methods. The effect of the rotational speed and quantity of biomass particles on particle motion and heat conduction was analyzed. The distribution of particles in the rotary retorting was investigated. The mean temperature of biomass particles and the temperature standard deviation of biomass particles were used to evaluate the heating rate of steel particles and the uniformity of biomass particles'temperature. The result showed that particles in the rotary retorting was divided into three regions:the monolayer steel particles region in the left of the particles region,the mixing region of biomass particles and steel particles in the middle of the particles region,and the accumulating region of biomass particles in the right of the particles region. The unstable factors(unstable regions,unstable lines and unstable holes)led to the periodic collapse of the monolayer steel particles region. The motion mode was slumping in all six situations. With the increasing of rotational speed,the heating rate of steel particles was increased.When the rotational speed was 15r/min,the uniformity of biomass particles'temperature was worst in the first 20s comparing to the rotational speed of 5r/min and 25r/min.

The characteristics of local gas-liquid dispersion characteristics in a stirred tank of Rushton impellers were studied by experiments and CFD simulation. The local gas holdup distribution was measured by using a double conductance probe. The gas-liquid flow was modeled by an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model along with the k-ε turbulence mixture model. Effects of rotational speed on the local gas holdup distribution in the upper and lower circulation zone were studied. The experiments showed that the effect of rotational speed on gas holdup distribution in the upper circulation zone was larger than that in the lower circulation zone,and the gas holdup increased with increasing rotational speed. The prediction of the TOMIYAMA drag model and the DBS-Local drag model based on the EMMS theory was compared. The results showed that the DBS-Local drag model could reasonably predict the local gas holdup distribution under different rotational speeds. The TOMIYAMA drag model can only reasonably predict the local gas holdup distribution under lower rotational speeds(N=140r/min,280r/minpm). It cannot predict the gas bubbles near the tank lower circulation region,and underestimated the gas holdup in the upper recirculation region at higher rotational speeds(420r/min,560r/minpm).

This paper established the organic Rankine cycle(ORC) systems which utilized low-temperature flue gas as heat source to generate electricity. 2 Ggroups of single working fluids were researched. By changing heat source parameters to alter the heat absorption of the systems,the thermal equilibrium method was used to calculate thermal performance. Both thermodynamics and economics were taken into consideration to analyze the performance of systems with different working fluids. The result revealed that the two working fluids with the same group retained the similar parameters of network and heat consumption rate with the similar regularity of changes,while the LEC(levelized electricity cost)and DPP (discounted payback period)were not similar. Under the condition studied,the evaporation temperature optimized by economics was about 8-10℃ higher than that by thermodynamics. The comprehensive comparison showed that R600a was the best choice. The thermal performance of system using R236ea was better than R600,but the LEC of system using R600 was lower than R236ea. Compared to R236ea,R600 had obvious advantage at the aspect of economics.

The rice husk gasification experiments were performed in a fluidized bed gasifier with steam as gasifying agent. The effects of reaction temperature(500-700℃),steam flow rate(7-11kg/h), and feed rate(1.2-3.6kg/h)on gas yield and the compositions of the main components(H₂,CO,CH₄,CO₂)were investigated,respectively. The results showed that the higher reaction temperature could lead to higher gas yield and higher content of H₂ and CH₄. With the increase of the reaction temperatures,the content of CO first decreased then increased. The effect of the increase of steam flow and feed rate on gas yield at 500℃ and 700℃ was not the same,which indicated that the leading reactions in the fluidized bed at different reaction temperature were different. At 700℃,the increase of the steam flow and feed rates did niot change the content of H₂,CO,and CO₂ significanly;and the volume fraction of CH₄ remained about 12%. Within the scope of the experimental conditions,when the reaction temperature was 700℃,steam flow 7kg/h,and feed rate 1.2kg/h,the gas yield and the volume fraction of H₂ reached the maximum values of 725L/h and 18.05%,respectively.

Chemical looping combustion is a new combustion mode with zero CO₂ emission,which can improve the efficiency of the CO₂ capture. A lean iron ore was employed as the oxygen carrier in this study. The CO was selected as the reducing gas. The plant-ash aqueous water was used to modify the lean iron ore. A series of chemical-looping combustion(CLC)tests were conducted in a thermogravimetric analysis reactor. The CO aeration time was reduced to 60 seconds. Consecutive reduction-oxidation cycles were first carried out in the TGA at various temperatures. The results indicated that the reduction reactivity of lean iron ore remained stable in 15 cycles. The cyclic stability of the modified oxygen carrier remained well in 100 cycles. The reduction condition and the chemical reaction rate of the modified oxygen carrier were better than those of the lean iron ore. The analysis of the XRD and SEM experiments showed the alkali mental K abundant in the plant ash combined with the contents of the lean iron ore through complicated reactions,which resulted in the expansion of the specific surface area of the modified oxygen carrier. The reduction reactivity of the modified oxygen carrier was enhanced without serious sintering on the surface.

The charge-discharge performance of lithium-ion battery as a vehicle power battery is affected by low-temperature. Heating lithium-ion battery at low-temperature conditions toincrease the temperature can improve the charge-discharge peformace and available capacity ratio. To study the effect of the charge-discharge performance of lithium-ion battery with new heating method using heat pipes,the performance tests were conducted under the different low-temperatures. The results showed that the charge-discharge performance dropped significantly in low-temperatures,and the charge-discharge performance could be visibly improved by heating with heat pipes. Heating method with heat pipes could significantly reduce the heating time. Under the condition of -30℃,the heating power of 30W could increase the battery rise temperature by 30℃ within 20 minutes,the discharge capacity and charge capacity increased 39.95% and 86.44%,respectively. This study provided a new technical method and data for using lithium-ion batteries efficiently in low-temperature.

This paper introduces the ground-source heat pump for a construction in Jiangyin. Using the software of TRNSYS,the underground soil average temperature in 30 years was simulated under the different depths and ratios of cooling and heating loads. The annual trend of COP of the system and part load ratio of heat pump unit in heating and cooling period werer analyzed. The result showed that the performance of buried pipe at 100m depth had a smaller temperature drop and fluctuation than that at 80m and 60m depths. So the deeper the buried pipes were,the more stable of soil average temperatures were. To meet the demand of heating load only,the soil average temperature fell by 2.67℃,while the soil average temperature increased by 2.15℃ to meet the demand of cooling load nly. If to meet the demand of both heating and cooling loads,the soil average temperature fell by just 0.66℃. The averaged COP of the heat pump system was 3.28 in the summer and 2.75 in the winter;and the part load ratio of heat pump unit was low,which resulted in the lower COP of the system. The simulation results provided the basic data for the heat pump project in Yangtze River area.

As the ever increasing environmental problems,TiO₂ based photocatalyst becomes a hot spot,due to its various excellent properties. TiO₂ based photocatalyst researches include the energy-based photolysis of water splitting,solar cells,water pollutants removal,and utilization of CO₂ and so on. The research progress of loading and modification of TiO₂ at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed. The use of silicates,polymers,glass and carbon materials and other carriers to load titanium dioxide,can effectively avoid the problems of easy loss,difficult to recycle and easy agglomeration. The modification of titanium dioxide by nonmetallic doping,precious metal deposition,transition metal ion doping,dye sensitization and semiconductor material composites can effectively reduce the band gap of titanium dioxide semiconductor materials as well as the compound probability of electron and hole,and enhance the visible light activity of the TiO₂ based catalyst. And the future applications of TiO₂ based photocatalyst in sewage treatment and atmospheric organic pollutants treatment are also prospected.

Photocatalytic splitting water to product the clean hydrogen has become a hot research topic. The progress of TiO₂ nanotubes and their modification techniques in photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is reviewed. The surface morphologies of TiO₂ nanotube arrays play a very important role in promoting the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The hydrogen production rate of highly structured TiO₂ nanotube arrays prepared by two-step or multi-step electrochemical anodic oxidation is higher than those prepared by one-step anodic oxidation. Non-metallic elements doped TiO₂ nanotubes can reduce the energy band gap and the introduction of excited electrons from the sensitized dye into TiO₂ nanotubes conduction band can make the absorption spectra redshift. Doped metal ions can effectively promote the electron-hole separation rate of TiO₂ nanotubes. TiO₂ nanotubes doped with narrow band gap semiconductor compounds can not only make the absorption spectra redshift, but also effectively separate electron-hole pairs. These methods can effectively improve the efficiency of hydrogen production. A research priority of splitting water for hydrogen production can be placed on the combination of multi-methods to dope TiO₂ nanotubes catalysts.

Hydrogenation catalyst is the core for the production of hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)through the anthraquinone route,which determines the production capacity and cost to a large extent,and thus it has always been the research spot and one of the key topics that needs to be studied. A hydrogenation catalyst with high activity,selectivity,and stability not only enhances the production efficiency,but also significantly decreases the formation of the degradation products derived from anthraquinone,and thus reduces the production cost. Herein,advances in the nickel and palladium-based catalysts for the hydrogenation of anthraquinone are reviewed,with special emphasis on the Al₂O₃-supported palladium-based catalysts. The effects of physical properties,surface acidity,and modification of the Al₂O₃ support on the catalytic performance of palladium-based catalysts are reviewed. In addition,the recently developed novel palladium-based hydrogenation catalysts are also introduced. Finally,it is concluded that egg-shell palladium catalyst with large surface area and pore size,medium acidity and palladium penetration depth,and modified by proper additive(s),is the ideal catalyst for anthraquinone hydrogenation.

Alkali metals(potassium & sodium)were loaded on the iron-cerium composite catalysts (FeCeO_x) using wet impregnation method to simulate the poisoning phenomenon,while the FeCeO_x catalysts were synthesized by citric acid method. The effect of the alkali metals on the catalytic performance of CeFeO_x for the low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ was investigated. To analyze the deactivation reasons and mechanism,the catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption,temperature programmed desorption(NH₃-TPD,NO-TPD),H₂ temperature programmed reduction(H₂-TPR)and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(in situ DRIFTS)techniques. It is found that the poisoning effect of K is stronger than that of Na on this kind of catalyst. The addition of potassium reduces the specific surface area as well as the redox properties of the catalyst. NO_x adsorption of the catalyst is further influenced at low temperature. Particularly, active nitrate species decrease with the increase of inactive nitrate species. The main factor of deactivation may be the significant decline in surface acidity, including both Brønsted acid and Lewis acid, which hinders NH₃ adsorption over CeFeO_x.

The HPW/AC catalyst was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method with activated carbon and phosphotungstic acid(HPW)as the support and active component respectively. The model fuel was prepared by dissolving dibenzothiophene(DBT) into n-dodecane yielding a sulfur concentration of 800μg/g,for which HPW/AC was investigated with hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)as oxidant. HPW/AC was characterized by the means of BET,SEM and XRD. The effects of oxidative temperature,reaction time,the mount of H₂O₂,the dosage of catalyst and CTAB on the performance of HPW/AC for the oxidative desulfurization(ODS)were also investigated. The reusability of HPW/AC was explored as well. The results showed that HPW/AC with activation of 45% HNO₃ at HPW loading amount of 30% had the best performance in the ODS. The optimum reaction conditions were determined as oxidative temperature at 80℃,the molar ratio of oxidant to sulfur of 12,and the dosage of catalyst and CTAB of 0.05g/mL and 0.004g/mL in the model fuel,under which DBT was substantially converted to dibenzothiophene sulfone(DBTO₂). After extracted by N-methyl pyrrolidone(NMP)with a volumetric ratio of 1,the model fuel could achieve a sulfur removal rate as high as 90.4%. The presence of aromatic compounds and alkenes inhibited the ODS of DBT,and the inhibiting effect caused by alkenes was more significant. The catalyst could be regenerated as well.

A unique Co-BiVO₄ photocatalyst with heterostructure was synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The material forms a p-n-type heterojunction structure by coating cobalt oxide on the surface of BiVO₄. The morphology, structure, composition and optical property of the as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, XPS, and UV-vis DRS. Characterization analysis showed that cobalt loaded on the surface of BiVO₄ as oxide and the catalyst showed a significant red-shift in the absorption band in the visible region. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were examined by studying the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Co-BiVO₄ was increased by 4 times, compared with pure BiVO₄ under visible light irradiation. The best photocatalytic activity was achieved when the molar ratio of Bi:Co was 1:2. The improving mechanisms of bismuth heterojunction and transition metal were further elucidating in the work.

Palladium-gold bimetallic nanoparticles deposited on the graphene oxide(GO)doped Zn-Al layered double hydroxide(PdAu/Zn-Al LDHs/GO)were synthesized through the ion exchange-reduction method. The as-prepared supported palladium-gold bimetallic catalysts were characterized by XRD and TEM. The bimetallic nanoparticles loaded by the GO doped Zn-Al LDHs as the carrier is uniform and the particle size is about 2nm. The catalytic activities of as-prepared catalysts were evaluated by using oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde as the model reaction. The effects of carriers and ratio of Pd/Au on the catalytic properties were investigated. The catalytic results showed that the LDHs/GO was the best among the used carriers. As the increase of ratio of Pd/Au,the activity of supported catalyst increased at first,and then decreased,whereas the selectivity of benzaldehyde decreased. With the ratio of Pd/Au being 1:1 at 80℃,the performances of Pd₁Au₁/Zn-Al LDHs/GO is the best. The catalytic activity increased as the increase of temperature,but the selectivity of benzaldehyde decreased. Under promotion of Pd₁Au₁/Zn-Al LDHs/GO at 80℃ for 8h,the conversion of benzyl alcohol and selectivity of benzaldehyde was 96% and 93%,respectively. The catalyst of Pd₁Au₁/Zn-Al LDHs/GO still maintained excellent catalytic performance after four cycles.

Wall-loading is an effective method to load catalyst inside microchannel reactor,which can be applied to highly exothermic gas-solid reactions such as ammonia oxidation. However,the catalytic performance of different wall-loaded catalysts needs to be further studied. In this research,three metals Pt,Pd,and Au,were loaded on TiO₂ nanotubes by photocatalytic deposition,and then assembled in a microchannel reactor to evaluate their catalytic performance for ammonia oxidation. The performance difference was discussed based on the density functional method. Results confirmed that no significant catalytic activity of bare TiO₂ nanotubes had been observed. The determined activity sequence of three catalysts is Pt/TiO₂ > Pd/TiO₂ > Au/TiO₂. Ammonia conversion by Pt/TiO₂ reached 100% at 280℃,and NO selectivity was up to 99% at 380℃. TPD analysis and simulation confirmed the adsorption energy of NH₃ and O₂ on the catalyst surface was in the order of Pt > Pd > Au,which was consistent with that of their catalytic activity.

Vanadium dioxide is a thermochromic functional material that undergoes a reversible metal-insulator phase transition at near room temperature. This phase change is accompanied by a marked change in resistivity and infrared emissivity. Vanadium dioxide materials are of important research value and potential application prospects. Thermochromic properties of vanadium dioxide and the regulation of its phase transition temperature are reviewed. Since the infrared radiation intensity of vanadium dioxide could be controlled by reducing its infrared emissivity actively,the research progress of vanadium dioxide thin films and powders in the infrared camouflage and stealth technology are summarized. Besides,tha application of vanadium dioxide for infrared camouflage stealth is also simulated and analyzed. Finally,it is proposed that the preparation of high purity single phase vanadium dioxide powders,the increase of thermally induced emissivity changes of vanadium dioxide,comprehensive study of the mid-IR and far-IR characteristics,and visible/infrared compatible camouflage will be the trends of future research.

The development of electrode materials is one of the key factors in the application of sodium ion batteries. Carbon-based anode materials have attracted the attention of experts and scholars at home and abroad because of their advantages of rich raw materials,low cost,high reversible capacity and good rate performance. In this paper,the recent research progress of the carbon-based anode materials for sodium ion batteries have been briefly reviewed,and the classification and doping modification of graphite and non-graphite carbon-based anode materials are described in detail. Graphite-based materials are graphite and graphene,while non-graphite-based materials are soft carbon and hard carbon and element doping modification is mainly N-and S-based. The electrochemical properties and the possible mechanism of the sodium storage process are discussed in detail as well. The future advances of carbon-based anode materials should mainly focus on improving the low efficiency of coulomb,the phenomenon of severe voltage hysteresis and poor cycle stability. The future modification direction is to increase the carbon layer spacing,reduce the structure into nanoscale and optimize the preparation process to ensure the high cyclical stability and excellent rate performance.

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are widely studied in gas adsorption and separation for their inherent advantages,including high specific surface area,high porosity,tunable pore sizes,structural diversity,open metal sites and easy chemical modifications. This review focused on recent research progress of MOFs in the storage of H₂ and CH₄ and in the separation of CO₂/N₂ and light hydrocarbons,etc. It is pointed that the properties of gas adsorption and separation in MOFs are affected by various parameters such as specific surface area,porosity,the central metal ions,π-π stacking/interactions,organic ligands,etc. Rational design and functionalization on MOFs are effective methods to improve their adsorption and separation properties. To achieve the practical application of MOFs,more efforts should be taken to improve the stability and reduce the cost.

The new multifunctional composite that combined graphene and phthalocyanine not only possesses the excellent characteristics of both graphene and phthalocyanine,but also can effectively overcome their respective shortcomings. So,this composite has excellent performance and broad application prospects. In this paper,we introduce the two link types of graphene-phthalocyanine composite and the preparation methods of graphene with mononuclear phthalocyanine or binuclear phthalocyanine by different link types. The advances in the applications of this composite are also introduced,such as electrode material,fabrication of sensor,degradation of organic pollutants,catalytic oxidation and photocatalytic water splitting. The application of the composite in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis is the major development direction in the future.

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene[HCFO-1233zd(E)] has virtually zero ozone depletion potential(ODP,0.00024)and very low global warming potential(GWP,7),and therefore it has been proposed as the fourth-generation blowing agent to replace 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane(HCFC-141b)and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane(HFC-245fa),due to its very low impact for environment. Synthetic methods of HCFO-1233zd(E) were summarized according to the starting materials. Compared with other routes,the process using HCC-240fa and its derivatives as starting material features good yield and excellent selectivity,and thus has an industrialization prospect. Moreover,the azeotropic separation of HCFO-1233zd(E) with HF and by-product in the preparation process was analyzed and summarized. Developing efficient fluorination catalyst and environmentally friendly purification technology is fundamentally important for industrial synthesis of HCFO-1233zd(E).

There are several methods for radioactive strontium removal from wastewater. Among those,adsorption is considered to be effective and clean due to its exceptional selectivity,simple operation process and less chemical use. This paper reviewed the latest advances in treatment of ⁹⁰Sr-contaimnated wastewater by adsorption,especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. We focused on the research developments on several novel adsorption materials,such as doped metal oxides,nanocarbon materials and metal sulfides. The pros and cons of these materials were analyzed in terms of their synthesises,adsorption properties and practical applications. Furthermore,future research challenges and opportunities were also discussed in the hope of developing clean,efficient and cheap adsorption materials and of exploring their practical application in ⁹⁰Sr-contaminated wastewater treatment.

Due to the outstanding properties of graphene oxide(GO)and the wide applicability of the membrane technology,GO-based membranes have become one of the most promising tools for solving the pressing global environmental challenges,such as water pollution and fresh water scarcity. This review introduced the concept,classification and fabrication of GO-based membranes,especially for the widely studied casted GO-incorporated membranes and GO-surface modified membranes. The latest groundbreaking advances of GO-based membranes in environmental fields were presented,including removal of heavy metal ions,desalination,reducing microbial relevant fouling,oil/water separation,removal of color and natural organic matter. Special attention was given to separation performance and mechanism of GO-based membranes (size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion). The combination of GO and polymers membrane is beneficial for the improvement of membrane properties such as water flux,rejection rate,mechanical and antifouling. At the end,the challenges and future prospective of GO-based membranes in water treatment and purification were discussed.

As an important secondary energy,the hydrogen has become very popular in many countries due to its avaialibility,convenient storage and transportation,clean and environmental protection,and efficient usage. High-pressure hydrogen storage vessel is the important storage and transportation equipment of hydrogen energy. The hydrogen embrittlement problem is the bottleneck of hydrogen energy and its related technology development,which has gradually developed into a very crucial and active research area in the metal material science. Thermal desorption spectroscopy(TDS)has become a widely used method to investigate the characteristics of hydrogen traps in metallic materials. First,the effect of the transformation of hydrogen traps during the heating procedure on the experimental results and its analysis of the TDS were discussed including the relatively comprehensive description of the set-up and the complete measurement principle and development history. Then the effect of hydrogen pre-charging and discharging processes on the TDS results were depicted while discussing the sample preprocessing technology and the advantages or disadvantages of TDS. Subsequently,the applicability of the three fitting models and the complexity of the deconvolution process were discussed when the TDS curves of two or more hydrogen traps overlaped with one another. Finally,the state of the art and the outlook for the post-processing theories and research development of TDS data were presented.

A continuous and uniform seed layer was obtained by modifying the surface defects of the low-cost macroporous α-Al₂O₃ tube support by the two-step hot-dip coating method. The ultra-thin NaA zeolite membranes were prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis in a short time,and they were used for pervaporative desalination. It is found that the permeation flux of water decreased slightly with the increase of salt concentration and the increase of operating temperature had a significant effect on the water flux. When the salt concentration of feed was 0.6mol/L and the operating temperature was 85℃,the water flux reached 11.03kg/(m²·h). But the ion retention rate was not affected by the operating temperature and the concentration of the feed solution,and remained at more than 99.9%. In addition,NaA zeolite membrane showed high stability in the pervaporative desalination,and the performance was stable for more than 72h in the 0.6mol/L NaCl solution at 75℃. The method can effectively improve water flux and ions rejection while reducing the cost of membrane preparation,which indicates that NaA zeolite membrane has a good application prospect in the field of membrane desalination.

A novel polysaccharide sponge was prepared from mixed aqueous solution of sodium alginate(SA)and konjac glucomannan(KGM)using the freeze-drying method. The porosity,moisture absorption and mechanical properties of the composite sponge material with different proportions were determined in this paper. The effects of the addition of glycerol on the softness and permeability of the composite sponge were discussed as well. The structure of composite sponge material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the pore diameters were between 100-200μm,and the pores were with good connectivity and homogeneity and round or elliptical in shape. SA and KGM coexisted by physical blending and no chemical reaction occurred. The optimum ratio of SA and KGM was 2.0:0.9,and the best addition amount of glycerol was 4%. The sponge prepared under such conditions showed excellent biological compatibility of natural polysaccharide. In addition,the porosity,moisture absorption,moisture retention and mechanical properties of sponge are also very good,which renders it great potential in the area of biological materials and medical materials.

The spinel CuFe₂O₄ were prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion method. The mechanism of the preparation method and the effect of the calcination temperature on the structure of the CuFe₂O₄ spinel crystal,were investigated by characterizing the samples with TG-DTA,XRD,FTIR,N₂-adsorption desorption and SEM. It was found that the metal ions were evenly dispersed in the precursor sol system,when the citric acid complex compound was formed. The auto-combustion occurred at 200-230℃,and the citric acid complex compound decomposed by releasing lots of heat. The CuFe₂O₄ formal spinel crystal with tetrahedron and octahedron sublattice was formed and the grain size was about 25.6nm. The carbon residue formed by incomplete combustion was decomposed,when calcinated at 400℃. The CuFe₂O₄ formal spinel crystal transformed to lamellar trans-spinel crystal Fe[CuFe]O₄ at the same time. As the rising of the calcination temperature,the size of the lattice group increased from 13.9nm to 58.2nm,and the lamellar trans-spinel crystal gradually merged to entirety.

Polycaprolactone-graft-glycidyl methacrylate(PCL-g-GMA) was synthesized by blending the melted PLA with GMA with dicumyl peroxide as initiator. The grafting copolymer was characterized by FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopic analyses. The effect of PCL-g-GMA addition on the structure and properties of bamboo fiber/polycaprolactone composite was investigated. The result showed that:the GMA was successfully grafted onto polycaprolactone,which was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopic analyses. The interfacial compatibility,mechanical and water absorption properties were greatly improved by PCL-g-GMA. When 10% content of PCL-g-GMA was addied,the bamboo fiber/polycaprolactone composite showed optimal mechanical properties,with an improvement of 80% in tensile strength and 70% in elongation at break,compared to those without PCL-g-GMA.

The cationic polyelectrolyte modified magnetic nanoparticles were prepared through surface modification of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles that were prepared by co-precipitation method with poly(allylamine hydrochloride)(PAAH). The fungi of Colletotrichum lini ST-1 was then coated with the modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to form magnetic composites. The magnetic composites were characterized by SEM,XRD,VSM,and zeta potential. The results demonstrated that the modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles adsorbed onto C. lini ST-1 cell surface stably and uniformly by electrostatic adsorption. The magnetic composites exhibited superparamagnetic properties, which could be utilized for strain recovery. During the biotransformation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)to 3β, 7α, 15α-trihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one(7α,15α-diOH-DHEA),the magnetic composites could be recovered by the application of external magnetic field for 4 batches. The concentration of 7α, 15α-diOH-DHEA was 10.83g/L, which was about 3 times higher than that of the free cells.

Reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid combines the advantages of both the oil based drilling fluid and the water based drilling fluid. The reversible invert drilling fluid in the current study mainly used the surfactant reversible invert emulsifiers. Modified nanoparticles were used as reversible invert emulsifier to enhance the heat resistance and the stability of the reversible invert emulsion. Firstly, the nanoparticles which can be used to make reversible invert emulsion were chosen. Secondly,reversible invert drilling fluid was made based on the reversible invert emulsion. Thirdly, the properties of the reversible invert drilling fluid were evaluated. Based on the evaluation,the nanoparticles 3 was chosen as the reversible invert emulsion. The stability of the reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid was enhanced by the modified nanoparticles,compared with the reversible invert drilling fluid stabilized by surfactant(the usage of the emulsifier is 1.4%).The reversible invert emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by the modified nanoparticles improved not only the performance in the aspect of reversible phase inversion, filter cake treating and oiliness cuttings treating, but also the performance of heat resistance.

Shale instability is mainly induced by the hydration of shale in the drilling of oil and gas. An ionic liquid,as an inhibitor,was evaluated by hot-rolling recovery,capillary suction time,and particle size distribution tests. The results showed thatat high temperature the ionic liquid(RIL)with very low concentration had superior capacity to inhibit clay swelling and dispersing. It performed better than 5% KCl,a conventional inhibitor,and had similar performance of 2% polyether diamine,a novel inhibitor. RIL at very low concentration can improve the rheology of water-based drilling fluids and would not affectthe filtration performance at high temperature. The mechanism of inhibiting was investigated via contact angle tests and thermogravimetric analyses. It is found that RIL strengthened lipophilicity of Na-MMT,which prohibited water from ingress. The thermal stability of Na-MMT was greatly improved when Na-MMT was modified with lower concentration of RIL,leading to the excellent inhibition of ILB at high temperatures.

With the potassium persulfate-sodium bisulfite as initiator,the copolymer(AB)was synthesized with sodium benzoate of p-acrylamide and Mannich base as monomers. The optimal synthesis conditions were determined as reaction between A and B with a molar ratio of 1.3 for 6.5 h at 80℃ using resource surface methodology. The inhibition performance of a novel copolymer(AB)for A3 steel in 20%HCl solution was investigated using polarization curves、AFM and XPS. The oil removal performances of copolymer(AB)were also investigated. The results showed that the inhibition rate was of 98.9%,with dosage of corrosion inhibitor 0.9% at 50℃,which was a mixed corrosion inhibitor mainly by restraining the anodic process. The oil removal rate of copolymer(AB) was 90.3%,under the conditions of 50 mg/L copolymer dosage,60℃ and pH=5.

Sewage sludge is the by-product of human activities and its dewatering treatment is essential for sludge disposal. Among these dewatering technologies,hydrothermal dewatering has been the research focus of sludge reduction and utilization because of its advantages of improving dewatering and low-energy consumption. This paper introduced the characteristics of sewage sludge and its disposal status,then comprehensively summarized the development process of sludge hydrothermal dewatering and its industrial application. Besides,the advantage of energy consumption for hydrothermal dewatering was compared with other dewatering technologies. After that,the latest studies relate to the effects of hydrothermal conditions,moisture distribution and extracellular polymers substance(EPS)on the dewaterability of sludge were analyzed in detail. Finally,the future developing perspectives of sludge hydrothermal dewatering treatment were also put forward,and studying the transformation of sludge components and structure via modified EPS extraction was considered as important ways to understand the mechanism of hydrothermal dewatering.

The research on energy saving and high efficiency organic waste gas treatment technology is of great significance to environmental protection. The common treatment technologies of organic waste gas were introduced briefly in this paper,with emphatical discussion on the regenerative thermal oxidation technology(RTO)and regenerative catalytic oxidation(RCO)technology. The key technologies of regenerative thermal oxidation system design were analyzed,including the heat transfer coefficient and flow resistance of regenerator,the classification of catalysts and their respective advantages and disadvantages,the method of preparation of catalyst,design and selection of reversing system,the start-up technology and so on. Regenerative thermal oxidation technology and regenerative catalytic oxidation technology have been applied successfully at home and abroad. As a result of the instability resulted in the complexity of organic waste components and the intermittent operation of RTO system,how to adapt to the fluctuation of the inlet concentration is a problem that needs to be further studied.

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) as new type of contaminants are detected in soil/sediment,suspended particles,natural organic matter and water and thus are ubiquitous. They may have higher reactivity and risks to organisms than the parent organic chemicals and thus it is urgent to understand the mechanisms for EPFRs generation and environmental behavior. Previous studies mainly focused on the generation mechanism of EPFRs from degradation process of organic pollutants in extreme condition(combustion or high temperature). However,the concern of EPFRs with more general under natural conditions is not enough. The extended study on natural conditions will definitely deepen our understanding on organic chemical risks. This paper reviewed the existence and generation mechanism of EPFRs in environmental medium,synthetic carbonaceous materials and degradation of organic pollutants. The influence of EPFRs to precursor organic pollutants and the promotion degradation of other organic pollutants in system were firstly summarized. The importance of understanding the environmental behaviors and risk of organic pollutants with EPFRs participating were mentioned,and the future research directions were suggested.

Traditional biological flue gas denitrification process which is mainly based on denitrification has advantages of high removal efficiency,simple equipment,low running cost and so on. However,this process needs adding additional electron donors which may increase the running cost. Besides,this process may release greenhouse gas like nitrous oxide. New biological flue gas denitrification process based on anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) can solve the above problems. In this review,according to the nitrogen cycle,nitrogen gas is the same end products by denitrification and Anammox,which means Anammox might be also used for the removal of nitric oxide in flue gas. Referring to metabolism model of Anammox reaction,the possibility of treating with flue gas using Anammox process was discussed and partly proved by some studies. Considering mass transfer and biological reaction,the feasible pathway and some key questions were presented and analyzed. This review pointed out that nitric oxide can react with ammonium to form the product hydrazine. Then, hydrazine can be hydrolyzed to nitrogen gas. All these steps above can happen in Anammox reaction,which can be used to remove nitric oxide in flue gas. Considering the huge amount of flue gas,the possible pathway to treat with nitric oxide in flue gas is using chemical absorption that nitric oxide can be absorbed and transferred into liquid phase. Then,nitric oxide can be converted to nitrogen gas by Anammox reaction. The key questions that removing nitric oxide in flue gas by Anammox process include process of chemical absorption and culturing of microorganisms. The chemical absorption includes selection and regeneration of absorbents. The culturing of microorganisms includes the symbiosis of microbial community.

It is difficult to control the mercury pollution in coal-fired power plant, especially for elemental mercury. Thus, the development of mercury sorbent with high efficiency and low cost has been scientific and technological focus. Coal-fired fly ash modified with halide has low price and strong potential for mercury removal. However,the adsorption and oxidation mechanism of Hg⁰ on modified fly ash is unclear and still needs further study. This review systematically summarized the current state of knowledge associated with fly ash used as mercury sorbent on controlling flue gas mercury pollution. Then,the mercury removal behaviors on various factors were discussed, including physicochemical characteristics, flue gas components and halogen. The heterogeneous reaction on the surface active sites of unburned carbon and inorganic components was the key point of Hg⁰ oxidative removal. Furthermore, the merits and faults of unburned carbon and magnetosphere acted as carrier were analyzed. In addition, the influences of modifying agent and preparation method on direct modification of fly ash and the adsorption mechanisms on HBr-modified fly ash were discussed. Finally,future research directions were proposed,involving exploring the characteristics for Hg⁰ binding on the organic and inorganic portion of fly ash,and studying the reaction dynamic behaviors of Hg⁰ on the surface of multi-components through combination of quantum chemistry theory and macroscopic experimental investigation.

The effect of heat adding rates of blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and coal on flue gas volume was theoretically analyzed in a 300MW boiler co-firing coal with gases. Moreover, the optimization test of NO_x emissions was conducted under the condition of heat adding rates and air staging, and the prediction models of NO_x emissions was established based on the experimental data. The result showed that the theoretical flue gas volume of coal co-fired with gases was equal to that of pure coal when the ratio of blast furnace gas and coke oven gas was 0.3. The co-combustion of blast furnace gas can decrease the difference of furnace temperature, being beneficial to control the NO_x emissions. The NO_x emissions concentration decreased and the unburned carbon in fly ash increased gradually with the increase of heat adding rate of blast furnace gas and the ratio of separated overfire air. By comprehensive measurement of the NO_x emission and carbon content of fly ash, the optimal ratio of heat adding rate between blast furnace gas and coke oven gas was 1.3, and the optimal ratio of separated overfire air was 24%. The comparative analysis of the three models indicated that the GABP model had the highest prediction accuracy and could accurately describe the nonlinear relationship between the input and output parameters of boiler.

To master the effect of fly ash in coal-fired flue gas generated from power plants on CO₂ absorption efficiency by using MEA and DEA as the absorbents,experiments were carried out by using a self-designed packed column filled with θ-ring packing and introducing the fly ash into the liquid phase. The effect laws of the process conditions,including the solution temperature,the packed height,the liquid gas ratio and the fly ash concentration,on the fly ash action were studied. The results showed that the present of the fly ash can significantly reduce CO₂ absorption efficiency,and the effect of fly ash on the CO₂ absorption efficiency indicated an increasing tendency with the increase of the fly ash concentration,but this effect was not related to its chemical composition. With the increase of the solution temperature,the liquid-gas ratio and the packed height,CO₂ absorption efficiency of MEA solution,MEA-fly ash solution,DEA solution and DEA-fly ash solution showed a gradually increased tendency. With increasing solution temperature or packed height,the inhibiting effect of the fly ash on MEA almost kept invariability,but this effect on DEA was remarkable. With the increase of liquid-gas ratio,this effect was weakened. The analysis indicated that the effect of the fly ash can be achieved by changing the initial distribution of the absorption solution.

The discharge of phosphorus wastewater is considered as a dominant factor for water eutrophication. Adsorption is an effective method for phosphorus removal in the wastewater treatment. The development of environment friendly adsorbents with good adsorption capacity is one of the key factors for the further a adsorption application. The TEMPO oxidation combined physical treatments was used to prepare the cellulose nanofiber hybrid(CNFs). Then, Fe(OH)₃, Al(OH)₃,Mg(OH)₂,La₂O₃ and MnO₂ were used to modify CNFs. CNFs and modified CNFs were applied in the phosphate removal from wastewater. The performance of phosphate removal at different pH was investigated. Fe(OH)₃,Al(OH)₃,Mg(OH)₂,La₂O₃ and MnO₂ could be successfully loaded onto CNFs. While modified CNFs showed higher adsorption capacity than CNFs. The phosphate adsorption capacities of modified CNFs were as follows:Fe(OH)₃@CNFs > Al(OH)₃@CNFs > Mg(OH)₂@CNFs > La₂O₃@CNFs > MnO₂@CNFs,and they all had better phosphate adsorption performance in lower pH. It could be concluded that Fe(OH)₃@CNFs had a superior adsorption performance. When the initial concentration of phosphate is 10mg/L,the adsorption capacity of Fe(OH)₃@CNFs was 7.58mg/g at pH 4,which is 95.75 times that of CNFs,7.09mg/g at pH 7 for practical applications,Fe(OH)₃@CNFs is a good adsorbent for phosphate removal,because there is no need to adjust the pH,the cost and consumption of chemicals are reduced.

According to certain turbidity in the real dye wastewater,Kaolin was added to reactive orange simulated water sample. Magnesium hydroxide coagulation performance and the floc properties were investigated under different magnesium dosages and Kaolin concentrations.The results showed that reactive orange removal efficiency was better in the presence of Kaolin when magnesium ions dosage was 150mg/L. Kaolin with the whole coagulation process plays a significant role in particles separation in water sample and enhances reactive dyes removal efficiency. Charge neutralization and precipitate enmeshment were proposed to be the main coagulation mechanisms according to the zeta potential and FI. Image analysis was used to predict the floc properties and demonstrated the coagulation performance of magnesium hydroxide on different turbidity Kaolin-reactive orange simulated water sample. In this experiment condition,the optimum dosages for magnesium ion and Kaolin were 150mg/L and 10mg/L,respectively.

In order to investigate the effects of photocatalysis on membrane fouling behaviors using hybrid process of photocatalysis and multichannel ceramic ultrafiltration membrane for removal of humic acid from water,the membrane flux variations,pollutant removal rates,membrane fouling models and membrane fouling resistances under different photocatalyst concentrations were discussed. The backwash effects on membrane flux variations were also observed. The results showed that the photocatalysis could effectively improve the steady permeate fluxes and removal rates of pollutants. As the catalyst concentration was 0.4g/L,the relative membrane flux reached the lowest value of 58.6%. As the catalyst concentration was 0.6g/L,the pollutants removal rates gained the highest level,in which the DOC,UV₂₅₄ and UV₄₃₆ reached 76.5%,87.3% and 96.8%, respectively. In the hybrid process of photocatalysis and ceramic membrane,the membrane fouling firstly underwent a short time of membrane pore blocking and transition stage,and then were mainly controlled by the deposition of pollutants on the membrane surface. The photocatalysis can significantly reduce the total and reversible membrane fouling resistances. Under the photocatalysis, although on-line backwashing had less effect on membrane flux recovery,its membrane fluxes also decreased limitedly prior to every backwashing. Therefore,in the periodic on-line backwashing process,the overall running range of the membrane flux under the photocatalysis was much higher than that of the situation without using photocatalysis.

With the issue of energy shortage and environmental pollution becoming more and more urgent,the iron and steel works face increasingly higher pressure of energy saving and emission reduction. A reasonable production plan plays an important role in cost saving and emission reduction. Aiming at the steam power system in iron and steel works,this paper has established a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)model that uses fitting formulas of boilers and decomposed model of turbines,considering energy equipments,process operation and time-of-use power price. The application of the nonlinear boiler fitting formulas makes the model more consistent with the actual situation. With the minimization of operating cost,the optimal dispatch scheme of fuels and load at each period were obtained. The total cost has reduced by 4.26 percent compared to the non-optimum one. Two case studies were presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model. The influence of coal price and fuels was analyzed and the result has proved that this paper is constructive on efficiency improvement,energy conservation and emission reduction.

The adjacent vessels may be impacted and/or destroyed by blast fragments in chemical parks or plants,which leads to Domino effect accident. By analyzing and reorganizing the research on generation and projection of fragments,the impact and damage probability model of target vessels in literature and the determination of random variables during the periods of generation and projection,the impact and the damage probability model are introduced and specifically compared. The inadequacies of current research are pointed out,including that the type of fragments is not comprehensive,the criterion of fragments impacting target vessels is less accurate,the failure criterion of target vessels is too simple,the generating probability of fragment from explosion is lack,and the consequence severity of damaged vessels is lack. It is suggested that the determination of random variables of "small fragments" like safety accessories,the impact probability model considering the shape and volume of fragment,the improved damage model and criterion of failure model of target vessels,the generating probability of fragment from explosion and the consequence severity of damaged vessels should be further researched in the future.