Abstract:

Liposomes are artificially prepared hollow microspheres, which are assembled from cholesterol, phospholipids and their derivatives. Depending on the diversified phospholipid components, particle size and hollow spherical structure, and a series of electrical, mechanical, material and surface interface characteristics, liposomes have excellent biocompatibility and metabolic properties, targeting and microenvironment response ability. Liposomes have been widely studied in the fields of drug delivery, disease diagnosis, high-end daily chemicals and functional food development. Nano biomedical delivery system is the most successful application of liposomes. Research results and mature products continue to emerge. Based on this, starting from the structural characteristics such as liposome molecular composition, spatial characteristics, electrical characteristics and surface interface mechanics, this paper defines the core points of liposome functional design, innovating preparation technology to improve drug loading and entrapment efficiency, strengthening the enrichment of target sites through surface modification, combining exogenous physical stimulation with structural design to achieve programmed drug release and enhancing membrane penetrating ability to complete the effective entry of liposomes into cells. Combined with the latest research, this paper summarizes the clinical application of liposomes carrying drugs, nucleic acids, vaccines and other substances.

Key words: liposomes, delivery system, functional structure, application progress

摘要：

脂质体是人工制备的中空微球，由胆固醇、磷脂及其衍生物组装而成。得益于多样化的磷脂组分、粒径和中空球形结构，综合一系列电学、力学、材料学、表界面学特点，脂质体拥有优异的生物相容性和代谢属性，并具有靶向性和微环境响应能力，在药物递送、疾病诊断、高端日化及功能食品开发等领域有广泛研究。脂质体最成功的应用方式是作为纳米生物医药递送系统，研究成果和成熟产品不断涌现。基于此，本文从脂质体分子组成、空间特性、电学特性、表界面力学等结构特征出发，明确脂质体功能化设计核心要点，即创新制备技术以提升载药量和包封率，通过表面修饰以加强目标部位富集，将外源物理刺激与结构设计结合以实现程序释药，增强穿膜能力以完成有效入胞。结合最新研究，本文对脂质体负载药物、核酸、疫苗等成分的临床应用情况进行总结。

关键词: 脂质体, 递送系统, 功能结构, 应用进展