Application prospect, challenge and development of ammonia energy storage in new power system

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1817

Abstract

Abstract:

Energy storage technology and its industrial application are of great significance to the construction of new power systems. In the process of upgrading and transforming the traditional power system to the new power system, the proportion of wind energy, solar energy and other new energy power generation continues to increase, but its volatility and intermittence restrict the high-level consumption of new energy, resulting in a sharp increase in the demand for flexible regulation resources in the power system. Ammonia has the advantages of large-scale, cross-seasonal and cross-regional storage. Accelerating the development of ammonia energy industry and the application of ammonia energy storage in new power systems is a strategic choice to achieve the "double carbon" goal and ensure national energy security. This paper compares the characteristics of ammonia energy storage and other energy storage systems, including the similarities, advantages and disadvantages of ammonia energy storage, hydrogen energy storage, methanol energy storage and other chemical energy storage, focuses on the existing ammonia energy storage technology, ammonia storage and transportation methods and low concentration ammonia separation technology at home and abroad, and expounds the application value of ammonia energy storage in the power supply side, power grid side and user side. Finally, the challenges faced by the application of ammonia energy storage in the new power system are pointed out and its future development is prospected.

Key words: new power system, flexible regulation, energy storage system, ammonia energy storage technology, new energy

摘要：

储能技术及其产业化应用对建设新型电力系统具有重大意义。在传统电力系统到新型电力系统升级转型的过程中，风能、太阳能等新能源发电占比持续提高，但其波动性和间歇性制约了对新能源的高水平消纳，导致电力系统对灵活性调节资源的需求剧增。氨具有大规模、跨季节和跨区域储存的优势，加快氨能产业发展和氨储能在新型电力系统中的应用，是实现“双碳”目标和保障国家能源安全的战略性选择。本文对比了氨储能和其他储能系统的特征，比较了氨储能与氢储能、甲醇储能等化学储能的共性及优缺点，重点介绍了目前国内外现有的氨储能技术、氨储运方式和低浓度氨分离技术，阐述了氨储能在电源侧、电网侧和用户侧的应用价值，最后，指出了氨储能在新型电力系统中应用面临的挑战，并展望了其未来发展。

关键词: 新型电力系统, 灵活性调节, 储能系统, 氨储能技术, 新能源

CLC Number:

TK02

YANG Pengwei, YU Linzhu, WANG Fangfang, JIANG Haoxuan, ZHAO Guangjin, LI Qi, DU Mingzhe, MA Shuangchen. Application prospect, challenge and development of ammonia energy storage in new power system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4432-4446.

杨鹏威, 于琳竹, 王放放, 蒋昊轩, 赵光金, 李琦, 杜铭哲, 马双忱. 氨储能在新型电力系统的应用前景、挑战及发展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4432-4446.

Figures/Tables 9

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储能技术	体积能量密度/GJ·m^-3	适合储能周期	寿命 /年	单位功率成本 /USD·kW^-1	储能效率/%	优势	劣势	应用范围
机械储能
抽水储能	7.2×10^-4~ 7.2×10^-3	数小时~数月	40~60	700~900	65~85	容量大、出力变率快、运行费用低	受环境制约	日负荷调节、频率控制、系统备用
压缩空气储能	7.2×10^-3~ 2.16×10^-2	数小时~数月	20~40	700	70~89	储能容量大	受地质条件影响更大、需要气体燃料	分布式储能和发电系统备用
飞轮储能	0.072~0.3	数秒~数分	0~15	220~1500	>80	高效率、快响应、长寿命	成本高、技术待完善	适合短时小容量储能和长时间大容量储能之间的场合
电化学储能
铅酸电池	0.18~0.3	数分~数天	5~15	230	70~90	成本低、技术成熟	寿命短、污染环境、需要回收	备用电源、频率控制
钠硫电池	0.54~1.41	数秒~数小时	10~15	150	70~90	储能密度大、效率高	成本高、安全性差	电力储能
锂离子电池	1.08~2.7	数分~数天	5~15	220	85~89	储能密度高，循环寿命长	成本高、安全性差	新能源储能，电动汽车
全钒液流电池	5.4×10^-2~ 9×10^-2	数小时~数月	5~10	250	60~85	快响应、高输出、充放电转化效率高	自放电率低、能量密度低	备用电源、削峰、能量管理、再生能源集成
电磁储能
超导储能	2.16×10^-2	数分~数小时	>20	>1000	>95	功率高	能量密度低、成本高、需维护	输配电系统稳定性、电能质量调节
超级电容器	0.036~0.11	数秒~数小时	>20	100~150	<75 或>95	储能大、充放电速度快	能量密度低、放电时间短	适合高峰值功率、低容量场合
化学储能
氢储能	3	长周期	15~50	1500~2400	35~55	清洁无污染，储能密度高	制造成本较高、安全性问题	生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置
氨储能	11.8	长周期	15~25	1200~2200	25~40	成本较低，运输安全	稳定性低、氨具有毒性	作为化工原料，生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置
甲醇储能	12	长周期	10~35	1800~2500	30~40	成本较低，生产简单，良好的储氢材料	热值低、焚烧能耗高	交通燃料、供热燃料和灶用燃料。能源优化配置
热储能	0.18~1.8	数分~数月	5~15	—	—	技术成熟、成本低、寿命长、规模易扩展且储能规模越大效率越高	能量转化过程损耗大	火电厂余热的回收再利用、太阳能光热发电、熔融盐储热

储能技术	体积能量密度/GJ·m^-3	适合储能周期	寿命 /年	单位功率成本 /USD·kW^-1	储能效率/%	优势	劣势	应用范围
机械储能
抽水储能	7.2×10^-4~ 7.2×10^-3	数小时~数月	40~60	700~900	65~85	容量大、出力变率快、运行费用低	受环境制约	日负荷调节、频率控制、系统备用
压缩空气储能	7.2×10^-3~ 2.16×10^-2	数小时~数月	20~40	700	70~89	储能容量大	受地质条件影响更大、需要气体燃料	分布式储能和发电系统备用
飞轮储能	0.072~0.3	数秒~数分	0~15	220~1500	>80	高效率、快响应、长寿命	成本高、技术待完善	适合短时小容量储能和长时间大容量储能之间的场合
电化学储能
铅酸电池	0.18~0.3	数分~数天	5~15	230	70~90	成本低、技术成熟	寿命短、污染环境、需要回收	备用电源、频率控制
钠硫电池	0.54~1.41	数秒~数小时	10~15	150	70~90	储能密度大、效率高	成本高、安全性差	电力储能
锂离子电池	1.08~2.7	数分~数天	5~15	220	85~89	储能密度高，循环寿命长	成本高、安全性差	新能源储能，电动汽车
全钒液流电池	5.4×10^-2~ 9×10^-2	数小时~数月	5~10	250	60~85	快响应、高输出、充放电转化效率高	自放电率低、能量密度低	备用电源、削峰、能量管理、再生能源集成
电磁储能
超导储能	2.16×10^-2	数分~数小时	>20	>1000	>95	功率高	能量密度低、成本高、需维护	输配电系统稳定性、电能质量调节
超级电容器	0.036~0.11	数秒~数小时	>20	100~150	<75 或>95	储能大、充放电速度快	能量密度低、放电时间短	适合高峰值功率、低容量场合
化学储能
氢储能	3	长周期	15~50	1500~2400	35~55	清洁无污染，储能密度高	制造成本较高、安全性问题	生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置
氨储能	11.8	长周期	15~25	1200~2200	25~40	成本较低，运输安全	稳定性低、氨具有毒性	作为化工原料，生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置
甲醇储能	12	长周期	10~35	1800~2500	30~40	成本较低，生产简单，良好的储氢材料	热值低、焚烧能耗高	交通燃料、供热燃料和灶用燃料。能源优化配置
热储能	0.18~1.8	数分~数月	5~15	—	—	技术成熟、成本低、寿命长、规模易扩展且储能规模越大效率越高	能量转化过程损耗大	火电厂余热的回收再利用、太阳能光热发电、熔融盐储热

国家或地区	时间	政策/研究案例
日本	2020年底	公布“绿色增长战略”行动计划，氨能被重点提及
日本	2021年4月	日本政府计划：到2050年氢气和氨气发电将占日本总能源产量的10%左右；经济产业省计划：到2030年利用氨与燃煤混烧替代日本燃煤发电站20%的煤炭供应，未来这一比例将上升到50%以上，其最终目标是建设氨气发电厂，作为新的低碳电力结构的一部分
欧洲	2020年11月	在欧盟第四次氢能网络会议上提出要不断增加绿氨的生产
韩国	2020年12月	韩国产业通商资源部主持召开“第二次氢气和氨气发电推进”会议，韩政府宣布将2022年作为氢气-氨气发电元年，并制定发展计划和路线图，力求打造全球第一大氢气和氨气发电国。会议宣布，政府将投入400亿韩元用于有关基础设施的建设，并于2023年前制定“氢气和氨气发电指南”
	2021年11月	韩国能源部表示，韩国计划到2027年完成将氨作为无碳发电燃料的研究和测试，从2030年开始实现氨燃料发电商业化，并将氨的比例提高到3.6%，以减少其在电力生产中对煤炭和液化天然气的依赖。
	—	正在实施通过绿氨代替火电煤炭战略，三家韩国企业联合签署“碳中和的绿色氨组织”工作协议，计划全面开发“绿色氨生产-运输-提取-利用”的全周期技术，为“绿色氨”技术开发聚力
澳大利亚	2020年1月	澳大利亚氨能源协会（AEA Australia）举办第二届“氨=氢2.0会议”，提出：要加强政府与行业之间的合作关系；行业和政府共同出资设立氨生产技术研发中心；与日本和新加坡等国家建立绿氨有关的能源安全合作
澳大利亚	—	将“亚洲可再生能源中心（AREH）”列为重要项目，将利用西澳地区的太阳能和风能等资源完成年产5千万吨绿氨
阿联酋	—	利用自身在太阳能等清洁能源领域的优势大力发展绿氨产业，以全面推进能源改革进程，加速能源产业脱碳

国家或地区	时间	政策/研究案例
日本	2020年底	公布“绿色增长战略”行动计划，氨能被重点提及
日本	2021年4月	日本政府计划：到2050年氢气和氨气发电将占日本总能源产量的10%左右；经济产业省计划：到2030年利用氨与燃煤混烧替代日本燃煤发电站20%的煤炭供应，未来这一比例将上升到50%以上，其最终目标是建设氨气发电厂，作为新的低碳电力结构的一部分
欧洲	2020年11月	在欧盟第四次氢能网络会议上提出要不断增加绿氨的生产
韩国	2020年12月	韩国产业通商资源部主持召开“第二次氢气和氨气发电推进”会议，韩政府宣布将2022年作为氢气-氨气发电元年，并制定发展计划和路线图，力求打造全球第一大氢气和氨气发电国。会议宣布，政府将投入400亿韩元用于有关基础设施的建设，并于2023年前制定“氢气和氨气发电指南”
	2021年11月	韩国能源部表示，韩国计划到2027年完成将氨作为无碳发电燃料的研究和测试，从2030年开始实现氨燃料发电商业化，并将氨的比例提高到3.6%，以减少其在电力生产中对煤炭和液化天然气的依赖。
	—	正在实施通过绿氨代替火电煤炭战略，三家韩国企业联合签署“碳中和的绿色氨组织”工作协议，计划全面开发“绿色氨生产-运输-提取-利用”的全周期技术，为“绿色氨”技术开发聚力
澳大利亚	2020年1月	澳大利亚氨能源协会（AEA Australia）举办第二届“氨=氢2.0会议”，提出：要加强政府与行业之间的合作关系；行业和政府共同出资设立氨生产技术研发中心；与日本和新加坡等国家建立绿氨有关的能源安全合作
澳大利亚	—	将“亚洲可再生能源中心（AREH）”列为重要项目，将利用西澳地区的太阳能和风能等资源完成年产5千万吨绿氨
阿联酋	—	利用自身在太阳能等清洁能源领域的优势大力发展绿氨产业，以全面推进能源改革进程，加速能源产业脱碳

燃料/储存方式	压力 /MPa	密度 /kg·m^-3	能量密度 /GJ·m^-3	单位体积成本 /USD·m^-3	单位能量成本/USD·GJ^-1
汽油/液罐	0.1	736	34.4	1000	29.1
压缩天然气 /加压罐	25.0	188	10.4	400	38.3
液化石油气 /加压罐	1.4	388	19.0	542	28.5
甲醇/液罐	0.1	749	11.4	693	60.9
氢气/金属氢化物	1.4	25	3.6	125	35.2
氨/加压罐	1.0	603	13.6	181	13.3
氨/金属氨络合物	0.1	610	10.4	183	17.5