Ionic liquids have attracted considerable interest in academical and industrial circles due to their unique properties and have already become the frontier and hot topic of worldwide science and technology in recent years. They have demonstrated broad potential applications and prospect in many domains. This article provides an overview of industrial application of ionic liquids in China and the rest of the world in recent 20 years. Some typical industrial applications of ionic liquids to chemical processes，electrochemistry，performance additives，gas processing，analytical chemistry and energy field are elaborated. Finally，the authors’ opinions concerning the prospect of ionic liquids commercial application are presented，and several existing problems of ionic liquids before large-scale application，such as greenness，basic theory and cost control are analyzed.

This paper briefly reviews the advance in the synthesis of methanol from methane via partial oxidation and the synthesis of methanol from halogenated methane. The heterogeneous oxidation from methane to methanol by molybdenum-based catalyst has a wide perspective of application. By using Pt or Pd complex as catalyst in aqueous homogenous system, methane is converted to methanol with high conversion and selectivity, but the high cost of catalyst, rigorous conditions and serious pollution to the environment prohibit its widespread use. In the gaseous homogenous system under high temperature and pressure, the structure of reactor is very complicated. Although the special enzyme has effective performance, its study is still in the lab due to the difficulty in the preparation of enzyme. It is very interesting that photocatalysis of methane has good prospect in terms of environmental protection, however, the main drawback is the development of novel, highly efficient catalysts. The route from methyl halide to methanol with high conversion and selectivity has unique advantages in methane activation, and attracts close attention in basic and applied research.

Biomass pyrolysis carbonization technology，a way for the utilization of biomass energy，has attracted great attention. Two typical equipments for biomass pyrolysis carbonization，charcoal kilns and fixed bed，were introduced. The structure characteristics and the application area of different kinds of equipments were recounted. These researches have indicated that the fixed bed equipments have shorter production cycle，stronger adaptability for biomass materials and better maneuverability，in which the quality of carbon product is more guaranteed compared with that from charcoal kilns. High efficient，stable and mechanized equipments shall be the main focus for future research and development.

In view of the researches on emergy theory and the complexity of industrial systems，this study reviewed the theoretical research progress and the application of emergy theory on industrial systems. The research progress of hotspots on emergy theory in aspects of establishment and improvement of the emergy indicators system，explanation of emergy algebra and the evaluation of industrial systems combined with other theories were summarized. This study also pointed out the future research directions of emergy theory in building of the unified emergy indicators and evaluating the interior of industrial systems.

This paper summarized the separation mechanisms of small molecular organic compounds (such as sugars，amino acids，PEG，dyes) and electrolyte salt with nanofiltration membranes. This paper reviewed the development of the small molecular organic and electrolyte salt mixtures separations. The key factors of the separation of organic/inorganic complex system using nanofiltration technologies，such as separation mechanism，preparation of membranes with high performance，expanding the solute types and different conditions were also discussed. The application of the separation form the complex system by nanofiltration membrane was prospected.

For such problems as the distribution and change in temperature field in pyrolysis furnace of oil shale, and real-time monitoring of feed distribution, we proposed a detection method for temperature field of pyrolysis furnace based on infrared temperature measurement and infrared image processing, to explore the change relation and variation mechanism between temperature field within pyrolysis furnace and that outside of pyrolysis furnace, to reveal the change of temperature in pyrolysis furnace and achieve the goal of real-time monitoring of changes of temperature field at different parts of oil shale pyrolysis furnace. Through the analysis and reproduction of temperature field at different positions at time intervals of pyrolysis furnace, we can realize the optimum usage of oil shale and other related materials, efficient monitoring and improvement of current technological conditions and processes, automation of temperature measurement in pyrolysis furnace of oil shale as well as timely and visible analysis of temperature and corresponding management.

With an air-CO2-NaOH system，the characteristics of gas pressure-drop and the absorption of CO2 in rotating bed with foamy metal packing have been studied. The results show that the gas pressure-drop of the rotating bed increased when the rotating speed or the gas flow was enhanced，and was independent of liquid flow. The volume mass-transfer coefficient（KGa）increased firstly then decreased with the increasing of rotating speed. KGa decreased linearly with the increasing of gas flow and increased with the increasing of liquid flow. Compared with the normal metal wire packing，the foamy metal packing has better kinetic balance，higher mass transfer efficiency and lower pressure drop.

Energy recovery device (ERD) is of great importance for significantly reducing the power consumption of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. In this research，an innovative separate-chamber type fluid switcher (FS) for the FS-ERD was designed and manufactured to solve the problem of fluctuations of the flow and pressure in current design. Structural characteristics of high-pressure and low-pressure chambers for the fluid switcher were introduced and analyzed. The fluid dynamic performances of the newly designed FS-ERD were tested. The results showed that the high-pressure outlet flow could be continuously pressurized and stabilized by adjusting the openings of the high-pressure chamber. The newly designed FS-ERD could be useful in improving operation safety and reducing manufacturing cost.

Adsorption rate curves and isotherms of p-xylene、m-xylene on KX and CaX zeolites were obtained by conducting static adsorption experiments. The breakthrough curves of p-xylene/m-xylene mixture adsorption on zeolites were obtained by conductin dynamic adsorption experiment. The results showed that static and dynamic adsorption capacities of the xylene isomers on CaX were higher compared to the adsorption capacities on KX. And the separation factor of the xylene isomers on CaX were lower than that on KX. The results indicated that the isotherms of xylene isomers on CaX were consistent with Langmuir isotherm equation and the adsorption kinetic data of zeolites adsorption fitted well with the pseudo-second-order rate equation.

This paper presented a new heat transfer surface——nanotube array surface using Tias the base material and water as the working substance. The experimental study on enhanced heat transfer performances of this new heat transfer surface in boiling pool was investigated. The results showed that under the same conditions, the initial boiling point can be lowered with this new surface, resulting in increased heat transfer coefficient and decreased temperature difference. The maximum heat transfer coefficient could be as high as 136% of the regular Ti heat transfer surface under this experiment conditions.

The decomposition temperature of sodium bicarbonate with different mesh number was studied. Five modifiers，including stearic acid and erucamide，were used to modify sodium bicarbonate by melting method and solution method. The effects of modification were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the mesh number of sodium bicarbonate has influence on its decomposition temperature. The organic coating and modification of sodium bicarbonate can increase the initial decomposition temperature，narrow the range of decomposition temperature and improve the decomposition rate. All of these can be used in the processing of foam plastic. Sodium bicarbonate was modified by melting-method with a mass ratio of 1∶0.5 obtained in the optimized condition，in which its initial decomposition temperature is increased from 115 ℃ to 178 ℃，and its decomposition temperature range is narrowed from 61 ℃ to 25 ℃. The most probable mechanism functions of the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate and modified sodium bicarbonate agree with Avrami-Erofeev equations. The addition of modifiers can increase the nucleation growth factor n and apparent activation energy Ea.

Fresh Jin Xuan tea was dried by microwave drying (MD) technology and hot air drying (HAD) methods，at three different microwave powers (350 W，470 W，700 W) and four different air temperatures (70 ℃，80 ℃，90 ℃，100 ℃) respectively. The effect of drying parameters，namely microwave power and air temperature on drying time and moisture loss were investigated. In the meantime，the rehydration characteristics and the content changes of total tea polyphenol，catechin were analyzed. It is found that MD resulted in 76%—95% decrease in the drying time and the dried products had better rehydration characteristics compared to HAD. However，the content of total tea polyphenol after MD was lower than that after HAD. By increasing the microwave output powers and the air temperature，the drying time could be shortened from 11 min to 6 min and from 127 min to 45 min，respectively. Furthermore，the tea drying kinetic models of these two methods agreed well with Page’s semi-empirical equation.

Azeotropic distillaition was used to separate ethanol-isopropanol mixture. According to principles of the selection of entrainer, 1-hexene was selected for the separation. Aspen plus software was used to simulate continuous and batch azeotropic distillation flow process. In addition, the effectiveness of the selected entrainer was investigated by the batch azeotropic distillation experiment. The results showed that 1-hexene can be a successful entrainer to separate the ethanol-isopropanol mixture. The separation experiment of ethanol-isopropanol mixture by batch azeotropic distillation was carried out in a packed column with 30 theoretical plates. The reflux ratio was 25, and the 1-hexene and ethanol mass ratio was 4∶1. The product mass fraction of isopropanol reached 99.77%．

The relationship of coal properties and entrained-flow gasifiers were described in this paper. Technical features were introduced for coal-water slurry feed gasifiers and dry pulverized coal feed gasifiers. The effects of coal rank，slurryability，heating value，proximate analysis，ultimate analysis，ash fusibility，slag flowability，molten slag corrosion，and ash deposition were discussed for the entrained-flow gasifier selection，design，operating conditions，and gasification performance. The gasifier flexibilities on coal properties were analyzed and typical suitable coal property ranges of the two gasifiers were given. The industrial solutions on various coal property requirements were summarized and the related research & development progress were reviewed. Recommendations were given for the coal properties and gasification technology selection，application，and further research & development directions.

Algae are considered to be the most promising biomass due to their high photosynthetic efficiency，short growth period，large biomass. The research activities and trends in direct liquefaction technology of Chlorella，Spirulina and Dunaliella salina，which had been industrialized，and some other kinds of microalgae were presented in detail. The traditional direct liquefaction process with water and organic solvent as medium were reviewed，and further study focus on new direct liquefaction process，such as normal pressure catalytic liquefaction and co-liquefaction，were provided. Besides，direct liquefaction of some macroalgae was also remarked，and it showed that enhancing research on direct liquefaction of macroalgae is needed.

High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） is a solution to the most important issues which exist in the operation of traditional PEMFC，including CO poisoning and complexity in water and heat management，thus becomes the main focus in fuel cell development. High temperature proton exchange membrane（HT-PEM）is the key component for high temperature operation. The present state-of-art of HT-PEMs is analyzed，including polymers with water as proton solvents，anhydrous membranes and solid-state protonic conductors，with the consideration of the proton conducting mechanism in the membranes. Inorganic/organic composite membranes and anhydrous membranes （especially phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole （PBI） membranes） are regarded as the future focus of HT-PEMs development.

Coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology has become one of the main solutions facing oil crisis in future China. In this paper, the status of CTL is first described, including both indirect coal liquefaction and direct coal liquefaction. Recent policies for domestic CTL industry are then reviewed. The relevant policies show not only its strategic importance and great application potential in national economic development, but also the prudence of government administration on its technical maturity. The strategic importance of CTL, the technical feasibility on this low-carbon process, and the overall economic competitiveness of this industry are further discussed. In order to make this technology “diverse” and “integrated”, it is necessary to strengthen research and development, to promote industrialization, to deep the domestic and international cooperation, and to combine with other advanced technologies.

There are a series of problems on traditional catalysis in the synthesis of DMC from oxidative carbonylation of methanol, including the corrosion to instrument and the loss of catalyst activity for the existence of chlorine. Modified copper catalysts were obtained by loading and adding promoter or ligand and some problems were ameliorated. The modified catalysts were introduced and the mechanisms for them were studied. An active intermediate for CuCl2 or CuCl loaded catalyst is Cu(OCH3)Cl or Cu2(OH)3Cl. When CuCl was mixed with ligand, the formation of methoxide species was affected by the structure, kind and amount of ligand. Free-chloride catalyst was realized for the Cu-zeolite catalyst prepared by solid-state exchange, but with low activity. When Si, Al and Ti oxide were used as zeolites, modifications for the surface of these oxides were implemented and catalytic activity was enhanced. Though the rate-determing step is the insertion of CO to the methoxide species for most of copper catalyst, differences remained in the formation of methoxide species and the production of the insertion of CO to the methoxide species. Further study of the reaction mechanism for the catalysts is still the focus in the future.

The progress of theoretical simulation of catalytic water-gas-shift （WGS） reaction is reviewed，by focusing on the reaction mechanism. As to traditional Cu-Zn-，Fe-Cr-，and Co-Mo-based heterogeneous catalysts，carboxyl and redox mechanisms dominate. Promoters and supports also affect the entire reaction process，and may take part in the reaction process directly. Improved or novel catalysts，such as gold or gold-loaded catalyst have also been explored theoretically，and there is also no end to apprehending respective catalytic reaction mechanism. For those homogeneous catalytic reactions like WGS catalyzed by carbonyls of iron group，the understanding of the reaction mechanism is getting deeper. Theoretical studies are expected to expand from those simple model systems to more complex and real WGS model systems. Theoretical studies will show their advantages，such as convenience and low cost，in comparison with experimental investigation，and also provide successful examples for the design of catalysts.

In recent years，the research of photocatalysts of splitting water under visible light irradiation has attracted much attention，especially the preparation and modification of novel photocatalyst. Recent advance in photocatalytic hydrogen production was reviewed，and the preparation methods of photocatalysts were discussed，such as ion-doping，solid solution，composite semiconductor and co-catalyst. Based on the analysis above，lower utilization ratio of visible light and photochemical conversion efficiency were the most serious problems，and developing efficient and novel photocatalysts and studying the mechanism would be necessary.

Y zeolite was prepared by the hydrothermal method using Kaolin microspheres as the sole all silicon and alminum source. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed Y zeolite with the size of 1 μm. The influences of the n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3) molar ratio，alkali extraction，initial gel alkalinity，directing agent composition and addition time were discussed according to X-ray diffraction analysis. The optimum reaction system was n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=10.0, n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=0.56，n(H2O)/n(Na2O)= 35. Higher or lower basicity would cause P phase emergence. The alkali extraction process was crucial to the synthesis of Y zeolite，and the optimal time was 12 h. The best quality Y zeolite could be obtained by controlling the addition time of the clear liquid directing agent at the end of alkali extraction.

Dynamic covalent bonds have high mechanical strength and stability like ordinary covalent bonds and can reversibly break and rebuild like intermolecular forces (such as hydrogen bonding). The properties of dynamic covalent bonds are introduced. The advantages of building smart gels based on dynamic covalent bonds are described. Specifically，the structure and dynamic chemistry of diarylbibenzo furanone (DABBF)，trithiocarbonate (TTC)，phenylboronic aciddiol ester bond，acylhydrazone bond and disulfide bond are reviewed. The methods of utilizing those dynamic covalent bonds to construct dynamic gels with self-healing properties，including the healing mechanisms，are presented. Combining two or more covalent bonds to construct dynamic gels with more complex responsiveness are proposed. Problems，such as compatibility of the dynamic covalent bonds，spectroscopic methods for characterizing self-healing mechanisms and capabilities，and application-oriented systems need to be further investigated.

Graphene has drawn extensive attention in the field of photocatalysis due to its excellent electronic structure and electronic transmission performance. The latest development of graphene-based nanocomposite，such as graphene and graphene oxide，TiO2/graphene，CdS/graphene and metallate/graphene，in the application of water splitting for hydrogen was summarized. Photosensitization，loading noble metal and doping nonmetal，and how they influence the photocatalysis activity of graphene-based nanocomposites were discussed. Finally，the structure of graphene-based nanocomposite and its underlying mechanism of photocatalytic enhancement were two important factors needing further study. The photocatalysts with higher photocatalytic activity for water splitting producing H2 could be expected.

One-dimensional nanomaterials possess excellent size effect. One-dimensional noble metallic materials display special physical and chemical properties different from corresponding block materials. In this paper，the main methods for the synthesis of controllable one-dimensional noble metallic nanomaterials in recent years were summarized，including template method，polyhydric alcohol revert method，chemical electricity deposited method，metal catalyzed reduction method，and the synthesis methods and mechanisms of one-dimensional noble metallic structures were focused on. With the emphasis on noble metals，such as silver and palladium，the mechanisms for the growth of controllable one-dimensional structures in shape were discussed，and the potential applications of gold and silver one-dimensional nanomaterials in the field of functional materials and biomedicine were also introduced. It is indicated that establishing new theories and methods for the preparation of one-dimensional metallic nano structures in preparation science，together with the model for the nucleation and growth kinetics shall be the focus in further research.

Super-hydrophobic surface is of promising prospect in various industrial products，but it is limited by the weakness of mechanical durability. So it is a vital issue to prepare the robust，durable and abrasion resistant super-hydrophobic surface. The cause of poor durability of super-hydrophobic surface and the method to prepare the robust ones are introduced. The recent progress of preparing man-made super-hydrophobic surface through a variety of methodologies aiming at mechanical stability，oil resistance，and maintainability，is reviewed.

Three hetero telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s were obtained via anionic ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide using three new initiators ：2-(benzyloxy)ethanol potassium、2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethanol potassium，2-allyloxyethanol potassium. The polymerization conditions were as follows：25 ℃，48 h，with equal ethanol and potassium naphthalene feeds. Using the polymerized product from 2-(benzyloxy)ethanol potassium as the start substance，two hetero telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s with two functional end groups were synthesized through a series of reactions，the method was widely applicable to synthesizing hetero telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s. The chemical structure，weight average molecular weight and distribution of the resultant products were characterized by 1H-NMR and GPC. The hetero telechelic poly(ethylene glycol)s that have high yields and controlled molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were obtained.

With the diminishing resources of fossil fuels，searching for sustainable，alternative energy is critically important. In this paper，the recent advances in catalytic hydrogenolysis of sugar alcohols to lower polydric alcohols are reviewed. Ethylene glycol，glycerol，1,3-propylene glycol could be obtained with high selectivity by hydrogenolysis of sugar alcohols. Emphases are laid on the Retro-aldol，Retro-Michael reaction mechanisms and copper，nickel，noble metal based catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of sugar alcohols. The review shows that the future research should be focused on the development of more effective and stable catalysts，the cost reduction for catalysts preparation and the optimization of processing condition.

This paper introduces the principles of dispersion of hydroxyl acrylic resin in water and the selection of polymerization solvent and the co-solvent of water dispersion. It summarizes the latest development in preparing high solids and low viscosity water-borne hydroxyl acrylic resin, including higher temperature of polymerization, choosing peroxide di-tert-pentyl to synthesize low molecular weight and low-degree crosslinking polymers, synthesizing core-shell structure, or branching structure hydroxyl acrylic resin from glycidyl versatate, vinyl versatate, methacrylic acid benzyl ester, (meth) acrylate isobornyl ester, methacrylic acid cyclohexyl ester, methyl acrylic acid tert-butyl cyclohexyl ester and other functional monomers, preparing a specially-structured or low-molecular weight copolymer by using multi-step polymerization technology (with a brief analysis of its principle). In conclusion, this article describes some existing problems about hydroxy acrylic resin aqueous dispersion, including water resistance, solvent resistance, stability, and film-forming properties, and proposes how to solve the above problems, including polymer structure, film-forming mechanism, and coating formulations.

The paper briefly describes the general polymerization mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and some common RAFT agents. The RAFT polymerization is compared with other two kinds of active controlled radical polymerizations [nitrogen oxide mediated free radical polymerization (NMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)]. The recent progress of synthesis of functional polyolefin block copolymers on the basis of RAFT polymerization is reviewed. Six kinds of combined methodologies based on RAFT polymerization aiming at the synthesis of functional polyolefin block copolymers are introduced：① Combination of olefin coordination polymerization and RAFT polymerization，②Combination of living anionic polymerization and RAFT polymerization，③Combination of cationic polymerization and RAFT polymerization，④Combination of Click chemistry and RAFT polymerization，⑤Combination of ring-opening polymerization and RAFT polymerization，⑥Combination of living polymerization of Ylides and RAFT polymerization. Finally，the prospect of the design and synthesis of functional polyolefin block copolymers via the strategy based on RAFT polymerization is presented.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives are important intermediates of cardiovascular drugs and dye. The recent advances in the synthesis and application of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives are reviewed in this paper. Different synthetic methods, including hydrogenation reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, multi-step reaction, multi-component reaction, and domino reaction, are compared, and the applications of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives in medicinal chemistry and dye are also discussed. From the view of synthesis and practical applications, the research perspective of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives is outlined in the end of this paper, which are the development of atom-economic methods and the synthesis and application of enantiomerically pure 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives.

In this paper，the compatibility between solvent and polymer is predicted according to solubility parameter theory，and a theoretical guidance is provided for the synthesis of drag reduction agent (DRA) with high molecular weight. The experiment results show the viscosity-average molecular weight size order of DRA synthesized by aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (n-hexane、n-octane and cyclohexane) and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (cyclohexane、benzene and chlorobenzene) are in accordance with the molecular weight size order of DRA which was synthesized by different solvents predicted according to solubility parameter theory. Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are good solvents for α-olefin polymerization，and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are poor solvents for α-olefin polymerization. Cyclohexane in good solvents is the best solvent for α-olefin polymerization，and is easy to synthesize DRA with large molecular weight. At the same time，the product structure and properties are characterized by simulative loop evaluation apparatus、XRD and 1H-NMR.

The property and pharmacological actions of atorvastatin calcium were introduced briefly. The synthesis route of atorvastatin calcium was analyzed. The (4R-Cis)-6-{2-[2-(4-Fluoro phenyl)]-5-(isopro)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylaminocarbonyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3dioxan-4-tert-butyl acetate was selected as the raw material for the acidification and neutralization of Atorvastatin Calcium, and corresponding synthetic process was optimized. The total yield was 91.29% on the condition of 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 1∶2.2 molar ratio of material and hydrochloric acid, reaction time 75 min. Crude product was re-crystallized with n-hexane and dichloromethane, and formless atorvastatin Calcium was obtained. The structure characterization confirmed that the product was atorvastatin calcium.

The pollution status of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water environments, such as surface water, drinking water and wastewater, over China was introduced in this paper. It was observed that a general pollution of PFCs existed in various water environments, and the pollution level in some places, especially the industrial and densely populated areas, exceeded the average conditions overseas. The main pathways of PFCs pollutions in soil, water and air include the discharge of PFCs from manufacturers and daily use. Common control technologies for PFCs pollutions include advanced oxidation, biodegradation, and adsorption etc. Extended studies on PFCs pollutions in various water environments, especially in groundwater and sediment, would help further understanding on mechanisms of PFCs transformation and degradation, investigation on low-cost and efficient methods of the control of PFCs pollution.

This review focuses on the decontamination technology of two representative chemical warfare agents（CWAs），sarin（GB），mustard gas（HD） and their simulants．Green and environment-friendly decontamination technologies，including supported catalysis and plasma technology，attract the most attention recently．However，the short life span of catalysis and high energy consumption of plasma weaken their potential in further application．We suggest that two technologies can be used in different decontamination condition according to their characters，or they could be combined to degrade CWAs．Besides，the oxidation effect of H2O2 is also considered as a promising decontamination alternatives.

Yellow phosphorus furnace slag is an industrial solid waste from the production of yellow phosphorus in electrical furnace，belonging to the category of chemical residue. The melting yellow phosphorus furnace slag can be divided into water quenching slag and natural cooling phosphorus slag，according to the different cooling methods. Most yellow phosphor furnace slag in China is generated from water quenching. This article reviews the phosphorus slag used in glass-ceramics，cement industry，silicon-calcium fertilizer，subgrade materials，ceramic materials，silica，glass materials，brick，rare earth elements etc. At the same time，the article discusses the heat recovery from melting phosphorus slag when the tapping temperature is from 1200℃ to 1300℃. The direct utilization of melting state phosphorus slag makes architectural decoration glass-ceramics to achieve environmental protection and clean production of yellow phosphorus industry.

An ecological carbon fiber was used as the bio-media in a hydrolysis-acidification- biology-contact oxidation-activated carbon bioreactor to treat to wastewater from printing and dyeing industries. The influences of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and aeration rate on the removal of COD were studied and the microscopic examination was performed. The results showed that the optimal HRT for hydrolysis-acidification and contact-oxidation processes were 10h and 12h respectively, and the optimal gas water ratio was 28∶1 under both conditions. The removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia and color were 85.8%, 86.1%, and 80.6% respectively under the optimal conditions. Effluent water quality met Grade II discharge standards of water pollutants from printing and textile industries. The microscopic examination showed that the microorganism on the bio-media had a preferable growth and high biocompatibility.

The oxidative degradation of 0.1 mmol/L orange G (OG) in Fe2+/H2O2、Fe2+/S2O82－、Fe2+/H2O2-S2O82－ was studied. In the Fe2+/H2O2 reaction, under the optimum condition (pH=3, [H2O2]0=10 mmol/L and [Fe2+]0=1 mmol/L), OG degradation in aqueous solutions with initial concentration of 0.1 mmol/L reached 96% within 30 min. However, retardation was observed if H2O2 was overdosed. Such retardation was not observed in the Fe2+/S2O82－ system, but a nonlinear increment of removal efficiency was identified. Degradation of OG was enhanced with increasing S2O82－ initial concentration but decreased at the presence of hydroxyl ion. In the aqueous system of initial pH value of 3, the optimal operation condition of Fe2+/H2O2-S2O82－ was determined to be H2O2 concentration 2 mmol/L. OG degradation increased with increasing dosage of persulfate. Furthermore，it was experimentally found that the Fe2+/H2O2-S2O82－ process on the other hand showed the best mineralization in OG degradation. The sulfate free radical and hydroxyl free radical produced in the system were determined by molecular probes (ethanol and nitrobenzene) methods, and the reaction mechanism of producing sulfate free radical in the Fe2+/H2O2-S2O82－ system was discussed．

Selective desulfurization from carbon dioxide was investigated by absorption method using sodium acetate solution as the sbsorbent . The absorbent was regenerated by calcium carbonate with gypsum as the by-product. Compared to sodium citrate，desulfurization by sodium acetate would significantly reduce the cost and side reactions. This study was divided into three steps：absorption，oxidation，and regeneration. Effects of different factors on desulfurization efficiency，oxidation rate，and regeneration were investigated under static condition. Results indicated that the absorption ability of the absorbent(0.08 mol/L) was inversely propotional to the temperature. The optimal conditions for oxidation are as follows：catalyst of manganese sulfate 0.03 mol/L，rotational speed 400 r/min，airflow rate 150 mL/min，pH=4.0 and temperature 90 ℃. For the regeneration process，around 0.7 g calcium carbonate should be added to the absorbent and reacted at 90 ℃. After 5 times’ regeneartion，the breakthrough time of the regenerated absorbent was almost the same as fresh one；but the saturated absorption capacity decreased.

A strain of silicate bacteria screened from the surface of bauxite was chosen to carry on its physio-biochemical characteristics in different mineral culture media and desilicon from bauxite. The results showed that the strains of enrichment cultivated in different mineral media have different physio-biochemical characters，and can release major elements containing in corresponding minerals. The strains cultivated in orthoclase，kaolinite and olivine media have stronger abilities of desilicon from bauxite，the SiO2 content intheir supernatants are 0.5—1.0 times higher than the strains cultivated in other minerals. In addition，and the above strains produced more acids and polysaccharides，forming obvious bacterial-mineral complexes in the process of bauxite bioleaching. Strains cultivated in different minerals have selectivity over bio-catalytic. The strains cultivated in olivine，calcite and hematite media have better ability in dissolving，Mg and Fe. The results showed that the strains cultivated in different minerals are able to produce certain inducible enzymes for specific elements. Therefore，certain mineral training strains or mixed mineral training strains can be chosen to decompose bauxite depending on the composition of bauxite.

The formation of hydrates is affected by many factors in which operational parameters are the most prominent variables. Hydration kinetics were analyzed under various initial pressures and operational temperatures using a mixture of 67.7 mol% CH4+32.3 mol% CO2 as the simulating acid natural gas and self-designed experimental apparatus. The designed initial pressures were 3.0 MPa, 3.5 MPa, 4.2 MPa, and 5.0 MPa. Operational temperatures were 1.42 ℃, 3.27 ℃, 5.48 ℃, and 7.45 ℃. Induction time, equilibrium time, formation rate were defined to evaluate kinetics index. Results showed that the concentration of CO2 in gas phase decreases as the initial pressure increases and operational temperature decreases. The formation rate and bulk volume of hydrate increase under the same conditions.

This paper describes the principle and process of removing oxygenated contaminants for post-MTBE C4 in the liquid state at normal temperature, and also introduces the industrial application of SQ112 adsorbent and 4A molecular sieve for the purification of post-MTBE C4 in n-butene isomerization to i-butene. Under 0.4～0.8 MPa，single column liquid space velocity 1 h－1，and at normal temperature，dimethyl ether and methanol in post-MTBE C4 could be removed from 50～150 mg/kg to less than 1 mg/kg, and MTBE in post-MTBE C4 could be removed from 50～200 mg/kg to less than 1 mg/kg. After purification, post-MTBE C4 could meet the requirement of isomerization catalysts. SQ112 adsorbent could be regenerated by steam regeneration with stable adsorption capacity and high catalytic activity.