Platinum-based catalysts for SO2 depolarized electrolysis

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1169

Abstract

Abstract:

The research progress of platinum-based SO₂ depolarized electrolysis (SDE) anode catalysts is reviewed in this paper. Because of the outstanding electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and effective resistance to H₂S and other sulfur-containing poisonings, platinum-based catalysts are considered as the best choice for SDE anode. By introducing non-precious metal such as Al, Cr and Ni, the performance of platinum-based catalysts can be effectively improved and the amount of Pt can be reduced. In terms of the support, the effects of activated carbon, graphite, carbon black, graphene and SiC/TiC on the properties were reviewed and discussed. In addition, the effects of catalyst preparation technology on the structural parameters and performance of catalysts were also discussed. Although many research results have been achieved, there are still insufficient studies on the long-term stability of platinum-based SDE anode catalysts and the interactions among metal elements in polymetallic catalysts. Further optimization of catalyst design and carrier screening/modification, development of new preparation processes, improvement of Pt utilization and catalyst activity and stability, are the keys of future research.

Key words: hydrogen production, hybrid sulfur cycle, SO₂ depolarized electrolysis, platinum based catalyst

摘要：

综述了铂基SO₂去极化电解（SDE）阳极催化剂的研究进展。SDE阳极反应条件苛刻，铂基催化剂因具备良好的导电性、抗腐蚀性，并能够有效抵抗H₂S等硫物质的毒化，成为SDE阳极催化剂的首选。通过引入Al、Cr、Ni等非贵金属元素，可有效提高铂基催化剂性能并减少Pt的用量。在载体方面，综述和讨论了活性炭、石墨、炭黑、石墨烯以及SiC/TiC等对铂基催化剂性能的影响，此外分析了催化剂制备工艺对催化剂结构参数和性能的影响。尽管已经取得了很多研究成果，但当前对铂基SDE阳极催化剂的长期稳定性、多金属催化剂各金属元素间的相互作用等方面的研究尚较少，进一步优化催化剂设计、加强载体筛选及其改性，开发新的制备工艺，提高Pt利用率及催化剂的活性和稳定性，是未来相关研究的关键所在。

关键词: 制氢, 混合硫循环, 二氧化硫去极化电解, 铂基催化剂

CLC Number:

TQ15

XIE Luyao, CHEN Songzhe, WANG Laijun, ZHANG Ping. Platinum-based catalysts for SO₂ depolarized electrolysis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.

谢璐垚, 陈崧哲, 王来军, 张平. 用于SO₂去极化电解制氢的铂基催化剂[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.

Figures/Tables 16

路径1（HSO₃^*中间体）	路径2（SO₃^*中间体）
$S * + 4 H 2 O → H 2 S O 4 * + 6 H + + 6 e - + * (总反应)$
$S * + 2 H 2 O → S O 2 * + 4 H + + 4 e -$	$S * + 2 H 2 O → S O 2 * + 4 H + + 4 e -$
$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$	$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$
$S O 2 * + O H * → H S O 3 * + *$	$O H * → O * + H + + e -$
$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$	$S O 2 * + O * → S O 3 * + *$
$H S O 3 * + O H * → H 2 S O 4 + 2 *$	$S O 3 * + H 2 O → H 2 S O 4 + *$

路径1（HSO₃^*中间体）	路径2（SO₃^*中间体）
$S * + 4 H 2 O → H 2 S O 4 * + 6 H + + 6 e - + * (总反应)$
$S * + 2 H 2 O → S O 2 * + 4 H + + 4 e -$	$S * + 2 H 2 O → S O 2 * + 4 H + + 4 e -$
$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$	$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$
$S O 2 * + O H * → H S O 3 * + *$	$O H * → O * + H + + e -$
$* + H 2 O → O H * + H + + e -$	$S O 2 * + O * → S O 3 * + *$
$H S O 3 * + O H * → H 2 S O 4 + 2 *$	$S O 3 * + H 2 O → H 2 S O 4 + *$

周期	元素	催化活性研究方法	密度泛函理论分析结果^[23]	实验测试结果
第五周期	Nb	密度泛函理论分析	0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高	—
	Mo	密度泛函理论分析	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率满	—
	Ru	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下催化活性较好^[33]
	Ru	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	50℃、2mol/L H₂SO₄（10^-3mol/L SO₂）条件下催化活性较差^[19]
第五周期	Rh	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下几乎没有催化活性^[33]
	Rh	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	50℃、2mol/L H₂SO₄（10^-3mol/L SO₂）条件下催化活性最高，但活性随电解过程衰减严重^[19]
	Pd	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较快	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下催化活性最好^[33]
	Ag	密度泛函理论分析	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	—
第六周期	Ta	密度泛函理论分析	0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高	—
	W	密度泛函理论分析	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率慢	—
	Re	实验测试	—	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下几乎没有催化活性^[33]
	Os	密度泛函理论分析	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	—
	Ir	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下几乎没有催化活性^[33]
	Ir	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率较慢	50℃、2mol/L H₂SO₄（10^-3mol/L SO₂）条件下催化活性较差^[19]
	Pt	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	反应活性中等,模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率快	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下催化活性较好^[33]
	Pt	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	反应活性中等,模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率快	50℃、2mol/L H₂SO₄（10^-3mol/L SO₂）条件下催化性能较好（最优选择）
	Au	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率快	25℃、50% H₂SO₄（饱和SO₂）条件下催化活性较好^[33]
	Au	密度泛函理论分析实验测试	模拟的归一化SO₂氧化速率快	50℃、2mol/L H₂SO₄（10^-3mol/L SO₂）条件下催化活性较好^[19]

引入过渡金属元素	测试体系	测试条件	催化性能是否提升（与Pt/C相比）	备注
Ir	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	电压1.6~1.8V时电流密度较大	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系以及碳载体不同造成的
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大
	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—
Ru	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—	结论不同原因可能是催化剂构型不同造成的
	三电极体系	20℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[41]	电压0.5~1.3V时归一化电流密度大
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大
Rh	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	—	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的
Rh	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	归一化电流密度提高	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的
Al	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	室温、3mol/L H₂SO₄ （含0.9mol/L SO₂）^[37]	催化活性提高
Cr	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35-36]	ECSA略有增加;开路电压小；电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大	Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构，增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数，产生了电子效应和几何效应
Cr	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35-36]	ECSA略有增加;开路电压小；电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大	Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构，增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数，产生了电子效应和几何效应
Co	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	ECSA略有增加
Fe	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	ECSA略有增加
Pd	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	—	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系、测试环境、载体不同造成的
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	归一化电流升高;稳定性增加
	三电极体系	25℃，1mol/L H₂SO₄, 100mmol/L SO₂^[38]	SO₂氧化电解的平均起始电压小,稳定性增加
Cu	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	—
Ni	三电极体系	25℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[42]	电压0.6~1.0V时归一化电流密度大
Co、Cr	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—
Pd、Al	三电极体系	60℃，1mol/L H₂SO₄+1mol/L Na₂SO₃^[40]	归一化电流密度大

引入过渡金属元素	测试体系	测试条件	催化性能是否提升（与Pt/C相比）	备注
Ir	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	电压1.6~1.8V时电流密度较大	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系以及碳载体不同造成的
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大
	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—
Ru	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—	结论不同原因可能是催化剂构型不同造成的
	三电极体系	20℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[41]	电压0.5~1.3V时归一化电流密度大
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大
Rh	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	—	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的
Rh	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	归一化电流密度提高	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的
Al	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	室温、3mol/L H₂SO₄ （含0.9mol/L SO₂）^[37]	催化活性提高
Cr	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35-36]	ECSA略有增加;开路电压小；电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大	Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构，增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数，产生了电子效应和几何效应
Cr	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35-36]	ECSA略有增加;开路电压小；电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大	Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构，增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数，产生了电子效应和几何效应
Co	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	ECSA略有增加
Fe	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	ECSA略有增加
Pd	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[36]	—	结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系、测试环境、载体不同造成的
	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	归一化电流升高;稳定性增加
	三电极体系	25℃，1mol/L H₂SO₄, 100mmol/L SO₂^[38]	SO₂氧化电解的平均起始电压小,稳定性增加
Cu	两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA)	80℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[8]	—
Ni	三电极体系	25℃，56% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[42]	电压0.6~1.0V时归一化电流密度大
Co、Cr	三电极体系	25℃，30% H₂SO₄ （饱和SO₂）^[35]	—
Pd、Al	三电极体系	60℃，1mol/L H₂SO₄+1mol/L Na₂SO₃^[40]	归一化电流密度大

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Platinum-based catalysts for SO₂ depolarized electrolysis

用于SO₂去极化电解制氢的铂基催化剂

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