Comprehensive utilization of C₄ hydrocarbons is now a hot research topic because of abundant supply of C₄ fractions from refineries and petrochemical plants as well as its reduced demand as LPG fuel. Development progress and commercial application of technologies for converting and utilizing C₄ hydrocarbons were discussed, including butenes isomerization and disproportionation, C₄ olefin cracking, butane dehydrogenation, iso-butene to MMA, C₄ aromatization and alkylation. For refinery-chemical integrated plants, it will be prospective to combine C₄ fractions from refineries and cracking plants, and use advanced technologies to increase light olefins production, produce high octane value gasoline, and extend downstream to high value-added products. In this way, they can not only supply fuels and chemicals to the market, but also increase economic benefit.

Higee rotating bed is important in process intensification and has been widely used in various unit operations. As its key component, various forms of rotor structure has been developed. The rotating bed can be classified into two categories according to rotor structure:the rotating bed with block rotor and the rotating bed with partition rotor. The elementary structures and recent researches of all typical types of rotating bed are introduced. Advantages and defects of various rotating beds were indicated through discussion and analysis in terms of hydrodynamics, mass transfer and power consumption. The conclusions could provide guidance for structrue selection in different separation processes. A wider range of ideas are presented for rotor structrue design and optimization in the future. In the end, the insufficiency of present mechanical researches on rotating bed and the necessity for rotor structure design and optimization from the perspective of basic principle are indicated.

Developing new adsorbents and PSA processes is an important way to improve performance of PSA devices. In this paper, progress of modified adsorbent and new processes of PSA producing oxygen are reviewed. Li-LSX or LSX exchanged with Li⁺ and other ions has ideal separation performance, but such adsorbents have problems of low ion exchange utilization and high cost. Preparation of other single or multi-ions modified adsorbents is relatively simple, but the disadvantages are low separation factor and high cost. Optimization process of modified PSA for oxygen production based on cycle step cannot provide guide for industrial oxygen devices because of laboratory scale data and less in-depth study. Rapid PSA and duplex PSA processes have broad development prospect for oxygen production, and should be paid enough attention. Moreover, multi-stage and coupled PSA processes have broad application prospect, but they have problems of complex process and high energy consumption.

Biomass is an important part of clean and renewable energy sources. Dual fluidized bed biomass gasification is an important technology that transforms low-quality biomass into high-quality hydrogen. This paper illustrates the basic principles of the dual fluidized bed gasification process, and summarizes the early exploration and development status of the dual fluidized bed biomass gasification technology from the perspective of hydrogen concentration, tar content and device thermal efficiency. The furnace design and related experimental studies of several typical dual fluidized bed biomass gasifiers are analyzed and summarized. Internal circulating dual fluidized bed gasification furnace has simple and compact structure, but it is difficult to prevent gas leakage between gasification chamber and combustion chamber. External circulating dual fluidized bed with external recycle device resolves the problem of gas leakage. The theoretical basis, advantages and disadvantages of different optimized gasification chamber designs are analyzed. The development of dual fluidized bed biomass gasification technology is summarized and prospected. Dual fluidized bed biomass gasification has broad industrial application and development prospect.

With the wide use of large and complex equipment in industry, reliability centered maintenance (RCM) has been gradually introduced to the fields of aviation, weaponry, nuclear industry, petrochemical and other industries. RCM was introduced relatively late to petrochemical equipment and there are a lot of unresolved issues. Firstly, the definition of RCM is introduced and the history of RCM application in the petrochemical industry is reviewed. Then several problems arising in aviation, weaponry are presented, and the experience of resolving these problems are summed up to guide the similar issues of using RCM in the petrochemical industry. Finally, the key issues and research findings in application of RCM to petrochemical equipment are analyzed.

Based on our research on temperature rise and temperature field of high-capacity lithium-ion battery for vehicles, a thermal control module using heat pipe was designed. Our experiment showed that the thermal control module could decrease the wall temperature of the battery efficiently, restricting it below 40℃, a reduction of over 10℃ compared with that without thermal control, which met the favorable operation temperature range for lithium-ion battery. Comparison of performance between the thermal control module and heat pipe itself showed better performance of heat dissipation and temperature uniformity by using the thermal control module. Additionally, research with FEM simulation software Fluent on the influence of forced convection fins and geometry of the evaporator of U-shape heat pipe on the performance of module was conducted. Forced convection fins could obviously enhance the performance of the module, and geometry of the evaporator of the U-shape heat pipe could affect the temperature field of the battery. When the ratio of vertical length to horizontal length was 1, best thermal control performance could be achieved.

The study of ultrasonic de-scaling factors is limited in ultrasonic parameters and heat transfer medium parameters, the effect of pipe geometry structure is seldom studied. Through the self-made ultrasound test bench with enhanced heat exchanger tubes of circular tube, corrugated pipe, threaded pipe and horizontal grain pipe the sound intensity and cavitation noise integral number at outlets of different pipe types were measured, the ultrasonic propagation characteristics and cavitation effect in different pipe types were analyzed, and the influence mechanism was discussed. The geometrical structure of the tube type significantly affected ultrasonic propagation characteristics and cavitation. Compared with circular tube, the ultrasonic propagation characteristics in heat exchange tubes was poorer. Due to increase of turbulence intensity, horizontal grain pipe and threaded pipe could promote ultrasonic cavitation, while corrugated pipe decreased the strength of cavitation because of too high turbulence intensity.

The evaporation process of brine solution under reduced pressure is widely used in areas such as desalination and industrial salting, so it is meaningful to study the evaporation characteristics of a saline droplet during depressurization, which can effectively solve water shortage in China. This work studied the salting process of brine droplet evaporation under reduced pressure by numerical simulation, and obtained the variations of droplet temperature and salting quality with time. The working fluid was saturated brine, the initial temperatures of drops were 20℃, 15 ℃ and 10℃ respectively, and the environmental pressure changed from 0.1MPa to 2000—10000Pa. Comparing numerical results with experimental data, the validity of this model was achieved. Through numerical calculations, the main factors affecting salting rate and droplet temperature variation were analyzed. With a larger droplet diameter, salting rate during evaporation was higher, but temperature change was slower. While with faster pressure dropping rate, droplet evaporation rate would be faster, salting rate would be faster, and also droplet temperature would change faster. With a higher droplet initial temperature, evaporation rate would be higher, and salting rate would be higher, but the final temperatures of brine droplets with different initial temperatures approached the same value during evaporation process.

Based on the application background of supplying heat for distributed users with recovered industrial waste heat, the experimental system of indirect contact mobilized thermal energy storage was designed and set up. Erythritol was chosen as the phase change material. The accurate parameters of heat storage performance and super-cooling of erithritol were obtained by testing and analyzing with DSC and super-cooling technology. Besides, the temperature variation of phase change material in indirect contact container during the charging and discharging processes was summarized by collecting and analyzing the experimental data. Melting and solidification of phase change material was studied. The phase change material on the top melted faster than that at the bottom during the charging process. However, the phase change material at the bottom solidified faster than that on the top during the discharging process. There was no distinct difference of melting and solidification along the horizontal direction. With the experimental study in this paper, melting and solidification of phase change material inside the indirect contact mobilized thermal energy storage container were investigated. The direction of optimizing the indirect contact mobilized thermal energy storage container was also analyzed, laying the foundation for its further improvement.

Separation of CO₂ is mainly carried out under atmospheric pressure and there are few research reports on the methods under high pressure. A system of separating CO₂ by high pressure water and the energy and exergy analysis models of high pressure multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibrium were built according to the characteristics of coal gasification in supercritical water under high pressure. The influence of pressure on gas mole fraction and gas absorption in liquid phase in high-pressure absorber was obtained. According to the process of CO₂ separation under high pressure, the changes of energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and energy consumption of CO₂ separation during pressure change of high-pressure absorber were obtained, which provided the basis for designing separators in hydrogen production by coal gasification in supercritical water.

This paper introduces the concept of "cavitation impinging stream" with novel flow field structure and its background, describes the three features of "cavitation impinging stream" and analyzes its promotion of reaction kinetics. In order to verify the influence of flow field on chemical reaction rate, contrast experiments were conducted by using ordinary nozzle impinging stream reaction device, self-excited pulsed nozzle of cavitation reaction device, low-speed mixing device and high-speed stirring reaction device. When using cavitation impinging stream reactor, reaction rate constants were 13.42%, 27.46% and 33.82% higher respectively than those of impinging stream reactor, high-speed stirring reactor and low-speed mixing reactor. Furthermore, energy consumption of the cavitation impinging stream reactor was lower. Cavitation impinging stream technology could effectively increase chemical reaction rate.

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of CO₂ hydrate slurry in horizontal circular tube was studied experimentally. The dissociation properties of CO₂ hydrate slurry was investigated using the electric heating water around the tube method. The analysis of phase transition and heat transfer characteristics of CO₂ hydrate slurry indicated that the phase transition temperature of CO₂ hydrate slurry was at 8—12℃. The heat transfer characteristics of CO₂ hydrate slurry with 13.2%(vol) solid fraction in a 8 mm straight stainless steel horizontal circular tube were studied at the flow rate of 0.45 m/s in a dynamic loop. The corresponding local convective heat transfer coefficient in horizontal circular tube increased and then stayed constant and the range was calculated to be 1500—1800 W/(m²·K). The results showed that the largest corresponding convective heat transfer coefficient appeared in the phase transition field of CO­₂ hydrate slurry. The influences of heating power on tube wall temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient were discussed respectively. It was discovered that the heating power had a strong effect on wall temperature. The phase transition effect of CO­₂ hydrate slurry can be used to enhance the heat transfer and increase the heat transfer efficiency in related applications.

Based on the method of volume of fluid (VOF), numerical simulation of liquid film flow over uneven and inclined wall was simulated, during which factors, such as the physical property and flow rate of liquid-phase, were analyzed. Conclusions are the followings:the increase of fluid viscosity can increase the thickness of liquid film and reduce the overall flow liquid film speed, without affecting the phase angle between liquid film and wall; the surface tension influences the uniformity of film and the phase difference; the bigger the liquid phase inlet Re number is, the thicker the film will be, and when the Re number reduces to a certain value, the thickness has no obvious change, and the membrane surface becomes smooth. The simulation results show that the flow form of the film is determined by fluid physical property and the inlet velocity together.

Application of self-humidifying membrane electrode assembly (SH-MEA) will result in elimination of complex humidifying system, and make hydro-thermal management of fuel cells easy, leading to decrease of cost and enhancement of power density and performance of fuel cells. All these will be beneficial to large scale commercialization of fuel cells. Actually, the research and development of SH-MEA have been one of the hottest topics in fuel cell field. In this paper, the main progress and achievement are introduced from self-humidifying composite membrane, self-humidifying catalyst layer, and self-humidifying gas diffusion layer. Firstly, the development in self-humidifying composite membrane is introduced including physical doping membrane or composite structure membrane. Secondly, the recent progress of self-humidifying catalyst layer based on the physical or chemical methods is introduced. Preparing self-humidifying catalyst layer would improve the low humidity performance of MEA by accelerating water back-diffusion from cathode to anode. Lastly, self-humidifying gas diffusion layer is reviewed. Furthermore, the progress trend and application of this type of SH-MEA are also prospected.

The resource of the wastes from cellulosic ethanol production gets more and more attention. Enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) was extracted and characterized from the residue of bioethanol fermentation using enzymatic poplar fiber. The single factor experiment analysis was conducted to study the effect of alkali concentration, solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature and time on extraction of EHL. Reaction conditions were optimized by orthogonal analysis. The structure of EHL was characterized using ultraviolet (UV), Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The optimum EHL extraction conditions were NaOH 40g/L, solid-liquid ratio 1:30, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 2.5h. UV and FT-IR spectra showed that the EHL retained intact lignin structure, mainly with syringyl lignin, holding high chemical activities.

Kitchen garbage, namely food waste and residues of households, schools, canteens and catering industry, is an important component of urban living garbage. In this work, kitchen garbage from school canteens was chosen to produce fuel ethanol by yeast simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Glucoamylase and protease were determined to be affecting factors for ethanol production and cellulyse had smaller effect by orthogonal design experiment. The optimum usage of the three enzymes were 100 U/g, 150 U/g and100 U/g respectively. The final ethanol concentration of 54.6g/L was obtained with the optimum conditions of fermentation period of 120h and natural pH of 5.3. None of other nutrients added showed that kitchen garbage could meet the requirement of microorganisms in itself without extra supplementation.

Decarburization by mixed amine solution has been widely used because of its good purification ability and low energy consumption. MDEA is used as the main absorbent in the mixed amines. In order to meet the demands of finding economical and highly efficient new absorbents, TEA was selected as the main amine solution for experimental study in this paper, which was tertiary amine, the same as MDEA. Based on the study of TEA solution reaction mechanism, the absorption and desorption performance of the TEA+DETA/TETA mixed amine solutions with different concentrations were studied experimentally, and the better amine solution was selected based on comprehensive performance. Enamines could promote absorption ability, but it would reduce desorption performance. The absorption and desorption performance of the TEA+DETA mixed amine solution was better than the TEA+TETA mixed amine solution. The mixed amine solutions with DETA concentrations of 1mol/L and 0.6mol/L were better. According to cycle experiments, the comprehensive performance of the mixed amine solution with DETA concentration of 1mol/L was the best.

Calcium carbide reactor is in tandem with boiler in coal-fired power station integrated oxygen-fuel calcium carbide production. Using dry pulverized coal, lime and oxygen as raw materials, by-products flue gas and fly ash with unburned carbon were injected into furnace to release heat and burn in order to recover their thermal and chemical energy. Based on thermodynamics theory, a thermal equilibrium model of chemical reaction was established. Purity of calcium carbide, consumption of raw materials and power, utilization and recovery of energy were calculated, and the influence of different materials on the above parameters was discussed. Purity of calcium carbide was 65.97%. For producing 1t CaC₂, consumptions of pulverized coal, lime and oxygen were 1747.08kg, 980.5kg and 1285.25m³ respectively, power consumption was 554.28kW·h. When increasing oxygen purity, each parameter changed little but power consumption of oxygen-production increased greatly. While using different pulverized coals, each parameter changed significantly. This study proved the feasibility of the above process, and provided theoretical guidance for choosing raw materials in practical production.

The dehydration kinetics from xylose to furfural with 0.1mol/L ferric chloride as catalyst was studied at temperature range from 443.15K to 483.15K. The kinetic model was established and tested, then the reaction rate constants of xylose dehydration, furfural degradation and condensation were obtained according to assumed kinetic model. The evaluated activation energies of these reactions were quantified via Arrhenius plots, and the values were 107.94kJ/mol, 65.86kJ/mol and 26.36kJ/mol, respectively. The experimental results showed that high temperature and short time were beneficial to improve the furfural yield, and the maximum furfural yield of 78% was obtained at 483.15K and 60min.

The silver-based semiconductor photo-catalysts have been considered as a new research hot spot in recent years. Silver-based photo-catalysts usually display high photo-catalytic activity under visible light irradiation, but poor stability due to the photo-corrosion, which causes the serious deactivation. In addition, the silver-based semiconductor is usually associated with small specific surface area and little pore structure. This review summarized and analyzed recent research progress in the fabrication and application of silver-based semiconductor photo-catalysts. Some typical silver-based photo-catalysts, such as simple silver compound semiconductor, silver-based hetero-junctions, silver-based solid solution and loaded silver-based semiconductor are introduced. The formation of hetero-junction, the increase of the specific surface area, the enrichment of pore structure, the regulation of morphology and the control of crystal facet were considered as the effective strategies to improve the catalytic performance of the silver-based semiconductor photo-catalysts. Combining with the advantages of silver-based semiconductor photo-catalysts will have a good prospect in photo-catalytic degradation of waste water and hydrogen production.

CO₂ is a kind of stable substance, and its chemical inertness limits the development of CO₂ conversion technologies. This paper describes the activation methods of CO₂, including chemical catalysis, biological activation, photoelectric activation and plasma activation. The recent advances are reviewed by introducing the study on dimethyl ether(DME) synthesis from the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂, the development of catalysts, the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation process and intrinsic kinetics. It is pointed out in the paper that the method of chemical catalysis is the most widely used method of CO₂ activation. To develop effective activation catalysts of CO₂ is the difficulty in the one-step process of DME synthesis by the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂. The development of effective activation and conversion catalysts of CO₂ and the mechanism exploration of DME synthesis reaction are the keys to the promotion of CO₂ conversion technologies.

Two new types of γ-Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ supported Cu-Mn complex oxide catalysts were prepared by solution impregnation and compared with Cu-Mn complex oxide. The effect of temperature, gas flow rate and the stability in 50h were studied. The results showed that the catalytic activity of the Cu-Mn/γ-Al₂O₃, Cu-Mn/TiO₂ was promoted by the synergetic effect of Cu-Mn and TiO₂, γ-Al₂O₃. Cu-Mn/γ-Al₂O₃, in particular, could catalyze the complete oxidation of formaldehyde at a temperature as low as 150℃, which is 80℃ and 140℃ lower than that by Cu-Mn/TiO₂ and Cu-Mncomplex oxide respectively. The CH₂O removal rates of the three catalysts decrease with the increase of gas velocity. It was found that the order of changes was Cu-Mn/TiO₂>Cu-Mn/γ-Al₂O₃> Cu-Mn complex oxide. The CH₂O removal rate of Cu-Mn/γ-Al₂O₃ and Cu-Mn complex oxide still is 100% after 50h, while the CH₂O removal rate of Cu-Mn/TiO₂ was more than 94%. XRD, BET, SEM-EDS were used to describe the properties of the Cu-Mn catalyst.

Effect of the ratio of M²⁺/M³⁺ on CH₄ reforming of CO₂ was studied in this paper. The catalytic performance of these catalysts was investigated at 800℃ and GHSV of 12000mL/(g_cat·h). The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TEM, H₂-TPR, CO₂-TPD and N₂-adsorption. The result suggests that the metal particles are uniformly distributed on the support and have strong metal-support interaction. The solid solution structure of catalyst is transformed into the coexistence structure of solid solution and spinel, which is beneficial to the improvement of the catalytic performance. In addition, the porous structure is always subsistent during the reaction. The experiment indicates that the basicity of catalysts plays key roles on the catalytic performance. It is concluded that the catalyst with the ion ratio is 3 has the strongest basicity as well as carbon deposition and metal sintering.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) were modified by low-temperature NH₃ plasma produced by dielectric barrier discharge, and several kinds of MnO_x/MWCNTs catalysts with pristine and modified MWCNTs were prepared for low temperature SCR. Structures of the pristine and plasma modified MWCNTs and the catalysts were characterized by SEM, BET, Raman, FT-IR, XPS and NO-TPD. Experimental results showed that some defects and a certain content of nitrogen containing groups were produced on the surface of MWCNTs by NH₃ plasma modification. In addition, the modification of MnO_x/MWCNTs catalyst could somewhat improve the catalyst activation. Data showed that the improvement of NO conversion could be attributed to the increase of surface defects and the adsorption of NO on the MnO_x/MWCNTs catalyst.

Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by impregnation. The Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl catalyst was derived from Pt/Al₂O₃, and chlorided by CCl₄ at 300℃ for one hour. The characterization techniques, such as FT-IR, XRD, TEM, CO-IR, Py-IR and TPD, were employed. The performance of Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl catalyst was compared with that of RISO catalyst. The experimental results show that the OH groups are replaced by chorine in the process of chlorination, leading to a great decrease in the range of high wavenumbers (3000—3800cm^-1). The structure of alumina does not appear modified upon chlorination. The chlorinated Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibits a broad particle size distribution with a larger mean particle size, leading to very low metal dispersion. Simultaneously, platinum is oxidized to platinum chloride, which reacts with AlCl₃ to produce the volatile PtCl₂·2AlCl₃ complex, so a loss of platinum is observed. Only Lewis acid sites are detected on the fresh catalyst. However, both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites are detected on used catalyst. The chlorinated Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst is quite unstable, as shown by continuous release of three kinds of Cl species during TPD measurement. The performance of Pt/Al₂O₃-Cl catalyst is better than that of RISO catalyst. The n-hexane conversion and 2, 2-DMB selectivity are 88.17% and 29.68%, respectively. The hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of hexane are very limited.

Using chloroiridic acid as the precursor, titanium mesh as the substrate and titanium oxide as the support, integrated oxygen evolution electrode of IrO₂-TiO₂/Ti was prepared by thermal decomposition method successfully for the first time. Then a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared via hot-press. The effects of support on the electrode morphology and performance were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammogram (CV), impedance and single cell test. The results showed that the electrode surface was mainly cracks and the porosity was very low. However, the cracks disappeared instead of dense catalyst clusters and pore structure, when the support was added to the oxygen evolution electrode, which improved the catalytic activity of the electrode immensely. The single cell test showed that the voltage was 1.70 V, at 1000mA/cm².

Cis -1, 4 polyisoprene rubber(PIP)can replace natural rubber in many fields because of its good application performances. In this paper, the production technology and catalytic system as well as the production capacity of PIP are systemically introduced. Based on the total existing adopt solution, polymerization processes are reviewed. Gas phase polymerization has many advantages, such as none solvent, low energy consumption, simple process, low cost, less pollution, which make it significant. Moreover, we summarize the studies on the synthesis of PIP with high content of cis-1, 4 structure, mainly from two aspects:the improvement of traditional catalytic system and the invention of new catalytic system, which can be employed to prepare cis-rich polyisoprene with 99% or more cis-1, 4 structure. Ti catalytic system has been widely accepted by industry abroad and has become mature. The rare-earth catalytic system has large development space and has attracted much attention in recent years. Study on cis-rich polyisoprene will mainly be focused on the development of catalytic system and the improvement of relevant processes in the future.

Due to its excellent electrochemical performance, Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) is universally recognized as one of the most promising lithium ion battery cathode materials. But the development of this cathode material is controlled by its low electric conductivity and slow diffusion rate of lithium ion. The crystal structure, principle of charging and discharging and electrochemical reaction model are described in this paper. Latest progresses in modified research of electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄ are reviewed. Especially, the effects of ion-doping, carbon coating and synthesizing nano-structure on the LiFePO₄ and the existing problems are introduced. The research trends of this field are brought forward and the future study should be focused on further theoretical study and process improvement.

Through acylation reaction, a novel chitosan amphiphilic derivative, N, N-dilauryl- 3, 6-O-mPEG-chitosan (PEDLCS) with high degree of grafting was synthesized by grafting mPEG-COOH onto N, N-dilauryl chitosan. The product was characterized with ¹H NMR, FTIR, and EA. KP-loaded PEDLCS micelles were prepared by dialysis. PEDLCS could form micelles via self-assembly in aqueous solution and the CMC value of PEDLCS was 0.1170 mg/mL. The drug loading content and efficiency of KP-loaded PEDLCS micelles were determined as 34.48% and 65.78% respectively under the optimal ratio of KP and PEDLCS (0.8:1). The KP-loaded PEDLCS micelles had average size of 155.1nm and zeta potential of -31.6 mV. The response experiments about drug-loaded micelle under the conditions of different pH values showed that stability of the micelles decreased and diameter of the micelles increased with decreasing pH value, and the process was reversible. The range of pH response rightly agreed with the growth microenvironment of tumor cell (pH7.2—6.0). It would be expected to become a new material of drug delivery system.

To recycle desulfurization slag from phosphorous gypsum, spherical calcium carbonate was prepared from calcium-containing phosphorus gypsum desulfurization slag. The composition of raw materials were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The main substance was calcium oxide and the main impurity was silica. It also contained a small amount of iron, aluminum and magnesium. A new process leaching desulfurization slag by ammonium chloride and subsequent carbonization was firstly proposed. The affecting factors, such as amount of ammonium chloride, ratio of water and desulfurization slag(mass ratio), and temperature on the performance of leaching were investigated. The optimal conditions were: Amount of ammonium chloride 50% of the total weight of the solid, ratio of water and desulfurization slag 9:1, temperature 40℃. Conversion of calcium was about 67.98% and removal of silica was 97.80% under the optimal conditions. The purity of the obtained calcium carbonate was 97.90%, sedimentation volume was 3.5mL/g and whiteness was 94.2, meeting the norm of first grade product in (HG/T 2226—2010). Main polymorph of calcium carbonate crystals was vaterite.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid/aminated β-cyclodextrin) (PNA-ECD) microcapsules were fabricated by the condensation reaction between aminated β-cyclodextrin and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) microcapsules. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co- acrylic acid) microcapsules were prepared by initiating polymerization of multiple emulsion containing N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, which was generated by microfluidic emulsification. The PNA-ECD microcapsules showed core-shell structure and satisfactory monodispersity. Average outer diameter of microcapsules was 470 μm, and CV value was 2.98%. By recognizing model molecules 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid ammonium salt (ANS), the PNA-ECD microcapsules isothermally shrunk and controllably released the encapsulated model drug molecule fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (FITC-dextran). At 32℃, there was no obvious drug release for the PNA-ECD microcapsules in pure water, while about 70% of the encapsulated FITC-dextran was released from the microcapsules after adding ANS solution (2.0mmol/L) for 16min. The results provide valuable guidance for fabrication of monodisperse molecular-recognizable microcapsules and studying their molecular-recognizable characteristics.

Under acidic condition, N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC) was synthesized by reaction of chitosan and glycidy quaternized salts. Then 3-glycidy-5, 5- dimethyl hydantoin (made in our lab) was used to synthesize O-hydroxy-propyl (5, 5-dimethyl hydantoin)-N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (GH-HTCC). The products were confirmed by FTIR, ¹H NMR, UV-VIS, EA. The results of antibacterial tests indicated antibacterial activity of these products with better antimicrobial activity against S. aureus than against E. coil. Antibacterial activity of GH-HTCC was stronger than HTCC and increased as the degree of substitution increased. A lower concentration of EDTA improved antibacterial activity of HTCC and GH-HTCC, but a higher concentration of EDTA inhibited antibacterial activity.

A series of PAE-based cationic waterborne polyurethane with long side chain alkyl group and the structure of polyether (EO) embedded in main chain were designed and synthesized based on poly(neopentylglycol adipate) (POL7112), PAE and TDI. The properties of emulsion and film were measured by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), laser-particle size analyzer, tensile mechanical analyzer, thermogravimetry analyses (TGA) and contact angle analysis. Improved thermal stability of WPU-PAE could be attributed to the incorporation of PAE in PU. With increasing alkyl carbon chain of PAE, elongation at break of film increased remarkably while tensile strength reduced. Emulsion particle size decreased, emulsion stability was enhanced, hydrophilicity of film was improved remarkably with increasing quantity of EO and dosage in PEA.

The graft copolymer [PTCS-g-P(AA-co-AM)] was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization, with the corn straw, as the matrix, which was pretreated by the process of etherification; acrylic acid (AA) and acryl amide (AM) as monomers; persulfate as initiator and N, N'-methylene- bis-acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. The effect of synthesis conditions on water absorbency resins were studied, the resin properties of the repeat absorbing water and water-retention were also investigated, and structure and morphology of the product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result showed that the superabsorbent polymer has the best water absorbency ability when was prepared it under 60℃ for 3h with the given condition: m(PTCS):m(AA)﹕m(AM)=1:5:2, the percentage of persulfate is 0.6%, the percentage of MBA is 0.2%, neutralization degree of the acrylic acid is 70%. The water absorbency of the superabsorbent polymer prepared at the optimal condition in deionized water and in 0.9% NaCl solution is about 144.04 g/g and 30.60 g/g respectively, and it also has good absorbing water and retention performance.

Assembled nano-flake CoFe₂O₄ microspheres were synthesized by using the ultrasonic solvothermal method. The microstructure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared CoFe₂O₄ microspheres assembled by two-dimensional sheet were cubic structure with particle size about 20—30μm. The magnetic properties and microwave absorbing properties of the flake self-assembled CoFe₂O₄ microspheres and self-made CoFe₂O₄ powder were characterized by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and network vector analyzer. The saturation magnetization and coercive force of the flake self-assembled CoFe₂O₄ microspheres reached 76.15emu/g and 227.89Oe, respectively. In addition, the flake self-assembled CoFe₂O₄ microspheres had an obvious absorption peak at 6000MHz frequency band, where return loss value was greater than -18 dB and tended to increase. Structure and morphology of the samples had significant impact on their magnetic properties and microwave absorbing properties.

In the present work, ZnO particles loaded on activated carbon fiber (ACF) was prepared by dipping ACF in ZnO suspension, using glycol as dispersant. The antibacterial activity of the prepared sample ZnO/ACF was examined. The effect of surfactant (SDBS) on ZnO distribution, and the effect of loading ZnO on iodine adsorption capacity of ACF were studied. ACF loading 5.50% ZnO particles could significantly inhibit growth of S. aureus. Loading ZnO on ACF showed no significant influence on its iodine adsorption capacity. ZnO particles would be more uniformly distributed when surfactant was added in the suspension. The above results indicate that the prepared sample would be suitable for using as medical dressing.

Agricultural by-products can be utilized to produce chemical products by biochemical reaction, and it is not harmful to the environment. But the process and technology are still in their infancy, and there are still many problems in product development. This paper focuses on the possibility of bio-based chemical product which may be commercialized. The process feasibility and its huge market prospects are indicated. The existing technical problems, such as high costs, poor selectivity of catalyst and difficulty in separating target product etc are presented. The future direction of development is to develop more economical fermentation conditions, better economic performance catalyst, more efficient separation process, more cost-effective new bio-based chemical product and so on. Under the circumstances of petrochemical resources becoming more scarce and biomass utilization technology becoming more mature, the market competitiveness of sugar-based biomass food and chemical product can be greatly improved. The development of bio-based chemical products will promote the reform and progress of bio-refining technology and chemical technology, and bring about great economic and social benefits.

Carboxymethylation process of Acanthopanax obouatus Hoo polysaccharides was studied. With degree of substitution as response value, response surface methodology was used to optimize carboxymethylation modificiation. The optimal conditions were reaction time 4.1h, chloroacetic acid 3.3mol/L and reaction temperature 75℃. Degree of substitution was 0.557. Compared with Acanthopanax obouatus Hoo polysaccharides, the antioxidant ability of carboxymethylation derivatives was improved. A carboxymethylation process for Acanthopanax obouatus Hoo polysaccharides was recommended, providing reference for its further application.

Pyrogallic acid (PRLA) was prepared by hydrolytic reaction with sodium hydrogen citrate as hydrolysis agent, 2, 2, 6, 6-tetrahalocyclohecanone (TCCH) as raw material. The as-prepared product was analyzed by means of infrared absorption spectrum (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR), and high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), which confirmed that the main product was pyrogallic acid. The hydrolysis reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature (T), reaction time (t), concentration of 2, 2, 6, 6-tetrahalocyclohecanone (C_TCCH) and molar ratio of sodium hydrogen citrate to 2, 2, 6, 6-tetrahalocyclohecanone (r), were studied, based on which the optimum reaction conditions were given as below:T=368K, t=4h, C_TCCH=0.4mol/L, r=5. Under the optimal conditions, total yield reached 85%. Recycling of sodium hydrogen citrate in hydrolytic reaction was studied. Makeup water and NaOH aqueous solution had serious effect on the cyclic reaction, and recycling sodium hydrogen citrate twice could significantly cut down the cost of production.

A new technology for the preparation of 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol was investigated based on the hydrolysis of brominated isoamylene and distillation separation technology. By choosing a dipolar solvent, acetonitrile, for the hydrolysis the products showed the highest selectivity. And through further the optimization of experimental operating conditions, hydrolysis yield of 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol reached 63.35% under the condition of the solvent amount v(acetonitrile):v(bromo-3-ene) = 1:1, hydrolysis temperature 70℃, base amount n(NaOH):n(bromo-3-ene) = 1.2:1 and reaction time 25 minutes. The pure 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol was made of the feed liquid after hydrolysis by batch distillation operation, and the final total yield of 3-methyl-2-butene-1-ol reached 54%.

Methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE), as an important additive of vehicle gasoline, is significant for deep desulfurization. Two types of desulfurization technology application progress were reviewed, i.e., pro-synthetic and post-synthetic desulfurization. The post-synthetic desulfurization was discussed, with the emphasis on the extraction distillation desulfurization, oxidation desulfurization and adsorption desulfurization. Compared with pro-synthetic desulfurization, post-synthetic desulfurization has the advantages of simple technology, low cost and deep desulfurization of different sulfides. The effects of sulfides source and sulfide species in MTBE on desulfurization efficiency were analyzed. It was pointed out that post-synthetic desulfurization was of the most promising one. Based on the sulfide species in MTBE, effective and low-cost post-synthetic desulfurization can be conducted.

The problem of "gypsum rain" has gradually aroused the concern of the society, and the study of reasonable and effective solution has become one of the most important topics in the research of coal-fired flue gas pollution control. In this paper, the factors affecting the formation of "gypsum rain" were analyzed. The main reason for "gypsum rain" was canceling gas gas heater (GGH) in the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system which lowered exhaust temperature, and other influence factors included equipment design, operation parameters and external environment. The measurement methods of "gypsum rain" were reviewed. Measurement of the main composition of "gypsum rain" (slurry drops, fine particulate matter and SO₃ acid mist) could be classified into chemical analysis after sampling, and electric charge or optical physical chemistry method. Three solutions of design and operation optimization of dust removal equipment and FGD system, design optimization of tail flue gas duct, and additional wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) were proposed. Facing increasingly perilous "gypsum rain" problem, the government should issue related rules and regulations as soon as possible and carry out supervision and inspection of "gypsum rain" at the same time.

This paper introduces ZnAl, MgAl and preparation methods of hydrotalcite and phosphorus removal principles. Hydrotalcite preparation methods are low saturation coprecipitation, urea decomposition-uniform coprecipitation, roasting recovery and hydrothermal synthesis. Phosphorus removal principles are surface electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, hydroxy group substitution, ligand complex and entry of hydrotalcite rehydration. Modification of hydrotalcite is reviewed. Modified hydrotalcite has better effect of removing phosphorus than common hydrotalcite. Influence factors of phosphorus removal are analyzed, such as molar ratio of metal ions, calcination temperature, concentration of urea, pH, coexisting ions, amount of adsorbent, reaction temperature, and adsorption time. For all these factors, there is a best influence value of removing phosphorus. The achievement of desorption are summarized. Surfactants, for example, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate has a better effect than conventional desorption agent for phosphorus hydrotalcite, such as Na₂CO₃ and NaCl-NaOH. The problem of higher cost to remove phosphorus with pure hydrotalcite can be resolved by using cheap composite modified hydrotalcite. Future research will focus on the phosphorus removal performance of modified hydrotalcite.

The development of metal extraction from complex sulfide ore containing lead, copper and zinc is reviewed. Several processes for treating complex copper sulfide ore are introduced, and the characteristics of the methods are analyzed and compared. The trend of copper extraction from this kind of ore is also indicated. Although the methods of copper extraction by roasting pretreatment- leaching process, and sulfation roasting-leaching process are simple and straightforward, serious environmental pollution is caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂)emission in these processes. Emission of SO₂ can be reduced in the sulfidation roasting-leaching process, but the conditions of the method are demanding and it is difficult to realize industrialization. The method of ferric salts leaching also has lots of problems, such as big loss of leaching agent and difficulty in regeneration of ferric saltsp. The corrosion originated from Cl^- limits the application of leaching with ferric chloride. There are also some defects with pressurized oxygen leaching process and bioleaching process, but they are prospective in the future because there is no harmful waste gas emmision and elemental sulfur can be recovered without the need for sulfuric acid storage.

CO₂ sequestration in deep coal seams with enhanced coal-bed methane(CH₄)recovery (CO₂-ECBM)can store the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas(CO₂)in geological time. It is acknowledged that complex fluid-solid interactions exist other than adsorption between CO₂ fluid and coal due to their special characteristics under optimum reservoir conditions. The above fluid-solid interactions not only influence the CO₂ sequestration capacity of coal seams, but also incur some potential environmental issues. The recent research progress of coal physico-chemical characteristics transformation during sequestration process is summarized. The effect of coal physico-chemical characteristics transformation on CO₂ sequestration capacity of the targeted coal seams is elaborated and environmental safety and health(ES & H)problems due to coal physico-chemical characteristics transformation are also indicated. The fluid-solid interactions during CO₂ sequestration in deep coal seams mainly incorporate two aspects as follows. On one hand, coal matrix swelling occurs due to CO₂ injection which will influence diffusion and adsorption behavior of CO₂ in coal seams. On the other hand, supercritical CO₂ fluid has the potential to extract organic matter in coal matrix, causing ES & H problems. Furthermore, investigation on the mechanism and reversibility of coal matrix swelling, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the organic matter extracted from coal matrix should be paid attention in the future.

Particulate fouling research is mainly done by experiment at present. There are hardly any research on internal relationship between nanometer and micrometer particles fouling through simulation and experiment. There are some similar deposition characteristics between nanoparticle and micro particle fouling. Nanoparticle and micro particle fouling deposition experiments were conducted under different working conditions, and surface characteristics were observed by SEM. The fouling deposition quantity was determined by simulation with different particle sizes. A gradual growth trend of deposition quantity of particles fouling was observed. Due to agglomeration effect, there was similar deposition result between nanoparticles and micro particles fouling. The equivalent diameter was proposed for nanoparticles by combining the nanoparticles experiment and micro particles simulation results. The equivalent diameter was 9.2μm for 0.4g/L nanometer suspensions. The equivalent diameter was 11.2μm for 0.6g/L nanometer suspensions.

Competition between ammonia and 2-aminopyridine was studied by three-dimensional electrocatalytic with CuO-ZnO/porous ceramic as particle electrodes. The direct and indirect electro- oxidation degradation of ammonia,ammonia and 2-aminopyridine was investigated,and competition between ammonia and 2-aminopyridine was analyzed. Indirect oxidation process was more conducive to removing ammonia,and could reduce accumulation rate of nitrate nitrogen,while 2-aminopyridine was degraded mainly through direct oxidation and was not affected by ammonia and chloride ions. Ammonia and intermediates of 2-aminopyridine showed strong competition under direct electro-oxidation. Degradation of ammonia and intermediates of 2-aminopyridine increased under indirect electro-oxidation,and ammonia was preferably removed than 2 - aminopyridine intermediates. Changing the conditions for direct and indirect electro-oxidation of the three-dimensional system could adjust removal of ammonia and organic matter,and could be used in commissioning wastewater treatment facility.

This paper analyzed the formation process of granules, and researched the content changes and the spatial distribution of extracellular polymeric substances by adding poly aluminium chloride in 1—7 days and 8—14 days respectively during the process of cultivating aerobic granular sludge. The granules formation time of the reactor adding PAC in 8—14 days was 6 days ahead of time, and the sludge granules had regular shape, uniform size, and good contaminants removal performance. Moreover, the reactor extracellular polymeric substances and proteins content was higher, and increased with the formation of granules and then decreased slightly, and stayed stable after the granules matured. The value of proteins/polysaccharides during the process of granules formation increased by more than 2.5 times, which was conducive to the formation of granular sludge. Multiple fluorescent staining showed that different PAC dosing times between the reactors led to different distributions of β-polysaccharides and lipids and live cells, but had smaller effect on the distribution of proteins and α-polysaccharides .

Application of Rectisol wash process in the Yitai 160000 t/a coal to liquids demonstration project is introduced. The problems of installation and operation, and the improvement measures are presented. Operation results show that good improvement is achieved, methanol consumption is controlled at 1.13kg/m³, water content is reduced to less than 0.5%, shift gas instead of low pressure steam saves steam consumption by 60680 t/a. The characteristics of the technological process is analyzed. Application of the Rectisol wash process in indirect coal liquefaction demonstration plant is successful. It is an advanced process with high degree of purification and stable quality of purified gas.