Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 1103-1117.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0899
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SUN Xiao1,2(), ZHU Guangtao1, PEI Aiguo3
Received:
2022-05-16
Revised:
2022-06-13
Online:
2023-04-10
Published:
2023-03-15
Contact:
SUN Xiao
通讯作者:
孙潇
作者简介:
孙潇(1993—),女,博士,研究方向为低温工程。E-mail:sunxiao@gedi.com.cn。
基金资助:
CLC Number:
SUN Xiao, ZHU Guangtao, PEI Aiguo. Industrialization and research progress of hydrogen liquefier[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(3): 1103-1117.
孙潇, 朱光涛, 裴爱国. 氢液化装置产业化与研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1103-1117.
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URL: https://hgjz.cip.com.cn/EN/10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0899
文献 | 美国 | 加拿大 | 欧洲 | 亚洲 (含中国) | 中国 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Krasae-in等①(2010)[ | 214 | 81 | 29.4 | 20.6 | 0.6 |
Aasadnia和Mehrpooya①(2018)[ | 214 | 81 | 29.4 | 29.2 | 0.6 |
Decker(2019)[ | 241 | 51 | 20 | 33.5 | 2.5 |
陈双涛等(2020)[ | >326 | 80 | 24 | 38.3 | 4 |
Elgowainy和Frank(2022)[ | 206 | 57 | — | — | — |
文献 | 美国 | 加拿大 | 欧洲 | 亚洲 (含中国) | 中国 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Krasae-in等①(2010)[ | 214 | 81 | 29.4 | 20.6 | 0.6 |
Aasadnia和Mehrpooya①(2018)[ | 214 | 81 | 29.4 | 29.2 | 0.6 |
Decker(2019)[ | 241 | 51 | 20 | 33.5 | 2.5 |
陈双涛等(2020)[ | >326 | 80 | 24 | 38.3 | 4 |
Elgowainy和Frank(2022)[ | 206 | 57 | — | — | — |
建设年份 | 经营者 | 所在城市 | 液氢产量 /t·d-1 | 设备来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 0.5 | 林德 |
2007 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 1 | 法液空 |
2011 | 蓝星航天化工 | 西昌 | 1 | 法液空 |
2012 | 蓝星航天化工 | 文昌 | 2.5 | 法液空 |
2020 | 鸿达兴业 | 乌海 | — | 航天101所 |
2021 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 1.7 | 90%国产 |
2022 | 中科富海 | 中山 | 1.5 | 全国产 |
建设年份 | 经营者 | 所在城市 | 液氢产量 /t·d-1 | 设备来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 0.5 | 林德 |
2007 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 1 | 法液空 |
2011 | 蓝星航天化工 | 西昌 | 1 | 法液空 |
2012 | 蓝星航天化工 | 文昌 | 2.5 | 法液空 |
2020 | 鸿达兴业 | 乌海 | — | 航天101所 |
2021 | 航天101所 | 北京 | 1.7 | 90%国产 |
2022 | 中科富海 | 中山 | 1.5 | 全国产 |
建设时间 | 经营者 | 所在城市 | 液氢产量/t·d-1 | 设备来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2020年签约 | 林德、上海华谊 | 嘉兴 | — | 林德 |
2021年开工 | 嘉化能源 | 嘉兴 | 1.5 | 航天101所 |
2021年开工 | 河北旭阳 | 定州 | 1 | — |
2022年投产 | 空气化工产品 | 海盐 | 30 | 空气化工产品 |
2022年投产 | 中科富海 | 北京 | 5 | 中科富海 |
2022年投产 | 中科昊海 | 阜阳 | 1.5 | 中科富海 |
2022年开工 | 齐鲁氢能(山东) | 淄博 | 10 | 江苏国富氢能(引进俄罗斯工艺) |
2022年开工 | 空气产品久泰(内蒙古) | 呼和浩特 | 30 | 空气化工产品 |
2022年开工 | 中建航天 | 陇西 | 一期约7.1 二期约10.7 | 航天101所 |
预计2023年投产 | 华久氢能源(河南) | 洛阳 | 8.6 | 江苏国富氢能(引进俄罗斯工艺) |
预计2023年投产 | 中石化巴陵石化、湖南核电 | 岳阳 | 60 | — |
建设时间 | 经营者 | 所在城市 | 液氢产量/t·d-1 | 设备来源 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2020年签约 | 林德、上海华谊 | 嘉兴 | — | 林德 |
2021年开工 | 嘉化能源 | 嘉兴 | 1.5 | 航天101所 |
2021年开工 | 河北旭阳 | 定州 | 1 | — |
2022年投产 | 空气化工产品 | 海盐 | 30 | 空气化工产品 |
2022年投产 | 中科富海 | 北京 | 5 | 中科富海 |
2022年投产 | 中科昊海 | 阜阳 | 1.5 | 中科富海 |
2022年开工 | 齐鲁氢能(山东) | 淄博 | 10 | 江苏国富氢能(引进俄罗斯工艺) |
2022年开工 | 空气产品久泰(内蒙古) | 呼和浩特 | 30 | 空气化工产品 |
2022年开工 | 中建航天 | 陇西 | 一期约7.1 二期约10.7 | 航天101所 |
预计2023年投产 | 华久氢能源(河南) | 洛阳 | 8.6 | 江苏国富氢能(引进俄罗斯工艺) |
预计2023年投产 | 中石化巴陵石化、湖南核电 | 岳阳 | 60 | — |
流程 | 指标 | Ingolstadt[ | Leuna[ |
---|---|---|---|
原料气 | 压力/MPa | 2 | 2.4 |
温度/K | <308 | <313 | |
杂质含量/10-6 | 4 | — | |
仲氢含量/% | 25 | 25 | |
液氢 | 产量/t·d-1 | 4.4 | 5.5 |
压力/MPa | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
温度/K | 21 | 21 | |
仲氢体积分数/% | ≥95 | ≥95 | |
初压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.1~0.3 | — |
电功率/kW | 57 | — | |
主压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.3~2.5 | — |
气体流量/m3‧h-1 | 16000 | — | |
电功率/kW | 1500 | — | |
效率/% | — | 65~70 | |
主膨胀机 | 效率/% | — | 85 |
液氮 | 流量/kg‧h-1 | 1750 | — |
能效 | 能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 13.6 | 11.9 |
㶲效率/% | 21 | 23.6 |
流程 | 指标 | Ingolstadt[ | Leuna[ |
---|---|---|---|
原料气 | 压力/MPa | 2 | 2.4 |
温度/K | <308 | <313 | |
杂质含量/10-6 | 4 | — | |
仲氢含量/% | 25 | 25 | |
液氢 | 产量/t·d-1 | 4.4 | 5.5 |
压力/MPa | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
温度/K | 21 | 21 | |
仲氢体积分数/% | ≥95 | ≥95 | |
初压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.1~0.3 | — |
电功率/kW | 57 | — | |
主压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.3~2.5 | — |
气体流量/m3‧h-1 | 16000 | — | |
电功率/kW | 1500 | — | |
效率/% | — | 65~70 | |
主膨胀机 | 效率/% | — | 85 |
液氮 | 流量/kg‧h-1 | 1750 | — |
能效 | 能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 13.6 | 11.9 |
㶲效率/% | 21 | 23.6 |
预冷方式 | 氢末级制冷方式 | 设计软件 | 液氢产量/t/d-1 | 能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
液氮+氢克劳德循环 | 节流 | Aspen Plus | 约4 | 0.0014① | Hammad和Dincer(2018)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 1.7 | 10.25 | 殷靓等(2019)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 1.51 | 7.1329 | Yin和Ju(2020)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | EcosimPro | 0.31 | — | Li等(2020)[ |
LNG+氮JB循环+氢克劳德循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 300 | 11.05② | Yang等(2019)[ |
LNG+氦JB循环 | 无 | Aspen HYSYS | 0.5 | 17.37② | Chang等(2020)[ |
LNG | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 5 | 9.802② | 曹学文等(2021)[ |
LNG+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 6.1~10.4 | 6.609② | 王超等(2022)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+氨-水吸收式制冷+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 90 | 6.47 | Aasadnia和Mehrpooya(2018)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 290 | 1.102① | Ansarinasab等(2019)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 290 | 4.022 | Ghorbani等(2019)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 300 | 3.368 | Nouri等(2020)[ |
混合工质节流+氢克劳德循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS | 125 | 7.09 | Berstad等(2021)[ |
混合工质节流+混合工质JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 271.6 | 19.88 | 王国聪等(2021)[ |
混合工质节流+氮JB循环+两级混合工质JB循环 | — | Aspen HYSYS | 288.92 | 5.742 | Zhang和Liu(2021)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | — | 6.981 | 王超等(2021)[ |
氨-水吸收式制冷+混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 345.6 | 4.54 | Azizabadi等(2021)[ |
两组氨-水吸收式制冷+氢克劳德循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 260 | 12.7 | Aasadnia等(2019)[ |
四级主动磁制冷 | 无 | Aspen HYSYS | 0.024 | — | Belkadi和Smaili(2018)[ |
六级主动磁制冷 | 无 | ANSYS Fluent | 0 | — | Hamdani等(2020)[ |
预冷方式 | 氢末级制冷方式 | 设计软件 | 液氢产量/t/d-1 | 能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
液氮+氢克劳德循环 | 节流 | Aspen Plus | 约4 | 0.0014① | Hammad和Dincer(2018)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 1.7 | 10.25 | 殷靓等(2019)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 1.51 | 7.1329 | Yin和Ju(2020)[ |
液氮+氦JB循环 | 节流 | EcosimPro | 0.31 | — | Li等(2020)[ |
LNG+氮JB循环+氢克劳德循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 300 | 11.05② | Yang等(2019)[ |
LNG+氦JB循环 | 无 | Aspen HYSYS | 0.5 | 17.37② | Chang等(2020)[ |
LNG | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 5 | 9.802② | 曹学文等(2021)[ |
LNG+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 6.1~10.4 | 6.609② | 王超等(2022)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+氨-水吸收式制冷+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 90 | 6.47 | Aasadnia和Mehrpooya(2018)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 290 | 1.102① | Ansarinasab等(2019)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 290 | 4.022 | Ghorbani等(2019)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 300 | 3.368 | Nouri等(2020)[ |
混合工质节流+氢克劳德循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS | 125 | 7.09 | Berstad等(2021)[ |
混合工质节流+混合工质JB循环 | 节流 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | 271.6 | 19.88 | 王国聪等(2021)[ |
混合工质节流+氮JB循环+两级混合工质JB循环 | — | Aspen HYSYS | 288.92 | 5.742 | Zhang和Liu(2021)[ |
混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS+MATLAB | — | 6.981 | 王超等(2021)[ |
氨-水吸收式制冷+混合工质克劳德循环+混合工质JB循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 345.6 | 4.54 | Azizabadi等(2021)[ |
两组氨-水吸收式制冷+氢克劳德循环 | 两相膨胀 | Aspen HYSYS | 260 | 12.7 | Aasadnia等(2019)[ |
四级主动磁制冷 | 无 | Aspen HYSYS | 0.024 | — | Belkadi和Smaili(2018)[ |
六级主动磁制冷 | 无 | ANSYS Fluent | 0 | — | Hamdani等(2020)[ |
技术指标 | 氢克劳德循环 | 氦JB 循环 | 混合工质循环 | 氖JB 循环 |
---|---|---|---|---|
原料气压力/MPa | 3.04 | 3.55 | 3.04 | 5.07 |
制冷循环高压压力/ MPa | 4.05 | 3.04 | 5.07 | 5.07 |
理论最小液化功/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 |
循环能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 8.75 | 8.61 | 9.92 | 8.40 |
效率①/% | 45.2 | 46.0 | 39.9 | 47.1 |
技术指标 | 氢克劳德循环 | 氦JB 循环 | 混合工质循环 | 氖JB 循环 |
---|---|---|---|---|
原料气压力/MPa | 3.04 | 3.55 | 3.04 | 5.07 |
制冷循环高压压力/ MPa | 4.05 | 3.04 | 5.07 | 5.07 |
理论最小液化功/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 |
循环能耗/kW·h‧kgLH2-1 | 8.75 | 8.61 | 9.92 | 8.40 |
效率①/% | 45.2 | 46.0 | 39.9 | 47.1 |
流程 | 指标 | 参数 |
---|---|---|
原料气 | 压力/MPa | 0.101 |
温度/K | 300 | |
液氢 | 产量/t·d-1 | 300 |
压力/MPa | 0.106 | |
温度/K | 20.4 | |
仲氢含量/% | ≥98 | |
原料气压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.106~3.04 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 3.85 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
制冷循环压缩机C3 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.111~0.608 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 0.95 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
制冷循环压缩机C4 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.608~4.05 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 18.49 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
透平膨胀机T1 | 压力范围/MPa | 4.05~1.68 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 18.49 | |
转速/r‧min-1 | 35000 | |
透平膨胀机T2 | 压力范围/MPa | 1.68~0.608 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 17.54 | |
转速/r‧min-1 | 22300 |
流程 | 指标 | 参数 |
---|---|---|
原料气 | 压力/MPa | 0.101 |
温度/K | 300 | |
液氢 | 产量/t·d-1 | 300 |
压力/MPa | 0.106 | |
温度/K | 20.4 | |
仲氢含量/% | ≥98 | |
原料气压缩机 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.106~3.04 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 3.85 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
制冷循环压缩机C3 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.111~0.608 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 0.95 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
制冷循环压缩机C4 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.608~4.05 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 18.49 | |
效率/% | 80 | |
透平膨胀机T1 | 压力范围/MPa | 4.05~1.68 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 18.49 | |
转速/r‧min-1 | 35000 | |
透平膨胀机T2 | 压力范围/MPa | 1.68~0.608 |
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 17.54 | |
转速/r‧min-1 | 22300 |
循环方式 | 项目 | 数值 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
混合工质循环 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.111~0.608 | |||||
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 0.95 | ||||||
效率/% | 80 | ||||||
组分(摩尔分数)/% | 氮4.8、甲烷33.1、乙烷35.4、丙烷4.5、正丁烷22.2 | ||||||
氖氦JB循环 | 压缩机 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
压力范围/MPa | 5.93~6.44 | 5.38~5.95 | 4.57~5.40 | 3.88~4.59 | 3.88~4.43 | 4.41~5.00 | |
温度范围/K | 298~310.7 | 298~310.2 | 298~323.8 | 298~323.9 | 298~318.1 | 298~317.2 | |
效率/% | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 80 | |
功率/kW | 112.4 | 137.4 | 227.0 | 227.9 | 265.4 | 254.9 | |
膨胀机 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | |
压力范围/MPa | 6.34~4.61 | 4.59~2.99 | 2.97~1.23 | 1.21~0.38 | 4.90~1.67 | 1.67~0.27 | |
温度范围/K | 131.9~119.2 | 120.1~104.6 | 105.9~79.8 | 84.9~58.1 | 68.0~47.9 | 47.9~26.3 | |
效率/% | 81 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 83 | 85 | |
功率/kW | 116.1 | 138.7 | 229.6 | 231.9 | 259.7 | 267.2 |
循环方式 | 项目 | 数值 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
混合工质循环 | 压力范围/MPa | 0.111~0.608 | |||||
气体流量/kg‧s-1 | 0.95 | ||||||
效率/% | 80 | ||||||
组分(摩尔分数)/% | 氮4.8、甲烷33.1、乙烷35.4、丙烷4.5、正丁烷22.2 | ||||||
氖氦JB循环 | 压缩机 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |
压力范围/MPa | 5.93~6.44 | 5.38~5.95 | 4.57~5.40 | 3.88~4.59 | 3.88~4.43 | 4.41~5.00 | |
温度范围/K | 298~310.7 | 298~310.2 | 298~323.8 | 298~323.9 | 298~318.1 | 298~317.2 | |
效率/% | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 80 | |
功率/kW | 112.4 | 137.4 | 227.0 | 227.9 | 265.4 | 254.9 | |
膨胀机 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | |
压力范围/MPa | 6.34~4.61 | 4.59~2.99 | 2.97~1.23 | 1.21~0.38 | 4.90~1.67 | 1.67~0.27 | |
温度范围/K | 131.9~119.2 | 120.1~104.6 | 105.9~79.8 | 84.9~58.1 | 68.0~47.9 | 47.9~26.3 | |
效率/% | 81 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 83 | 85 | |
功率/kW | 116.1 | 138.7 | 229.6 | 231.9 | 259.7 | 267.2 |
项目 | 油轴承 | 气体轴承 | 磁轴承 |
---|---|---|---|
优势 | 周向速度高,允许的轴承力大 | 无油,周向速度高,轴承磨损小 | 无油,允许的轴承力大,轴承磨损小 |
不足 | 供油系统复杂,轴承磨损大 | 允许的轴承力中等 | 周向速度中等 |
项目 | 油轴承 | 气体轴承 | 磁轴承 |
---|---|---|---|
优势 | 周向速度高,允许的轴承力大 | 无油,周向速度高,轴承磨损小 | 无油,允许的轴承力大,轴承磨损小 |
不足 | 供油系统复杂,轴承磨损大 | 允许的轴承力中等 | 周向速度中等 |
指标 | 参数 |
---|---|
单个换热器最大尺寸/m×m×m | 8.2×1.5×3.4 |
温度/K | 4~366 |
压力/MPa | <13 |
内部材料 | ASTM 3003/EN AW 3003 |
接管、封头材料 | ASTM 5083/EN AW 5083 ASTM 5454/EN AW 5454 |
指标 | 参数 |
---|---|
单个换热器最大尺寸/m×m×m | 8.2×1.5×3.4 |
温度/K | 4~366 |
压力/MPa | <13 |
内部材料 | ASTM 3003/EN AW 3003 |
接管、封头材料 | ASTM 5083/EN AW 5083 ASTM 5454/EN AW 5454 |
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