Carbon footprint quantification and assessment of combined heat and power generation products

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0792

Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (7): 4233-4240.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0792

• Resources and environmental engineering • Previous Articles

Carbon footprint quantification and assessment of combined heat and power generation products

LIU Hanxiao¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), SHAN Sike²^,⁵, FANG Jian⁶, LIN Qingyang⁷, YU Liyuan¹, FANG Ni⁶, LIU Xiaowei³, LIU Zhong², LU Shijian⁸()

^1.Feida Environmental Protection Technology Co. , Ltd. , Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, China
^2.North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
^4.Zhejiang Environmental Protection Group Eco-Environmental Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
^5.CR Power Energy Science and Technology Co. , Ltd. , Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
^6.Zhejiang Juhua Thermoelectric Co. , Ltd. , Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
^7.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
^8.Carbon Neutrality Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China

Received:2024-05-13 Revised:2024-08-03 Online:2025-08-04 Published:2025-07-25
Contact: LIU Hanxiao, LU Shijian

热电联产的产品碳足迹量化与评价

刘含笑¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 单思珂²^,⁵, 方建⁶, 林青阳⁷, 于立元¹, 方倪⁶, 刘小伟³, 刘忠², 陆诗建⁸()

^1.浙江菲达环保科技股份有限公司，浙江诸暨 311800
^2.华北电力大学，北京 102206
^3.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074
^4.浙江省环保集团生态环保研究院有限公司，浙江杭州 310000
^5.润电能源科学技术有限公司，河南郑州 450018
^6.浙江巨化热电有限公司，浙江衢州 324000
^7.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江杭州 310000
^8.中国矿业大学碳中和研究院，江苏徐州 221008

通讯作者: 刘含笑,陆诗建
作者简介:刘含笑（1987—），男，博士，高级工程师，硕士生导师，研究方向为大气污染治理及双碳技术。E-mail：gutounan@163.com。
基金资助:
浙江省“尖兵”计划(2022C03030);国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3701501)

Abstract

Abstract:

For the distribution of cogeneration life cycle carbon footprint results, the distribution principle of four distribution methods based on the heat power ratio, based on heating ratio, based on fixed proportion and based on separate production efficiency, was introduced. Combined with the practical cases, carbon footprint assessment was conducted, and the effects of four distribution methods in the actual assessment of cogeneration carbon footprint were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the distribution method based on thermal power ratio was more biased to electric power in terms of carbon footprint results, while the distribution method based on fixed ratio was more biased to thermal power. The distribution methods based on the heating ratio and based on separate production efficiency had good distribution effect for thermoelectric distribution. The distribution method based on the heating ratio was legal method in China for organization carbon thermoelectric distribution, which had a good promotion basis, and although distribution effect of the method based on the separate production efficiency was good, but it still need to determine the localization of default value. Further analysis of the case showed when the heating ratio of the unit was 0.6—0.7, the comprehensive carbon footprint was lowest, and maintaining the heating ratio of the cogeneration unit in a certain range, which was near the minimum coal consumption index of the unit, could keep a low-carbon footprint.

Key words: combined heat and power generation, life cycle, carbon footprint, thermal power plant, carbon emission distribution

摘要：

针对热电联产生命周期碳足迹结果的分配方式，对基于热电比、基于供热比、基于固定比例和基于单独生产效率的分配方式进行了原理上的介绍和分析，并结合实例进行了碳足迹评估，对四种分配方法在热电联产碳足迹实际评估中的效果进行了对比分析。结果表明：基于热电比的分配方式在碳足迹结果分配上较为偏向电力，基于固定比例的分配方式则较为偏向热力。基于供热比和基于单独生产效率的分配方式对热电分配有较好的分配效果，基于供热比的分配方法是我国法定的对组织碳进行热电分配的方法，具有良好的推广基础，基于单独生产效率的分配方法虽然分配效果较好，但需要确定本土化缺省值。对案例进一步分析可得：本案例的机组供热比在0.6~0.7时碳足迹最低，热电联产机组在运行时供热比在一定范围可以保证低碳足迹，这个范围在机组的最低煤耗指标附近。

关键词: 热电联产, 生命周期, 碳足迹, 热电厂, 碳排放分配

CLC Number:

TM621

LIU Hanxiao, SHAN Sike, FANG Jian, LIN Qingyang, YU Liyuan, FANG Ni, LIU Xiaowei, LIU Zhong, LU Shijian. Carbon footprint quantification and assessment of combined heat and power generation products[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(7): 4233-4240.

刘含笑, 单思珂, 方建, 林青阳, 于立元, 方倪, 刘小伟, 刘忠, 陆诗建. 热电联产的产品碳足迹量化与评价[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(7): 4233-4240.

Figures/Tables 8

References 21

[22]	SCHMIDT Mario, NILL Moritz, SCHOLZ Johannes. Determining the scope 3 emissions of companies[J]. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2022, 45(7): 1218-1230.
[23]	燃煤发电产品碳足迹量化与评价方法: T/ [S].
	Carbon footprint quantification and assessment method for the coal-fired power generation product: T/ [S].
[24]	陈公达, 邹祥波, 卢锐, 等. 中外火电企业碳排放统计方法与质量控制现状分析[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(10): 54-60.
	CHEN Gongda, ZOU Xiangbo, LU Rui, et al. Domestic and international statistical methods and quality control status for carbon emission from fossil-fired power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10): 54-60.
[25]	TAO Ming, CHENG Wenqing, NIE Kemi, et al. Life cycle assessment of underground coal mining in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 805: 150231.
[26]	SONG Xiaocong, DU Shuai, DENG Chenning, et al. Carbon emissions in China’s steel industry from a life cycle perspective: Carbon footprint insights[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2025, 148: 650-664.
[27]	彭美春, 朱兵禄, 胡红斐, 等. 重型货运车辆碳排放特性研究[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2016, 16(1): 269-272.
	PENG Meichun, ZHU Binglu, HU Hongfei, et al. Study on the carbon emission characteristics of the heavy duty freight trucks[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2016, 16(1): 269-272.
[28]	生态环保部.关于做好2023—2025年发电行业企业温室气体排放报告管理有关工作的通知[EB/OL].(2023-02-04)[2023-10-23].
	The Ministry of Ecology and Environmental Protection. Notice on the Management of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report of Enterprises in the Power Generation Industry in 2023-2025 [EB/OL]. (2023-02-04)[2023-10-23].
[29]	侯萍, 王洪涛, 张浩, 等. 用于组织和产品碳足迹的中国电力温室气体排放因子[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012, 32(6): 961-967.
	HOU Ping, WANG Hongtao, ZHANG Hao, et al. GreenHouse gas emission factors of Chinese power grids for organization and product carbon footprint[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012, 32(6): 961-967.
[30]	OROZCO Christian, BABEL Sandhya, TANGTERMSIRIKUL Somnuk, et al. Comparison of environmental impacts of fly ash and slag as cement replacement materials for mass concrete and the impact of transportation[J]. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2024, 39: e00796.
[31]	李莹, 段鹏选, 倪文, 等. 基于生命周期的工业副产石膏制备胶凝材料碳足迹评价[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2023, 42(6): 1921-1930.
	LI Ying, DUAN Pengxuan, NI Wen, et al. Carbon footprint assessment of cementitious materials prepared from industrial by-product gypsum based on life cycle[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2023, 42(6): 1921-1930.
[32]	NATH Pradip, SARKER Prabir K, BISWAS Wahidul K. Effect of fly ash on the service life, carbon footprint and embodied energy of high strength concrete in the marine environment[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2018, 158: 1694-1702.
[33]	张新宇. 燃煤热电厂二氧化碳排放特性与关键参数预测研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2023.
	ZHANG Xinyu. Study on carbon dioxide emission characteristics and key parameter prediction of coal-fired thermal power plant[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2023.
[1]	中华人民共和国外交部.习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话(全文)[EB/OL].[2024-02-27](2020-09-22).
	The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Speech by President Xi Jinping at the General Debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (full text)[EB/OL]. [2024-02-27](2020-09-22).
[2]	张尤俊. 多热源互补热电联产灵活供热系统集成机理与运行优化研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2023.
	ZHANG Youjun. Study on integration mechanism and operation optimization of multi-heat source complementary cogeneration flexible heating system[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2023.
[3]	吴艺楠, 李冬, 赵芳, 等. 建设项目环境影响评价中温室气体排放核算方法——以火电项目为例[J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2022, 12(6): 1890-1897.
	WU Yinan, LI Dong, ZHAO Fang, et al. Research on greenhouse gas emissions accounting methods in environmental impact assessment of construction projects: A case of thermal power project[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2022,12(6): 1890-1897.
[4]	赵芮熙, 朱坤萍, 焦洋. 低碳贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策研究——以河北省为例[J].商业经济, 2022(9): 84-87.
	ZHAO Ruixi, ZHU Kunping, JIAO Yang. The influence and countermeasures of low-carbon trade barriers on China’s export trade: A case study of Hebei Province[J]. Business & Economy, 2022(9): 84-87.
[5]	周元清.中国规模化生猪养殖碳足迹评估方法与案例研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2018: 6.
	ZHOU Yuanqing. Evaluation method and case study of carbon footprint of large-scale pig breeding in China[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2018: 6.
[6]	蒋国安, 涂朝阳, 王文飚, 等. 基于能值的热、电成本分摊方法[J].电力科技与环保, 2021, 37(3): 17-23.
	JIANG Guoan, TU Chaoyang, WANG Wenbiao, et al. A cost allocation method of heat and power based on energy value[J]. Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection, 2021, 37(3): 17-23.
[7]	BUCHENAU Nadja, HANNEN Conrad, HOLZAPFEL Peter, et al. Allocation of carbon dioxide emissions to the by-products of combined heat and power plants: A methodological guidance[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 2023, 4: 100069.
[8]	李慧君, 李飞宇, 蒋长辉. 基于外部键系数的热电成本分摊比方法研究[J].电力科学与工程, 2019, 35(7): 68-73.
	LI Huijun, LI Feiyu, JIANG Changhui. Study of heat-power cost apportionment method on the basis of coefficient of external bonds[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2019, 35(7): 68-73.
[9]	郭聪, 田贯三. 热电联产中热电效益分摊的应用分析[J]. 山东建筑大学学报, 2018, 33(4): 56-61.
	GUO Cong, TIAN Guansan. Application analysis of thermoelectric benefit allocation in combined heat and power production[J]. Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University, 2018, 33(4): 56-61.
[10]	TERESHCHENKO Tymofii, NORD Natasa. Uncertainty of the allocation factors of heat and electricity production of combined cycle power plant[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 76: 410-422.
[11]	HOLMBERG Henrik, TUOMAALA Mari, HAIKONEN Turo, et al. Allocation of fuel costs and CO₂-emissions to heat and power in an industrial CHP plant: Case integrated pulp and paper mill[J]. Applied Energy, 2012, 93: 614-623.
[12]	国家能源局. 火力发电厂技术经济指标计算方法: [S]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2015: 36.
	National Energy Bureau of the People’s Republic of China. Calculating method of economical and technical index for thermal power plant: [S]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2015: 36.
[13]	HERRERA Ana M N, ESTEVES Elisa M M, MORGADO Cláudia R V, et al. Carbon footprint analysis of bioenergy production from cattle manure in the Brazilian central-west[J]. BioEnergy Research, 2021, 14(4): 1265-1276.
[14]	虞熠鹏, 时伟, 刘成刚, 等.一种基于能量品位的燃气-蒸汽联合循环热电联产机组热电成本分摊方法[J]. 能源工程, 2021, 41(2): 72-76.
	YU Yipeng, SHI Wei, LIU Chenggang, et al. The heat-electricity cost apportion method in gas-steam CHP units baesd on energy grade[J]. Energy Engineering, 2021, 41(2): 72-76.
[15]	钱增学. 热电联产企业碳排放数据处理及减排对策研究[J]. 合成技术及应用, 2022, 37(3): 48-51, 55.
	QIAN Zengxue. Research on carbon emission data processing and emission reduction countermeasures of cogeneration enterprises[J]. Synthetic Technology & Application, 2022, 37(3): 48-51, 55.
[16]	刘嘉康. 考虑碳交易的热电联产机组经济运行方式研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2023: 13.
	LIU Jiakang. Study on economic operation mode of cogeneration unit considering carbon trading[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2023: 13.
[17]	国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 环境管理生命周期评价要求与指南: [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008.
	General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Requirements and guidelines: [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2008.
[18]	田涛. 炼化企业自备电站热力产品碳排放因子研究[J]. 石油石化绿色低碳, 2018, 3(5): 1-5.
	TIAN Tao. Study on carbon emission factors for energy products in self-owned power plants of refinery and petrochemical enterprises[J]. Green Petroleum & Petrochemicals, 2018, 3(5): 1-5.
[19]	刘含笑, 吴黎明, 林青阳, 等. 碳足迹评估技术及其在重点工业行业的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2201-2218.
	LIU Hanxiao, WU Liming, LIN Qingyang, et al. Carbon footprint assessment technology and its application in key industries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2201-2218.
[20]	刘明达, 蒙吉军, 刘碧寒. 国内外碳排放核算方法研究进展[J]. 热带地理, 2014, 34(2): 248-258.
	LIU Mingda, MENG Jijun, LIU Bihan. Progress in the studies of carbon emission estimation[J]. Tropical Geography, 2014, 34(2): 248-258.
[21]	刘顺妮, 林宗寿, 张小伟. 硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价方法初探[J]. 中国环境科学, 1998, 18(4): 328-332.
	LIU Shunni, LIN Zongshou, ZHANG Xiaowei. Studies on the life circle assessment of Portland cement[J]. China Environmental Science, 1998, 18(4): 328-332.

数据种类	数据名称	数量
燃料	煤耗量/t	161982
	单位热值含碳量/t C·GJ^-1	0.026700252
	柴油/t	512
	铁路运输距离/km	1500
	公路运输距离/km	360
产品	年供电量/MWh	163348.75
产品	年供热量/GJ	3333000
辅料	液氨用量/t	509
	石灰石用量/t	229
	盐酸用量/t	223
	氢氧化钠用量/t	19
	次氯酸钠用量/t	60
	絮凝剂用量/t	19
废物	石膏产量/t	9416
废物	除尘灰产量/t	4187

数据种类	数据名称	数量
燃料	煤耗量/t	161982
	单位热值含碳量/t C·GJ^-1	0.026700252
	柴油/t	512
	铁路运输距离/km	1500
	公路运输距离/km	360
产品	年供电量/MWh	163348.75
产品	年供热量/GJ	3333000
辅料	液氨用量/t	509
	石灰石用量/t	229
	盐酸用量/t	223
	氢氧化钠用量/t	19
	次氯酸钠用量/t	60
	絮凝剂用量/t	19
废物	石膏产量/t	9416
废物	除尘灰产量/t	4187

单元过程	排放因子	来源
煤炭开采	0.499kg CO₂/kg	[25]
铁路运输	0.010kg CO₂/(t·km)	[26]
货运	0.052kg CO₂/(t·km)	[27]
外购电	0.570t CO₂/MWh	[28]
工艺水	1.905×10^-3kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
尿素	2.898kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
液氨	5.316kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
石灰石生产	2.816×10^-3kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
特种润滑油	1.457kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
绝缘油	1.457kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
柴油生产	0.853kg CO₂/kg	[29]
除尘灰	-0.216kg CO₂/kg	[30]
石膏	-0.099kg CO₂/kg	[31]
粉煤灰	-0.253kg CO₂/kg	[32]

单元过程	排放因子	来源
煤炭开采	0.499kg CO₂/kg	[25]
铁路运输	0.010kg CO₂/(t·km)	[26]
货运	0.052kg CO₂/(t·km)	[27]
外购电	0.570t CO₂/MWh	[28]
工艺水	1.905×10^-3kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
尿素	2.898kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
液氨	5.316kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
石灰石生产	2.816×10^-3kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
特种润滑油	1.457kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
绝缘油	1.457kg CO₂/kg	Ecoinvent3.8数据库
柴油生产	0.853kg CO₂/kg	[29]
除尘灰	-0.216kg CO₂/kg	[30]
石膏	-0.099kg CO₂/kg	[31]
粉煤灰	-0.253kg CO₂/kg	[32]

分配方式	电力碳足迹		热力碳足迹
分配方式	总值/t CO₂	单位碳足迹/kg CO₂·kWh^-1	总值/t CO₂	单位碳足迹/kg CO₂·kJ^-1
基于热电比	81677	0.50	462907	1.4×10^-4
基于供热比	113491	0.69	431093	1.3×10^-4
基于固定系数	166692	1.02	377892	1.1×10^-4
基于单独生产效率	135532	0.83	409052	1.2×10^-4

Carbon footprint quantification and assessment of combined heat and power generation products

热电联产的产品碳足迹量化与评价

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 21

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	CHENG Yun, ZHOU Xiaoli, CAO Zhiqiang, ZHOU Jie, DONG Weiliang, JIANG Min. Comparison of the environmental impacts of waste PET enzymatic depolymerization and alkaline hydrolysis through LCA [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2788-2797.
[2]	FU Zijun, SONG Xuehang, SHEN Qun, WANG Xiaobo, GU Jiaming, WANG Danfeng, WEI Wei, SUN Nannan. Carbon footprint analysis of integrated CO₂ capture and methanation technology based on life cycle assessment [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2879-2887.
[3]	LI Jingying, MA Longfei, PAN Yibo, LU Shan, ZHANG Hongjuan, XU Long, MA Xiaoxun. Life cycle environmental analysis of coke oven gas to liquefied natural gas based on decarburization and methanation processes [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2872-2879.
[4]	DI Zichen, LEI Feixia, CHANG Chenggong, CHEN Wenhui, CHENG Fangqin. Evaluation of hydrocarbon resource utilization potential and low-carbon path in the coking industry [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2862-2871.
[5]	LI Jingying, MA Longfei, ZHANG Hongjuan, PAN Yibo, LU Shan, XU Long, MA Xiaoxun. Current status and research progress of life cycle assessment method in pharmaceutical field [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2851-2861.
[6]	XU Bing, ZHANG Qian, WU Huanhuan, SHAO Guangyi, TIAN Shuwen, CHAI Wenming, ZHANG Ming, YAO Hong. Carbon footprint analysis and environmental impact assessment of integrated membrane process for fracturing flowback fluid based on LCA [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(12): 7105-7114.
[7]	GAO Wenfang, CUI Tian’ao, ZHAO Xinning, CUI Han, ZENG Xianju, LI Huajie, LU Jianghua, LYU Longyi, SUN Zhi. Critical review on life cycle carbon footprint assessment of lithium-ion battery [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(12): 6983-6994.
[8]	MENG Xingyu, ZONG Yuhang, ZHANG Xihua, YAN Wenyi, SUN Zhi. Analysis on material flows and carbon emissions of nickel resources in China [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(11): 6563-6572.
[9]	HUANG Zhixin, WANG Junyao, YUAN Xiangzhou, DENG Shuai, ZHAO Jie, ZHANG Xinyi. Research advances on upcycling organic solid waste into CO₂ adsorbents: A cross-research review [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5748-5764.
[10]	YANG Mengru, PENG Qin, CHANG Yulong, QIU Shuxing, ZHANG Jianbo, JIANG Xia. Research progress of carbon emission reduction technology with biochar replacing pulverized coal/coke for blast furnace ironmaking [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(1): 490-500.
[11]	SUO Hansheng, JIA Mengda, SONG Guang, LIU Dongqing. Digital twin-driving force for petrochemical smart factory [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3365-3373.
[12]	HOU Dianbao, HE Maoyong, CHEN Yugang, YANG Haiyun, LI Haimin. Application analysis of resource allocation optimization and circular economy in development and utilization of potassium resources [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3197-3208.
[13]	LIU Hanxiao, WU Liming, LIN Qingyang, ZHOU Ye, LUO Xiang, GUI Zhijun, LIU Xiaowei, SHAN Sike, ZHU Qianlin, LU Shijian. Carbon footprint assessment technology and its application in key industries [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2201-2218.
[14]	ZHU Jiaxing, HAO Lin, LIU Guozhao, WEI Hongyuan. Research progress and prospect on inherent safety assessment methods for chemical processes [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(8): 4009-4024.
[15]	MA Youfu, WANG Ziwen, LYU Junfu. Simulation of off-design performance of an efficient power generation system with cold-ends optimization using hot air recirculation [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(5): 2340-2347.