Abstract:

Ammonia is not only a low-cost chemical material, but also has some advantages such as high energy density, convenient for transportation, and combustion without CO₂ emissions. Therefore, ammonia fuel is a novel clean energy with broad application prospects. Ammonia fuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Therefore, it can be anticipated that ammonia fuel would be a new way to solve environmental pollution and fossil energy shortages. This paper summarized physical and chemical properties and combustion characteristics of ammonia fuel, and compatibility of ammonia fuel and some materials was introduced as well. What’s more, the application research progress of ammonia-gasoline fuel, ammonia-diesel fuel and ammonia-heptane fuel was also summarized respectively. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges of ammonia as a potential fuel were discussed. In particular, the problems of ammonia were pointed out, such as high energy consumption, toxicity and corrosivity, and combustion defects. Accordingly, the corresponding solutions were analyzed emphatically. Under the background of peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality, ammonia fuel had a late developing advantage in China.

Key words: ammonia, fuel, engine, emission characteristic, combustion characteristic

摘要：

氨不仅是一种成本低廉的化工原料，而且由于具有较高的能量密度、易于储运、燃烧不产生CO₂等优点被认为是一种有广泛应用前景的清洁燃料。氨燃料具有替代汽油、柴油等化石燃料的应用潜力，为解决环境污染和化石能源短缺等问题提供了新的途径。本文概述了氨燃料的理化特性、燃烧特性以及与多种材料的相容性，介绍了氨作为调合燃料的性能及应用研究进展，尤其对氨-汽油燃料、氨-柴油燃料、氨-正庚烷燃料等燃料体系的研究成果进行了总结。文章集中分析了氨作为发动机燃料的机遇和挑战，尤其指出了氨燃料的生产高能耗、毒性及腐蚀性、氨的燃烧缺陷等问题，并探讨了对应的解决方案。在碳达峰、碳中和的大背景下，氨燃料在我国的发展具有后发优势。

关键词: 氨, 燃料, 发动机, 排放特性, 燃烧特性