Several new coal chemical technologies,including coal to oil,coal to olefins,coal to gas and coal to glycol,and the development status in China,were introduced. Some problems about coal chemical resource consumption,carbon dioxide emissions etc. were discussed. Meanwhile,the influence on petrochemical industry caused by capacity growth of coal chemical industry was analyzed. Owing to China's dependence on foreign oil increasing year by year,development of modern coal chemical industry is a beneficial supplement to petrochemical industry,and is an important way to take advantage of China's rich coal resources and to ensure national energy security. Modern coal chemical industry in China has made rapid development in recent years,but on the whole it is still in the exploratory stage:the way of development needs further study,testing to be made in an orderly manner,and promotion to be made carefully. With the production capacity of modern coal chemical industry in China continuing to increase,competition between coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry is becoming more and more prominent,therefore petrochemical enterprises should pay attention to innovation,give full play to the differentiation advantage of petrochemical products,and ultimately bring about complementary advantages and win-win situation.

Three-phase inverse fluidized bed (TPIFB) is a novel reactor with significant advantages and great application prospects. This paper introduced structure,principle and advantages of TPIFB,and reviewed fundamental research and application research progress of TPIFB. The fundamental research includes the importance of hydrodynamic characteristic,such as fluid pattern,pressure drop,minimum fluidization velocity,phase holdup,residence time distribution,bubble behaviors,mass transfer and heat transfer,the effect law of operating conditions and fluid properties on those hydrodynamic characteristics,mathematic model and numerical simulation of some important hydrodynamic parameters. The application research includes research progresses and achievements on device optimizing,oily wastewater treatment and other industrial wastewater treatments. This paper also pointed out the obstacles faced by industrialized application,including fewer transient and microscopic researches,single study method,fewer quantitative relationships,limited models and methods,fewer and scattered application researches. The paper proposed future research directions of TPIFB,including design and development of reactor device,combination of numerical simulation and experiment to study transient and microscopic features of TPIFB,establishment of mechanism model and reactor model for process optimizing,scale-up and application research of reactor.

In this paper, the characteristics of polymeric membrane catalytic contactor, catalytic membrane materials and preparation methods are summarized. Compared with the traditional catalytic reactor,polymeric membrane catalytic contactor has the advantages of compact structure,simple technology and operation process,high catalytic activity,high reaction rate and high conversion rate. Active nanoparticles or groups can be easily introduced onto molecular backbone and side chains which are bonded with lots of functional groups. The preparation methods of polymeric catalytic membrane mainly include hybrid method,dipping method and chemical grafting method. Diffusion process is the controlling step of catalytic reaction process of polymeric membrane catalytic contactor. The whole process includes internal diffusion and external diffusion. Some problems deserving further research and application prospects of polymeric membrane catalytic contactor are presented. Catalytic efficiency and service life need to be further improved;novel polymeric membrane materials need to be developed;membrane fouling and membrane catalytic deactivation problems need to be resolved;basic issues, such as establishing kinetic model of polymeric membrane catalytic reaction need to be further studied.

This paper introduced research status and development tendency of physical demulsification technologies and equipment about W/O emulsions in crude oil or waste oil. Applications of external force and field energy to demulsify were discussed respectively. External force demulsification mainly employs cyclones,using centrifugal force,coalescence plate using coalescence force,or membrane device using stress force. Field energy demulsification normally focuses on applying microwave field,ultrasonic field,or electric field. Working mechanism,structure and working process of water hammer harmonic demulsification technology were emphasized. This paper pointed out that the development directions of demulsification technologies should be energy and cost effective,and environmental friendly.

In order to restrain the anode passivation and increase the conversion ratio and current efficiency of sulfide to sulfur during the electrolysis of H₂S-loaded sodium carbonate solution, direct electrolysis method by a filter press electrolyzer was used to recycle sulfur and hydrogen. Graphite was used as anode,and H₂S-loaded sodium carbonate solution as anolytes;Titanium mesh was used as cathode and sodium hydroxide solution as catholytes. The effects of some parameters on anodic reactions were investigated,such as temperature,pH,initial concentration and current density. Results indicated that the conversion ratio of sulfide increased with the increase of initial sulfide concentration,but decreased with the increase of current density. Moreover,the appropriate electrolytic conditions were at temperature of 75℃,initial sulfide concentration above 0.5mol/L,current density of 10-20mA/cm²,and no sodium hydroxide addition into anolytes. Under the above conditions,the conversion ratio of sulfide could exceed 85%. The characterization of recovered sulfur with XRD and SEM methods showed that the produced sulfur was rhombi with bigger particle diameter,which was favorable in solid-liquid separation.

Coke solution loss reactivity was investigated in the well type Si-Mo electric furnace. The influence of reaction conditions,such as carbon dioxide flow rate and reaction time on coke solution loss reactivity were studied,and the effect of loading iron oxide was discussed. The cokes loaded with iron oxide were analyzed by SEM and EDS before and after reaction to explore the reason for how iron oxide loading way affected coke solution loss reaction,and different mechanisms were discussed. Coke solution loss reactivity increased with increasing carbon dioxide flow rate and reaction time. Loading iron oxide by adsorption or addition had a positive effect on coke solution loss reactivity. There was an saturation point (1%)of iron oxide loading by adsorption. Loading iron oxide by adsorpton beyond this point could only slightly enhance its effect on the reactivity. Loading iron oxide by adsorption had a greater impact on coke solution loss reaction than by addition. SEM analysis indicated that part of iron oxide loaded by addition was enclosed by coke pore matrix and could not work,while iron oxide loaded by adsorption could be evenly distributed on coke surface to provide more effective catalytic active centers. Iron oxide loaded by addition participated in coke making,and affected coke structure and in turn affected its solution loss reaction. Iron oxide loaded by adsorption affected catalytic function of the reaction. The mechanisms of effect for these two loading ways were different.

Traditional decanter centrifuge is only used to separate heavy sludge rather than floating sludge. This research developed a two-phase numerical simulation on a decanter centrifuge in separating light solid floating sludge. The three dimension software Pro-E was used to build the 3D model. The computational fluid dynamics software Fluent was applied to analyze volume fraction distribution of the solid and liquid phase as well as the effects of operating conditions and fluid parameters on flow field and separation properties. The simulation was based on Euler multiple phase flow model and RNG k-ε turbulence model in a multiple coordinate reference system. The simulation results showed that the decanter centrifuge can be used to separate high density and middle-coarse particles;the fluid settling lamination was obvious and water was in the inner side while floating sludge outside of cistern;there was little effect of rotation speed discrepancy on separation properties. Rotation speed discrepancy in the range of 30-70r/min was optimal. With the increase of the feed concentration,particles'setting velocity and separation efficiency decreased. Low setting velocity for small particles resulted in less separation efficiency and coarse particles had higher separation capabilities because of quick setting velocity.

For the investigation of new technology of oil shale retort with gas heat carrier,a lab-scale retort was built. The temperature distribution inside the retort was investigated with different gas-intake arrangements. Temperature distributions along the radial direction and vertical direction were obtained by collecting retort temperature data. The characteristics of gas-intake through side-arranged headers combined with central tube were investigated. Comparison between gas-intake through central tube alone and that through side-arranged headers combined with central tube was made,and investigation of the heating characteristics of combined two gas-intake arrangements was performed. With gas intake through central tube alone,there existed a lag zone around the retort inside wall,and its temperature was much lower than retort central temperature. Combined two gas-intake arrangements could significantly resolve the problem related to central tube intake alone as illustrated above. Heat-up rate varied along the height of retort when combined two gas-intake arrangements was used. The experimental results would provide reference and basis for further research and improvement of gas-intake arrangements in oil shale retort with gas heat carrier.

The shortage of natural gas and utilization problems of low rank coal resources make the development of new,efficient and environmentally friendly technology for methane production from low rank coal become the hot topic of research. The issues discussed and analyzed include effects of temperature,pressure,catalyst,coal type and gasification agent on the process of methane production by hydrogenation of coal; reaction kinetics and mechanism of methane production by hydrogenation of coal; merits and drawbacks of three typical techniques for methane production by hydrogenation of coal; and a new technique under development by the authors,that is,methane production from highly activated semi-coke made by carbonation and deoxygenation of low rank coal. In conclusion,production of substitute natural gas through hydromethanation of biomass and low rank coal has become a new research focus,in which research of new and cheap catalyst and development of new methanation reactor and technology for hydromethanation of coal play a vital role.

A variety of extraction technologies for dearomatization at present are mature and used widely in industry. However,high energy consumption and low economic benefits are the problem in dealing with naphtha feed with low aromatics content (mass fraction less than 15%). Extraction technologies for dearomatization are reviewed,focusing on extraction efficiency of conventional solvents and ionic liquids for aromatics in naphtha. Conventional solvents,such as sulfolane,N-methyl pyrrolidone and composite solvents,such as sulfolane (water)-triethylene glycol,sulfolane (water)-N-methyl pyrrolidone,sulfolane-2-propanol and RAH-1 display excellent results in deep dearomatization of straight-run naphtha. Those researches can be used as underlying data for the current processes. Imidazole ionic liquids,such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate,1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide,1-butyl-3-methy-limidazolium tetrachloroforrate have more potential use in dearomatization process for naphtha of low aromatics by extraction. Therefore,development of new ionic liquids which can extract aromatics from complex feeds with low aromatic contents will be the new trend.

In this paper,coking reaction in fluid catalytic cracking is summarized from four aspects,including factors affecting coking,influence on catalytic reactions by coke,coking mechanism and coke characterization. Researches show that properties of feedstock,reaction temperature,catalyst type and other factors affect the formation of coke. Coke formation lead to deactivation of catalyst and affect distribution of products. Coke formation from various hydrocarbons must go through the step of aromatics. Coked catalysts can be characterized by multiple methods. XPS and GC-MS have also been used to characterize coke. However,there are still some difficulties to identify specific components of coke. The identification of polycyclic aromatics in coke and how to reduce coke formation on FCC catalyst will be the direction of future research.

K₂CO₃ supported activated carbon (AC) as solid catalyst was prepared by directly mixing K₂CO₃ with technical Kraft Lignin (KL) with the mass ratio of 0.6 and subsequently activating at 800℃ for 2h under 100cm³/min of N₂ flow rate in a tubular furnace. The obtained solid base catalyst was characterized by XRD,BET surface area and SEM. It was found that the catalyst possessed mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 10 nm and a good dispersion of K₂CO₃ on the surface of AC support. The prepared K₂CO₃/AC solid catalyst was used for the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol in batch reactor. The effects of various parameters,such as reaction temperature,amount of catalyst,reaction time,and molar ratio of methanol to WCO,on biodiesel yield were investigated. A maximum biodiesel yield of 87.5% was obtained under the optimal condition as reaction temperature of 60℃,catalyst amount of 3.0%,methanol to WCO molar ratio of 15:1 and reaction time of 2h. The effect of repeated use of K₂CO₃/AC catalyst on biodiesel yield was tested. The results indicated that the catalytic activity remained 80.7% when the catalyst was employed for the third time.

Direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol is one of the most challenging topics to explore new technology of synthesizing phenol,which is of high atom economy and still being developed. However,inert C-H bond and low selectivity of phenol hinder the development of direct hydroxylation. The key technology lies in the design and preparation of efficient catalyst. Iron-containing catalysts have drawn considerable attention for hydroxylation of benzene to phenol due to its unique structural and catalytic properties. Application of iron-containing complexes,biomimetic catalysts and supported catalysts in direct hydroxylation of benzene are reviewed in this paper. Furthermore,the Fenton mechanism and the biomimetic catalysis mechanism are discussed. The oxide and mineral supported iron catalysts which are easily synthesized with high catalytic activity show great potential in industrial application. The study on catalytic mechanism can guide the design and synthesis of efficient catalysts for direct hydroxylation of benzene.

Promoters for syngas methanation reaction with nickel-based catalyst with high activity,long service life and higher methane selectivity is widely used in syngas methanation to substitute natural gas. Noble metals,alkaline earth metals,rare earth and transition metal promoters on the dispersion,reducibility,synergistic effect,reaction rate and products selectivity of nickel-based catalyst were presented. The mechanisms of modification of nickel-based catalyst by noble metals,transition metals,rare earth metals and alkaline earth metals were discussed. The research on promoters used in industrial catalyst production was proposed,providing experience and reference for syngas methanation catalyst research and development.

The research status and development trend of light paraffin isomerization is reviewed. Characteristics of the light paraffin isomerization process are summarized. Some commercial catalysts are introduced,and the performance parameters of reaction temperature,RON,antitoxicity are compared. Based on components and support,the development of light paraffin isomerization catalysts is reviewed with respect to Pt/zeolite,Pt/ZrO₂-SO₄,heteropoly acids,Pt/WO₃-ZrO₂,mesoporous materials,Molybdenum based catalysts,ionic liquids,and some problems in the study of catalysts are indicated. In the future,lower reaction temperature and antitoxicity catalyst will be paid increasing attention.

Different components were chosen to modify alumina and then KI was loaded on the surface of modified alumina,and a series of supported KI catalysts were prepared,such as KI/Al₂O₃-MgO,KI/Al₂O₃-ZnO,KI/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ and KI/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂. The catalytic activities were evaluated by the reaction of CO₂,propylene epoxide and glycerol to synthesize glycerol carbonate and KI/Al₂O₃-MgO was found to be the best one. Through CO₂-TPD of diffirent supports,it could be found that a few basic positions on the surface of supports were favorable to the reaction. The catalytic activity and stability of KI/Al₂O₃-MgO with different loading amounts were investigated and the optimal loading amount of KI was 1.5mmol/g. At the same time,KI/Al₂O₃-MgO was characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption (BET) and X ray diffraction (XRD). Overfull loading amount could lead to agglomeration of KI crystals and blockage of support pores. Reaction conditions were optimized. Under the optimal conditions (propylene oxide 0.3mol,glycerol 0.1mol,reaction temperature 130℃,reaction time 2h,and reaction pressure 6.0MPa),conversion of glycerol was 65.5% and yield of glycerol carbonate was 60.8%.

Various CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ (CZAZ) catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation were prepared by the co-precipitation method. A small amount of silica was incorporated into CZZ catalyst to produce these modified ternary CZAZ catalysts. The effects of silica on physicochemical and catalytic properties were studied with XRD,BET,H₂-TPR,NH₃-TPD and CO₂-TPD. The properties of catalysts were strongly influenced by the content of SiO₂ used as promoter. The catalytic performance for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation was evaluated. CZAZ catalyst modified with 4% SiO₂ exhibited optimum catalytic activity. Silica improved dispersion of CuO and its modified CZAZ catalysts exhibited higher specific surface area,which were confirmed to be responsible for excellent performance for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.

SAPO-34 molecular sieves with different Si contents were synthesized and used as catalysts for conversion of chloromethane to light olefins. The influences of different Si amounts on crystalline structures,morphology features,textural properties and acidity of SAPO-34 samples were characterized with XRD,NH₃-TPD,and ²⁹Si MASNMR. Uniform SAPO-34 cubic crystals could be formed when ratio of Si/Al was in the range of 0.10-0.80. When ratio of Si/Al was 0.6,relative crystallinity of SAPO-34 sample was the highest,microporous specific surface area was 588m²/g,and microporous volume was 0.267cm³/g. NH₃-TPD results showed that when ratio of Si/Al was gradually increasing from 0.05 to 0.60,acid strength and acid amount were obviously enhanced,and acid strength was increasd with decreasing weak acid amounts when ratios of Si/Al was increased from 0.60 to 1.0. When conversion of chloromethane to light olefins was performed over SAPO-34 catalysts at 425℃,activity and stability of SAPO-34 catalysts were gradually improved with increasing ratio of Si/Al while selectivities of propene and ethene were slightly decreasing due to aggravated secondary reactions.

Pt/SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ (PtSZA) catalyst was prepared by the precipitation method. The influences of preparation conditions,such as drying rate of Zr(OH)₄, hydrogel,zirconium concentration,platinum content and addition order of Al₂O₃/SO₄^2- on isomerization performance of PtSZA catalyst,especially low reaction temperature isomerization performance were investigated. The crystalline structure and sulfur content of PtSZA were characterized with XRD and TG,respectively. Increase of drying rate of Zr(OH)₄, hydrogel led to decrease of sulfur content and remarkable increase of monoclinic phase in PtSZA catalyst,and then to rapid deactivation of the catalyst at low reaction temperature and a lower catalytic activity at high reaction temperature. Too low or too high zirconium concentration was unfavorable to the low reaction temperature stability of PtSZA catalyst. The PtSZA sample prepared with 0.4-0.6mol/L zirconium concentration showed higher sulfur content,more tetragonal phase and higher catalytic activity than that prepared with other zirconium concentration. The effect of addition order of Al₂O₃ and SO₄^2- on isomerization performance was negligible.

Cu-Ni-Zn-Mg/Al₂O₃ catalyst for morpholine synthesis was prepared by impregnation with and without ultrasonic treatment while the activated alumina used as the carrier,copper and nickel as the main active components,and zinc and magnesium as catalyst additives. The physicochemical properties and microstructure of the catalyst were analyzed by ICP,XRD,SEM and BET. The prepared catalysts were used for producing morpholine continuously through the catalytic aminolysis of diethylene glycol in vapor phase. Compared to the conventional impregnation method,the catalyst prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation method had larger surface area,the main active component loadings of copper and nickel were increased,and active ingredients could be better dispersed in the carrier. Under the condition of 230℃,1.8MPa,0.15h^-1,and the molar ratio of ammonia to diethylene glycol as 5:1,the conversion of diethylene glycol and yield of morpholine reached 99.87% and 91.22% by new method,which was 19.86% and 27.01% higher than that by traditional method,respectively.

The molecular morphology of cyclodextrin derivatives and their construction strategy (mainly the β-cyclodextrin derivatives) were reviewed comprehensively according to the difference in molecular structure and morphology,including mono-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives,bis-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives,multi-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives,dimer cyclodextrin derivatives,multimer cyclodextrin derivatives and cyclodextrin polymers (including immobilized cyclodextrins). It was pointed out that the construction of cyclodextrin derivatives was the foundation and key step in the building of various functional materials,could be further expanded in the application of parent cyclodextrin. To construct various supramolecular artificial enzymes based on cyclodextrin,not only can make full use of the inherent advantages of cyclodextrin structure,but also can realize the smooth transition of organic synthesis reactions from organic phase to aqueous phase with enhanced selectivity,which have great significance for the greenization of organic synthetic chemistry,important reference value and instructive significance for the construction of other functional materials.

Superamphiphobic surface with water and oil repellent properties guides the design of surface under oil and/or water environment. In this review,we focus on the fabrication and application of superamphiphobic surface. Primarily,we highlight the bottom-up methods like sol-gel method,self-assembly and phase separation,and the top-down methods like etching process and nanoimprint lithography technology for the fabrication of superamphiphobic surface. The top-down methods are more efficient to fabricate an overhang structure which makes the superamphiphobic property stable,while the processes tend to be complex. Next,we propose hat these unique surfaces are promising in self-cleaning,anti-adhesion,anti-corrosion and drag reduction under oil and/or water environment and the application to microfluidic device should be further explored. Additionally,long durability of superamphiphobic surface in practical application is important. Finally,we prospect that research emphasis of superamphiphobic surface is to prepare superamphiphobic surface with enhanced durability to fulfill practical applications by an easier method.

Compared with the conventional polyolefin separator,organic-inorganic composite separator has enough flexibility and temperature resistance as well as electrolyte affinity. In this paper ceramic composite separators for lithium-ion battery are reviewed,including advantages of this type separator compared with traditional separators,structural styles and composition materials of ceramic-based composite separator,and worldwide research and development status of ceramic composite separator. Finally the development trend of composite separator is predicted. With the development of lithium ion battery,high performance ceramic composite separator will replace traditional polyolefin separator and become the main separator to meet the needs of batteries.

Research progress of waterborne polyurethane modified by nanomaterials,such as natural polymer nanomaterials,clay and mineral nanomaterials,carbon nanomaterials,metal and metal oxide nanomaterials is summarized. Compatibility between nanomaterials and polymer matrix can be improved by chemical modification,which is beneficial to obtain stable hybrid emulsions. Physical blending modification can endow composites more excellent properties of nanomaterials. Nano-particles uniformly dispersed in waterborne polyurethane matrix can significantly improve thermal stability and mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Efficient and practical organic modification technology of nanomaterials and optimization of production technology of nanocomposites will be the development trend to obtain high performance nanocomposites in the future.

Polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) was synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of THF initiated by HClO₄/acetic anhydride. The effects of polymerization parameters,such as adding amount of HClO₄,acetic anhydride,and polymerization time,on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of PTHF were studied with uniform design. Relevant data were analyzed by multiple stepwise regression. The significance of adding amounts of acetic anhydride,HClO₄ and polymerization time on molecular weight of PTHF reduced in sequence,with negligible influence of polymerization time. At the same time,molecular weight distribution of PTHF could not be affected by technological parameters.

The effects of mole ratio of formaldehyde and melamine (F/M),solution pH,reaction temperature (T) and time (t) on the properties of foaming melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin with caprolactam as modifier were investigated by orthogonal experiment where solid content,viscosity and storage time of the MF resin,density and size uniformity of the MF foam were used as performance evaluation parameters. The results of the experiments were analyzed by using the comprehensive scoring method and the integrated balance method. The optimum formula of preparation was obtained as follows:F/M=2.5,pH=8.0,T=90℃,t=60min. The MF resin prepared under the optimal conditions could be foamed well and the properties of the foam were good.

Poly (glycolide-co-lactide) (PLGA) with a range of molecular weight was synthesized via a new method of copolymerization of glycolide with L-lactide by using zirconium (Ⅳ) acetylacetonate [Zr (Acac)₄] as initiator. The properties and structure of PLGA were characterized by NMR spectroscopy,differential scanning calormetry (DSC),thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallinity of copolymers obtained was higher than that formed in the presence of traditional catalyst Sn (Oct)₂. The effects of catalyst dosage,polymerization temperature and time were investigated. The optimal condition was as follows:zirconium (Ⅳ) acetylacetonate 0.06%,polymerization temperature 150℃,polymerization time 6h. Intrinsic viscosity of PLGA could reach 0.957dL/g and average molecular weight could reach 1.24×10⁵.

Amphiphilic O-quaternary ammonium-N-(4-dodecyloxy) chitosan benzaldehyde Schiff's base (QA-CS-DBA) was prepared. FTIR,¹H NMR and EA were used to confirm its structure. The micelle of QA-CS-DBA carrying ketoprofen was made by ultrasounding. The CMC,size,Zeta potential,drug loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency were studied,especially the behavior of drug release and the change of Zeta potential in different PBS buffer solution with different pH. The result shows that QA-CS-DBA could form stable drug loading micelles carrying ketoprofen with the size about 341nm. The drug loading capacity and the encapsulation efficiency are 39.37% and 46.04% respectively and the Zeta potential is 30.8mV. With pH changing between 7.40 and 6.50,the micelle shows different Zeta potentials and different behaviors in drug release.

O-sulfonated-N,N-dilauryl chitosan (HSDLCS),O-quaternized-N,N-dilauryl chitosan (QADLCS) and O-hydroxypropyl-N,N-dilauryl chitosan (HPDLCS) with similar substitution were synthesized. The effect of hydrophilic group on monolayer properties of N,N-dilauryl chitosan derivatives was studied. Experimental results indicated that monolayers of N,N-dilauryl chitosan derivatives with different hydrophilic group had larger collapse pressure π_c and maximum compression modulus (C_s^-1,_max) compared with N,N-dilauryl chitosan and also had better cohesion. Inonic products had larger collapse pressure π_c and maximum compression modulus (C_s^-1,_max) compared with nonionic product HPDLCS. Anionic HSDLCS monolayer had largest π_c (44.64mN/m)and C_s^-1,_max (84.27mN/m)among three products,and cationic QADLCS had second largest π_c (42.01mN/m) and C_s^-1,_max (82.99mN/m). HSDLCS monolayer had stronger cohesion and resistance to deformation capacity.

Naphthenic nano-refrigeration-oils (NROs) with different types of nanoparticles were prepared by two-step method with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactant. The dispersion stability and the thermal conductivity of the NROs were investigated experimentally by Shimadzu UV-Vis and Hot Disk thermal constant analyzer,respectively. The NROs with various nanparticles (including TiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、graphite and CNT) with volume fractions of 0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,0.5%,1% and 2% were tested at 40℃. And the influence of volume fraction,particle size,material and surfactant was analyzed. The results show that the thermal conductivity of NROs increases with the increase of nanoparticle volume fractions. The thermal conductivity of NROs shows a downward trend when the particle size increases at the same volume fraction. While at same particle size it improves with the thermal conductivity of particle material. Besides,the NROs with better dispersion stability have higher thermal conductivity. A model for predicting the thermal conductivity of NROs was developed based on volume fraction,particles,aggregation theory and Brownian movement of nanoparticles. The predictions of the model agree with 90% of experimental data within the deviation of ±3%,and the mean deviation of 1.6%.

α-amylase inhibitor is a kind of glycosidase inhibitors. It can inhibit the activity of ptyalase and amylopsin,prevent the hydrolysis and digestion of carbohydrates,reduce the intake of sugar,so that depress postprandial blood glucose level. In this paper,the α-amylase inhibitory activity of the mycelium extracts and broth of 70 endophytic actinomycetes associated with medicinal plants was detected with rapid and sensitive colorimetry. The results showed that,there are 19 strains having the ability to produce extracellular α-amylase inhibitor,6 of them having more than 70% inhibion rate; there are 16 strains having the ability to produce intracellular α-amylase inhibitor,3 of them having more than 70% inhibion rate; there are 7 strains having the ability to produce both extracellular and intracellular α-amylase inhibitor. The α-amylase inhibitor WSI19 was isolated and purified from the strain WS19,it could efficaciously inhibit α-amylase and α-maltase,and the inhibition of maltase is stronger than the same dose of miglitol 11.2 times. The glucose tolerance test in mice confirmed that WSI19 could significantly depress blood glucose levels. In a word,endophytic actinomycetes from medical plants have a better potential to produce α-amylase inhibitor,and could be developed to a possible therapeutic agent for diabetes.

The total polysaccharides from Taxus Mairei were pretreated by ultrafiltration to remove pigments and the operating condition was optimized as follows:molecular cut-off 5 kDa,temperature 25℃,operating pressure 20psi and pH6.8. Under the aforementioned condition,the 1L solution containing 10g/L total polysaccharides was ultrafiltrated to 125mL first,then deionized water was added into condensed solution to 1L total volume and was repeated 4 times,respectively. The results showed that the retention rate and decolourization ratio of polysaccharides of Taxus Mairei were 87.2% and 75.6%,respectively. Furthermore,the pretreated total polysaccharides of Taxus Mairei were isolated by cation-exchange chromatography using a self-designed continuous chromatography equipment,the processing capacity of which reached 100.08L/d. Based on the operating parameters received from batch chromatography process,99.0% purity single-component polysaccharide (PST-1) was obtained and the average yield of PST-1 reached 50.0%.

In order to improve the synthetic route of 1-methyl-2,4,5-triiodoimidazole (MTII) and increase the rate of it,a new synthetic process was explored. MTII was synthesized by using N-methylimidazole as starting material via iodination of CH₃COOH/I₂/HIO₃ aqueous solution and then refined in acetone/water. The target product was characterized by IR,¹H NMR,MS and elemental analysis. The mechanism of reaction was discussed and effects of charging sequence,material ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of the title compound were investigated. Through single factor experiments,the optimum reaction condition was determined that the molar ratio of HIO₃ and N-methylimidazole was 1.8:1,the molar ratio of I₂ and N-methylimidazole was 1.7:1,the reaction temperature was 75℃,and the reaction time was 2.5h. The two solutions were mixed uniformly when I₂ and HIO₃ dissolved in acetic acid and dilute sulfuric acid respectively,then N-methylimidazole and CCl₄ were put in the reaction liquid as the optimum feeding sequence obtained. The yield of the MTII was up to 70% under the above condition. The new synthetic process has significant advantages and a better practical application value than traditional synthetic process,such as synthetic route,reaction time,the yield and so on.

The intermediates 4-[(2,4-dihydroxyl-5-nitrobenzophenonel) carbamoyl]-2,6-di-hydroxyl methyl benzoate (2,6-DH-MNC),4-(5-nitro-6-hydroxy-2-benzoxazolyl-2,6-dhydroxy methyl benzoate (2,6-DH-MNB) and the final product 4-[(2,4-dihydroxyl-5-nitrobenzophenonel)carbamoyl]-2,6-dihydroxyl methyl benzoate (2,6-DH-MAB) were successfully synthesized through a series of reactions,including acylchloride,acylation,dehydration cyclization and catalytic hydrogenation reduction reaction by using 2,6-dihydro mono-methyl terephthalate and 4-amino-6-nitroresorcinol hydrochloride (ANR·HCl) as materials. The optimized dehydration cyclization and catalytic hydrogenation reduction conditions were obtained. The experimental results showed that with diethylene glycol dimethyl ether as solvent and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as dehydrant for the dehydration cyclization reaction,the yield of 2,6-DH-MNB was 74.15% and the purity was 98.76% as determined by HPLC,when w (2,6-DH-MNB):w (PPA)was 1:6,the content of P₂O₅ in PPA was 83%,the reaction temperature at 140℃ and the reaction time was 8h. Then N,N-dimethylformamide was used as solvent,the yield of 2,6-DH-MAB was 81.42% based on 2,6-DH-MNB and the purity was 99.69% as determined by HPLC with w (5%Pd/C):w (2,6-DH-MNB)=1:20,reaction temperature 60℃,reaction time 3h,pressure of hydrogen 0.5-1.0MPa.

Lacquer wax was used as the material to prepare high content solid lacquer wax emulsions modified by polyacrylic acid. In the present study,effect on emulsion properties,i.e.,solid content,centrifugal stability,and viscosity,was studied with different factors,including amounts of initiators,temperature,time,and emulsifier content. On this basis,the preparation process for the high content solid lacquer wax emulsions modified by polyacrylic acid was optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal condition was determined as initiator concentration (sodium persulfate) of 0.3%,the reaction temperature of 90℃,the emulsifying time of 300min,and emulsifier content of 10%. The level of emulsion stability was one,the viscosity was 38500mPa·s and the solid content was 60% under the best condition.

Solution polymerization was studied using vinyl acetate made by biological ethylene as monomer,lauroyl peroxide-dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine as non-nitrile compound initiator,methanol as solvent. Influences of reaction temperature,reaction time,dosage of methanol,and dosage of initiator on polymerization exponent and the degree of polymerization were investigated. Reaction condition of vinyl acetate solution polymerization was optimized,and influence extent of factors affecting polymerization exponent and degree of polymerization was determined by using orthogonal experimental design. The results show that the optimum polymerization condition is as follows:reaction temperature 65℃,reaction time 3h,dosage of methanol 10%,dosage of initiator 0.010%. Poly (vinyl alcohol) was obtained,degree of polymerization is 3776,and polymerization exponent is 45.29%. The influence extents of these factors for polymerization exponent are in following order:dosage of initiator >reaction time >dosage of methanol >reaction temperature. The influence extents of these factors for degree of polymerization are in following order:dosage of methanol >dosage of initiator >reaction temperature >reaction time.

The removal technologies of H₂S and PH₃ from crude acetylene gas are summarized. Specific methods as well as the advantages and disadvantages of wet process and dry process respectively are presented. Compared with the dry process,the wet process is more mature with the advantages of low price and easy operation,so it is widely used in removing H₂S and PH₃ from crude acetylene gas. However,the wet process will produce a large amount of wastewater,causing both environmental pollution and waste of water resources. At the same time,dissolved acetylene gas discharged into the sewage causes serious safety risks. Compared with the wet process,the dry process has the advantages of high removal efficiency,safety and pollution free. The dry process after improvement can remove H₂S and PH₃ from crude acetylene gas effectively with easy regeneration of purifying agent,and can overcome the shortcomings of the wet proces. Therefore,removal technology of H₂S and PH₃ from crude acetylene gas with the dry process has broad application prospect. However,the relevant mechanism of simultaneous removal of H₂S and PH₃ should be further studied.

In recent years,the production and use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gradually increased,resulting in higher concentration of AgNPs in the environment. Material flow analysis shows that most of AgNPs in wastewater enter into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs),and finally accumulate in the sludge. Due to the antibacterial property,AgNPs might have adverse effects on microorganisms involved in WWTPs. This paper comprehensively summarizes different sources of AgNPs in water systems (i.e. natural and artificial sources),potential risks to wastewater and sludge treatment facilities,such as the effects on removal efficiencies of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus and anaerobic sludge digestion,and the underlying mechanisms of their toxicities to microorganisms involved in WWTPs. Finally,the development direction of this research field is also discussed. These results can provide a theoretical basis for further investigation of the potential risks of AgNPs to wastewater and sludge treatment systems.

In this paper,the importance of separation method for residuum in petroleum processing is stated. The current main methods of residuum separation are introduced. The principles,characteristics and technological processes of residuum separation are highlighted,such as true boiling point distillation,molecular distillation,supercritical fluid extraction fractionation (SFEF) and chromatography. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods are discussed. The development and application of the study on the separation methods at home and abroad in recent years are reviewed. According to the characteristics of residuum,composition,structure and internal relationship between physical and chemical properties can be systematically revealed by advanced analysis based on combining supercritical fluid technology and chromatography. The diffusion,adsorption and transformation of residuum molecules on the catalyst can be described at the molecular level,and the limitations of lumped kinetics can be broken through. Such is the main trend in residuum separation. It can provide theoretical guidance for the research and development of new catalyst and new technology of residuum processing and has broad application prospect in the petrochemical industry.

The use of microorganisms for the degradation of textile wastewater is considered as a relatively economical and effective method. The paper was aimed to sketch the composition of printing and dyeing wastewater systematically,and to introduce the structure characteristics of refractory pollutants in printing and dyeing wastewater,such as dyes,auxiliaries,and PVA. In addition,the paper was also aimed to summarize the degradation mechanism,the optimal conditions and degradation products on the basis of main components in printing and dyeing wastewater. At present,although the functional bacteria are widely studied in laboratory,due to the high nutrient screening methods,the ability of functional bacteria to adapt the inorganic environment is poor. In this paper the target pollutants are considered as a sole carbon source,nitrogen source and energy to screen the functional bacteria for the study of microbial mechanism. And then the effect of functional bacteria in dyeing wastewater treatment may be maximized.

The effect of ⁶⁰Coγ-ray/H₂O₂ on the performance of sludge protein solution was investigated. The results showed that the sludge protein solution exhibited abundant fine foam,homogeneous texture and good sensory quality after ⁶⁰Coγ-ray/H₂O₂ synergia treatment. Foam fire extinguishing agent and foam concrete were developed by using the sludge protein solution after treatment,both products could meet correspondent quality standard. Cost analysis showed that the ⁶⁰Coγ-ray/H₂O₂ synergia treatment cost was lower and more feasible than chemical methods.

Residual scale inhibitors can cause water quality changes in circulating cooling process,thus affect the performances of reverse osmosis membrane. This study investigated the scale inhibition performance of scale inhibitors,PASP,HEDP and ATMP. The effects on the performance of reverse osmosis membrane were investigated by static test and dynamic test. Results showed that among PASP,HEDP and ATMP,the scale inhibition performances of PASP were best and scale inhibition rate could be as high as 84.21%. All the three materials had certain effects on the surface of the reverse osmosis membrane structure,composition and membrane flux. When the concentration of PASP,HEDP and ATMP was 50mg/L,10mg/L and 30mg/L respectively,the membrane flux decreased by 5.53%,4.89%,9.09%,less than 18.95% of the blank solution. In addition,desalination rates increased.

In coal-fired power plant CO₂ capture, in order to improve capture efficiency, flue gas pretreatment is required. In order to further improve flue gas quality at pretreatment outlet, Aspen Plus simulation was used to optimize flue gas pretreatment to study combination packing, packing layer height, absorbent quantity, and absorbent placed in separated layers,and investigate their influence on content of SO₂ at outlet, desulfurization efficiency and flue gas outlet temperature to determine the optimal process conditions. Adding different kinds of combination packing, different models of combination packing and absorbent placed in separated layers increased desulfurization efficiency and reduced flue gas pretreatment ioutlet temperature. With the increase of packing layer height and quantity of absorbent, flue gas temperature and content of SO₂ at flue gas pretreatment outlet decreased. Optimal packing layer height was 2-4m,and optimal absorbent quantity was (250-350)×10³kg/h.

In order to solve problems in water treatment system of the power station boiler,a new method using the HAZOP and LOPA in risk assessment for anticorrosion and scale inhibition properties was proposed in this paper. The basic principles and calculation steps of LOPA were annotated. The consequence of the hazard scenario was determined by calculating the probability of accidents. And specific implementable recommendations were provided by comparing the risk levels of independent protective layers system and ordinary system. The results showed that the LOPA method in risk assessment for anticorrosion and scale inhibition properties of boiler was feasible,and that recommended measures can reduce risk. Therefore,LOPA can further enrich HAZOP analysis results when introduced into boiler capacity link,and layers of protection analysis risk assessment combined with humanistic management could be a new and effective security management model used by energy enterprise.

As an abundant resource,isobutane has relatively low industrial utilization and reuse. A conventional process was capable of separating isobutane from a mixture of this compound with C₃ and C₄;however,large energy consumption was needed due to high purity requirements.. The current treatment of distillation process is limited to optimizing process parameters,but the heat pump is rarely reported. To solve this problem,this research a designed and optimized the distillation procedure to minimize the energy consumption in the isobutene/n-butane separation. The simulated results of the process showed that the optimal energy-efficient was obtained at 7×10⁵Pa at the top and 7.5×10⁵Pa at the bottom,the circle working flow of 3055.13kmol/h and the compression ratio of 2.286. A thermodynamic analysis for the heat pump system was performed,and compared with conventional process. The results suggested that the new process was able to decrease the energy consumption from 68.16GJ/h to 45.87GJ/h. The proposed heat pump technology could be used as an energy-saving and green technology.

The mono-ethanolamine (MEA) absorption method is considered to be one of the more viable CO₂ capture technologies. In view of technological competition and market application,based on patent analysis the competitiveness of the global MEA technology research and development institutions are compared through patent application quantity,defend regions,citations frequency,collaborating relations among patent holders,core patents and so on. The USA,China and Europe are important areas of patent protection,while the institutions from the USA,Japan and Europe have stronger competitiveness. French Petroleum Institute (IFP) has the most MEA patents,followed by Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kansai Electric Power Co. and Dutch Shell,while the USA has the most institutions for MEA patents. The technologies of MEA patents include MEA absorptive capacity,energy consumption,water consumption,corrosion and degradation. Compared with domestic institutions,foreign institutions pay more emphasis on patent applying protection over many countries and the cited protection of core patents.