Research progress of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and jet flow

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1008

Abstract

Abstract:

The research progress of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and jet flow was described. The aspects of real state of equation of hydrogen, the structure and model of high pressure under-expanded jet, the hydrogen concentration distribution of jet flow region, and the numerical simulation based on the computational fluid dynamics are concluded, summarized, and reviewed. The research direction in the future is raised. The existing research shows that there are several real gas state equations for high pressure hydrogen. The state equations of Peng-Robinson, Abel-Noble etc. are convenient and accurate. Highly under-expanded jet flow is formed during high pressure hydrogen releases, and Molkov model can be used to predict the characteristics of under-expanded jet flow. The jet flow region is controlled by momentum or the combination of momentum and buoyancy. The concentration of hydrogen in jet flow region is quantitatively related by the dimensionless parameter formed by release diameter, distance from release orifice, and medium densities. The common computational fluid dynamic software such as ANSYS-Fluent, FLACS etc. used in high pressure hydrogen release have been verified to have good precision. The future directions include large scale experiments, irregular release orifices, engineering applications of research results, and high efficient numerical methods.

Key words: hydrogen, safety, leakage, jet flow, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

摘要：

叙述了高压氢气泄漏射流研究进展，重点对氢气状态方程、欠膨胀射流结构及模型、射流区域氢气浓度预测、基于计算流体动力学的泄漏射流模拟等方面进行了归纳、总结和评述，并对未来研究方向进行了展望。文中总结：现有研究表明已有多种适用于高压氢气的实际状态方程，Peng-Robinson、Abel-Noble等方程兼具便捷性及精度；高压氢气泄漏时在泄漏口呈现高度欠膨胀射流结构，Molkov模型可用于预测欠膨胀射流特性参数；高压氢气泄漏射流区为动量控制或动量与浮力联合控制，区域内氢气浓度与泄漏口径、泄漏口距离、介质密度组成的量纲为1参数有量化关系；主流计算流体动力学软件如ANSYS-Fluent、FLACS等在模拟高压氢气泄漏时均被证实具有较好精度。未来研究方向包括大尺度实验、不规则泄漏口、成果工程化应用以及高效数值模拟方法等。

关键词: 氢, 安全, 泄漏, 射流, 计算流体动力学

CLC Number:

X931

YAN Xingqing, DAI Xingtao, YU Jianliang, LI Yue, HAN Bing, HU Jun. Research progress of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and jet flow[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(3): 1118-1128.

闫兴清, 戴行涛, 喻健良, 李岳, 韩冰, 胡军. 高压氢气泄漏射流研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1118-1128.

Figures/Tables 13

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研究人员	p/MPa	T/K	d/mm	泄放流动状态	F_r数^①
Chaineaux等 ^[54]	3.6	207	6	临界	695
Chaineaux等 ^[54]	1.8	174	12	临界	591
Ruffin等 ^[55]	3.24	288	25	临界	343
	1.8	288	50	临界	281
	0.75	288	75	临界	286
	0.26	288	100	临界	321
Okabaysshi等 ^[56]	20	288	2	临界	783
	40	288	0.25	临界	1896
	40	288	0.5	临界	1341
	40	288	1	临界	948
	40	288	2	临界	670
Roberts等 ^[57]	10	287	3	临界	753
	13.5	287	3	临界	702
	2.5	287	12	临界	528
Kuznetsov等 ^[58]	16.1	287	0.25	临界	2324
	10.6	287	0.75	临界	1485
	9.7	287	1	临界	1314
	5.3	287	1	临界	1522
Veser等 ^[59]	5.43	298	1	临界	1511
	2.99	298	1	临界	1749
	1.01	298	2	临界	1622
	1.81	298	2	临界	1402

研究人员	p/MPa	T/K	d/mm	泄放流动状态	F_r数^①
Chaineaux等 ^[54]	3.6	207	6	临界	695
Chaineaux等 ^[54]	1.8	174	12	临界	591
Ruffin等 ^[55]	3.24	288	25	临界	343
	1.8	288	50	临界	281
	0.75	288	75	临界	286
	0.26	288	100	临界	321
Okabaysshi等 ^[56]	20	288	2	临界	783
	40	288	0.25	临界	1896
	40	288	0.5	临界	1341
	40	288	1	临界	948
	40	288	2	临界	670
Roberts等 ^[57]	10	287	3	临界	753
	13.5	287	3	临界	702
	2.5	287	12	临界	528
Kuznetsov等 ^[58]	16.1	287	0.25	临界	2324
	10.6	287	0.75	临界	1485
	9.7	287	1	临界	1314
	5.3	287	1	临界	1522
Veser等 ^[59]	5.43	298	1	临界	1511
	2.99	298	1	临界	1749
	1.01	298	2	临界	1622
	1.81	298	2	临界	1402

研究人员	模拟的泄漏场景	CFD软件平台	泄漏压力^①/MPa	泄漏温度/℃
Heitsch等（2010）^[64]	实验室内氢气瓶泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	20	15
Middha等（2010）^[65]	气瓶内氢气泄漏	FLACS	—	25
Sully等（2011）^[66]	核电站附近的制氢工厂管道泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	2.4	100
Salva等（2012）^[67]	燃料电池车氢气罐泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	20	25
Han等（2013）^[68]	高压储氢容器泄漏	FLUENT	10~40	20
Choi等（2013）^[69]	地下车库氢燃料电池车氢气泄漏	STAR-CCM	—	25
Hajji等（2015）^[70]	车库内氢能源车泄漏	FLUENT	—	25
Keenan等（2017）^[71]	高压储氢容器泄漏	OpenFOAM	—	-34
Han等（2018）^[72]	氢气充装平台设备泄漏	FLUENT	1~90	-40~85
Li等（2018）^[73]	氢燃料电池船内氢气泄漏	FLUNET	10	27
Yu等（2019）^[74]	氢动力车辆气瓶泄漏	OpenFOAM	70	14.5
Liang等（2019）^[75]	加氢站内储氢罐泄漏	FLACS	20~90	25
Hussein等（2020）^[76]	停车场车载氢气瓶超压泄放装置泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	70	25
Malakhov等（2020）^[77]	模拟巷道内氢气泄漏	STAR-CCM+	2	15
Afghan等（2020）^[78]	氢气向密闭罐内泄漏	FLUENT	—	20
Qian等（2020）^[79]	加氢站内氢气泄漏	ANSYS Fluent	40	25
Stewart等（2020）^[80]	高压氢气通过矩形孔泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	30	22
Mao等（2021）^[81]	氢燃料电池船内氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	—	27
Park等（2021）^[82]	加氢站内储氢设施泄漏	HyRAM	20~82	25
Zhang等（2021）^[83]	工厂反应器内含氢气体泄漏	GASFLOW-MPI	2.5	20
Li等（2021）^[84]	隧道内燃料电池车氢气泄漏	GASFLOW-MPI	70	15
Wang等（2022）^[85]	卡套接头氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	0.2	25
Gao等（2022）^[86]	核电站附近氢储罐泄漏	In:Flux	8	25
Huang等（2022）^[87]	地下停车场氢燃料电池车氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	—	25

研究人员	模拟的泄漏场景	CFD软件平台	泄漏压力^①/MPa	泄漏温度/℃
Heitsch等（2010）^[64]	实验室内氢气瓶泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	20	15
Middha等（2010）^[65]	气瓶内氢气泄漏	FLACS	—	25
Sully等（2011）^[66]	核电站附近的制氢工厂管道泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	2.4	100
Salva等（2012）^[67]	燃料电池车氢气罐泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	20	25
Han等（2013）^[68]	高压储氢容器泄漏	FLUENT	10~40	20
Choi等（2013）^[69]	地下车库氢燃料电池车氢气泄漏	STAR-CCM	—	25
Hajji等（2015）^[70]	车库内氢能源车泄漏	FLUENT	—	25
Keenan等（2017）^[71]	高压储氢容器泄漏	OpenFOAM	—	-34
Han等（2018）^[72]	氢气充装平台设备泄漏	FLUENT	1~90	-40~85
Li等（2018）^[73]	氢燃料电池船内氢气泄漏	FLUNET	10	27
Yu等（2019）^[74]	氢动力车辆气瓶泄漏	OpenFOAM	70	14.5
Liang等（2019）^[75]	加氢站内储氢罐泄漏	FLACS	20~90	25
Hussein等（2020）^[76]	停车场车载氢气瓶超压泄放装置泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	70	25
Malakhov等（2020）^[77]	模拟巷道内氢气泄漏	STAR-CCM+	2	15
Afghan等（2020）^[78]	氢气向密闭罐内泄漏	FLUENT	—	20
Qian等（2020）^[79]	加氢站内氢气泄漏	ANSYS Fluent	40	25
Stewart等（2020）^[80]	高压氢气通过矩形孔泄漏	ANSYS-CFX	30	22
Mao等（2021）^[81]	氢燃料电池船内氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	—	27
Park等（2021）^[82]	加氢站内储氢设施泄漏	HyRAM	20~82	25
Zhang等（2021）^[83]	工厂反应器内含氢气体泄漏	GASFLOW-MPI	2.5	20
Li等（2021）^[84]	隧道内燃料电池车氢气泄漏	GASFLOW-MPI	70	15
Wang等（2022）^[85]	卡套接头氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	0.2	25
Gao等（2022）^[86]	核电站附近氢储罐泄漏	In:Flux	8	25
Huang等（2022）^[87]	地下停车场氢燃料电池车氢气泄漏	ANSYS-Fluent	—	25

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