Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 4432-4446.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1817
• Resources and environmental engineering • Previous Articles Next Articles
YANG Pengwei1(), YU Linzhu1(), WANG Fangfang2, JIANG Haoxuan1, ZHAO Guangjin2, LI Qi1, DU Mingzhe1, MA Shuangchen1()
Received:
2022-09-28
Revised:
2023-01-29
Online:
2023-09-19
Published:
2023-08-15
Contact:
MA Shuangchen
杨鹏威1(), 于琳竹1(), 王放放2, 蒋昊轩1, 赵光金2, 李琦1, 杜铭哲1, 马双忱1()
通讯作者:
马双忱
作者简介:
杨鹏威(1995—),男,博士研究生,主要从事电厂水化学,电催化合成,储能等方向的研究。E-mail: 18810676955@163.com基金资助:
CLC Number:
YANG Pengwei, YU Linzhu, WANG Fangfang, JIANG Haoxuan, ZHAO Guangjin, LI Qi, DU Mingzhe, MA Shuangchen. Application prospect, challenge and development of ammonia energy storage in new power system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4432-4446.
杨鹏威, 于琳竹, 王放放, 蒋昊轩, 赵光金, 李琦, 杜铭哲, 马双忱. 氨储能在新型电力系统的应用前景、挑战及发展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4432-4446.
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URL: https://hgjz.cip.com.cn/EN/10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1817
储能技术 | 体积能量 密度/GJ·m-3 | 适合储能 周期 | 寿命 /年 | 单位功率成本 /USD·kW-1 | 储能效率/% | 优势 | 劣势 | 应用范围 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
机械储能 | ||||||||
抽水储能 | 7.2×10-4~ 7.2×10-3 | 数小时~数月 | 40~60 | 700~900 | 65~85 | 容量大、出力变率快、运行费用低 | 受环境制约 | 日负荷调节、频率控制、系统备用 |
压缩空气储能 | 7.2×10-3~ 2.16×10-2 | 数小时~数月 | 20~40 | 700 | 70~89 | 储能容量大 | 受地质条件影响更大、需要气体燃料 | 分布式储能和发电系统备用 |
飞轮储能 | 0.072~0.3 | 数秒~数分 | 0~15 | 220~1500 | >80 | 高效率、快响应、长寿命 | 成本高、技术待完善 | 适合短时小容量储能和长时间大容量储能之间的场合 |
电化学储能 | ||||||||
铅酸电池 | 0.18~0.3 | 数分~数天 | 5~15 | 230 | 70~90 | 成本低、技术成熟 | 寿命短、污染环境、需要回收 | 备用电源、频率控制 |
钠硫电池 | 0.54~1.41 | 数秒~数小时 | 10~15 | 150 | 70~90 | 储能密度大、效率高 | 成本高、安全性差 | 电力储能 |
锂离子电池 | 1.08~2.7 | 数分~数天 | 5~15 | 220 | 85~89 | 储能密度高,循环寿命长 | 成本高、安全性差 | 新能源储能,电动汽车 |
全钒液流电池 | 5.4×10-2~ 9×10-2 | 数小时~数月 | 5~10 | 250 | 60~85 | 快响应、高输出、充放电转化效率高 | 自放电率低、能量密度低 | 备用电源、削峰、能量管理、再生能源集成 |
电磁储能 | ||||||||
超导储能 | 2.16×10-2 | 数分~数小时 | >20 | >1000 | >95 | 功率高 | 能量密度低、成本高、需维护 | 输配电系统稳定性、电能质量调节 |
超级电容器 | 0.036~0.11 | 数秒~数小时 | >20 | 100~150 | <75 或>95 | 储能大、充放电速度快 | 能量密度低、放电时间短 | 适合高峰值功率、低容量场合 |
化学储能 | ||||||||
氢储能 | 3 | 长周期 | 15~50 | 1500~2400 | 35~55 | 清洁无污染,储能密度高 | 制造成本较高、安全性问题 | 生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置 |
氨储能 | 11.8 | 长周期 | 15~25 | 1200~2200 | 25~40 | 成本较低,运输安全 | 稳定性低、氨具有毒性 | 作为化工原料,生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置 |
甲醇储能 | 12 | 长周期 | 10~35 | 1800~2500 | 30~40 | 成本较低,生产简单,良好的储氢材料 | 热值低、焚烧能耗高 | 交通燃料、供热燃料和灶用燃料。能源优化配置 |
热储能 | 0.18~1.8 | 数分~数月 | 5~15 | — | — | 技术成熟、成本低、寿命长、规模易扩展且储能规模越大效率越高 | 能量转化过程损耗大 | 火电厂余热的回收再利用、太阳能光热发电、熔融盐储热 |
储能技术 | 体积能量 密度/GJ·m-3 | 适合储能 周期 | 寿命 /年 | 单位功率成本 /USD·kW-1 | 储能效率/% | 优势 | 劣势 | 应用范围 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
机械储能 | ||||||||
抽水储能 | 7.2×10-4~ 7.2×10-3 | 数小时~数月 | 40~60 | 700~900 | 65~85 | 容量大、出力变率快、运行费用低 | 受环境制约 | 日负荷调节、频率控制、系统备用 |
压缩空气储能 | 7.2×10-3~ 2.16×10-2 | 数小时~数月 | 20~40 | 700 | 70~89 | 储能容量大 | 受地质条件影响更大、需要气体燃料 | 分布式储能和发电系统备用 |
飞轮储能 | 0.072~0.3 | 数秒~数分 | 0~15 | 220~1500 | >80 | 高效率、快响应、长寿命 | 成本高、技术待完善 | 适合短时小容量储能和长时间大容量储能之间的场合 |
电化学储能 | ||||||||
铅酸电池 | 0.18~0.3 | 数分~数天 | 5~15 | 230 | 70~90 | 成本低、技术成熟 | 寿命短、污染环境、需要回收 | 备用电源、频率控制 |
钠硫电池 | 0.54~1.41 | 数秒~数小时 | 10~15 | 150 | 70~90 | 储能密度大、效率高 | 成本高、安全性差 | 电力储能 |
锂离子电池 | 1.08~2.7 | 数分~数天 | 5~15 | 220 | 85~89 | 储能密度高,循环寿命长 | 成本高、安全性差 | 新能源储能,电动汽车 |
全钒液流电池 | 5.4×10-2~ 9×10-2 | 数小时~数月 | 5~10 | 250 | 60~85 | 快响应、高输出、充放电转化效率高 | 自放电率低、能量密度低 | 备用电源、削峰、能量管理、再生能源集成 |
电磁储能 | ||||||||
超导储能 | 2.16×10-2 | 数分~数小时 | >20 | >1000 | >95 | 功率高 | 能量密度低、成本高、需维护 | 输配电系统稳定性、电能质量调节 |
超级电容器 | 0.036~0.11 | 数秒~数小时 | >20 | 100~150 | <75 或>95 | 储能大、充放电速度快 | 能量密度低、放电时间短 | 适合高峰值功率、低容量场合 |
化学储能 | ||||||||
氢储能 | 3 | 长周期 | 15~50 | 1500~2400 | 35~55 | 清洁无污染,储能密度高 | 制造成本较高、安全性问题 | 生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置 |
氨储能 | 11.8 | 长周期 | 15~25 | 1200~2200 | 25~40 | 成本较低,运输安全 | 稳定性低、氨具有毒性 | 作为化工原料,生产侧和消费侧跨季节、跨区域的能源优化配置 |
甲醇储能 | 12 | 长周期 | 10~35 | 1800~2500 | 30~40 | 成本较低,生产简单,良好的储氢材料 | 热值低、焚烧能耗高 | 交通燃料、供热燃料和灶用燃料。能源优化配置 |
热储能 | 0.18~1.8 | 数分~数月 | 5~15 | — | — | 技术成熟、成本低、寿命长、规模易扩展且储能规模越大效率越高 | 能量转化过程损耗大 | 火电厂余热的回收再利用、太阳能光热发电、熔融盐储热 |
国家或地区 | 时间 | 政策/研究案例 |
---|---|---|
日本 | 2020年底 | 公布“绿色增长战略”行动计划,氨能被重点提及 |
2021年4月 | 日本政府计划:到2050年氢气和氨气发电将占日本总能源产量的10%左右;经济产业省计划:到2030年利用氨与燃煤混烧替代日本燃煤发电站20%的煤炭供应,未来这一比例将上升到50%以上,其最终目标是建设氨气发电厂,作为新的低碳电力结构的一部分 | |
欧洲 | 2020年11月 | 在欧盟第四次氢能网络会议上提出要不断增加绿氨的生产 |
韩国 | 2020年12月 | 韩国产业通商资源部主持召开“第二次氢气和氨气发电推进”会议,韩政府宣布将2022年作为氢气-氨气发电元年,并制定发展计划和路线图,力求打造全球第一大氢气和氨气发电国。会议宣布,政府将投入400亿韩元用于有关基础设施的建设,并于2023年前制定“氢气和氨气发电指南” |
2021年11月 | 韩国能源部表示,韩国计划到2027年完成将氨作为无碳发电燃料的研究和测试,从2030年开始实现氨燃料发电商业化,并将氨的比例提高到3.6%,以减少其在电力生产中对煤炭和液化天然气的依赖。 | |
— | 正在实施通过绿氨代替火电煤炭战略,三家韩国企业联合签署“碳中和的绿色氨组织”工作协议,计划全面开发“绿色氨生产-运输-提取-利用”的全周期技术,为“绿色氨”技术开发聚力 | |
澳大利亚 | 2020年1月 | 澳大利亚氨能源协会(AEA Australia)举办第二届“氨=氢2.0会议”,提出:要加强政府与行业之间的合作关系;行业和政府共同出资设立氨生产技术研发中心;与日本和新加坡等国家建立绿氨有关的能源安全合作 |
— | 将“亚洲可再生能源中心(AREH)”列为重要项目,将利用西澳地区的太阳能和风能等资源完成年产5千万吨绿氨 | |
阿联酋 | — | 利用自身在太阳能等清洁能源领域的优势大力发展绿氨产业,以全面推进能源改革进程,加速能源产业脱碳 |
国家或地区 | 时间 | 政策/研究案例 |
---|---|---|
日本 | 2020年底 | 公布“绿色增长战略”行动计划,氨能被重点提及 |
2021年4月 | 日本政府计划:到2050年氢气和氨气发电将占日本总能源产量的10%左右;经济产业省计划:到2030年利用氨与燃煤混烧替代日本燃煤发电站20%的煤炭供应,未来这一比例将上升到50%以上,其最终目标是建设氨气发电厂,作为新的低碳电力结构的一部分 | |
欧洲 | 2020年11月 | 在欧盟第四次氢能网络会议上提出要不断增加绿氨的生产 |
韩国 | 2020年12月 | 韩国产业通商资源部主持召开“第二次氢气和氨气发电推进”会议,韩政府宣布将2022年作为氢气-氨气发电元年,并制定发展计划和路线图,力求打造全球第一大氢气和氨气发电国。会议宣布,政府将投入400亿韩元用于有关基础设施的建设,并于2023年前制定“氢气和氨气发电指南” |
2021年11月 | 韩国能源部表示,韩国计划到2027年完成将氨作为无碳发电燃料的研究和测试,从2030年开始实现氨燃料发电商业化,并将氨的比例提高到3.6%,以减少其在电力生产中对煤炭和液化天然气的依赖。 | |
— | 正在实施通过绿氨代替火电煤炭战略,三家韩国企业联合签署“碳中和的绿色氨组织”工作协议,计划全面开发“绿色氨生产-运输-提取-利用”的全周期技术,为“绿色氨”技术开发聚力 | |
澳大利亚 | 2020年1月 | 澳大利亚氨能源协会(AEA Australia)举办第二届“氨=氢2.0会议”,提出:要加强政府与行业之间的合作关系;行业和政府共同出资设立氨生产技术研发中心;与日本和新加坡等国家建立绿氨有关的能源安全合作 |
— | 将“亚洲可再生能源中心(AREH)”列为重要项目,将利用西澳地区的太阳能和风能等资源完成年产5千万吨绿氨 | |
阿联酋 | — | 利用自身在太阳能等清洁能源领域的优势大力发展绿氨产业,以全面推进能源改革进程,加速能源产业脱碳 |
燃料/储存方式 | 压力 /MPa | 密度 /kg·m-3 | 能量密度 /GJ·m-3 | 单位体积成本 /USD·m-3 | 单位能量成本/USD·GJ-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
汽油/液罐 | 0.1 | 736 | 34.4 | 1000 | 29.1 |
压缩天然气 /加压罐 | 25.0 | 188 | 10.4 | 400 | 38.3 |
液化石油气 /加压罐 | 1.4 | 388 | 19.0 | 542 | 28.5 |
甲醇/液罐 | 0.1 | 749 | 11.4 | 693 | 60.9 |
氢气/金属氢化物 | 1.4 | 25 | 3.6 | 125 | 35.2 |
氨/加压罐 | 1.0 | 603 | 13.6 | 181 | 13.3 |
氨/金属氨络合物 | 0.1 | 610 | 10.4 | 183 | 17.5 |
燃料/储存方式 | 压力 /MPa | 密度 /kg·m-3 | 能量密度 /GJ·m-3 | 单位体积成本 /USD·m-3 | 单位能量成本/USD·GJ-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
汽油/液罐 | 0.1 | 736 | 34.4 | 1000 | 29.1 |
压缩天然气 /加压罐 | 25.0 | 188 | 10.4 | 400 | 38.3 |
液化石油气 /加压罐 | 1.4 | 388 | 19.0 | 542 | 28.5 |
甲醇/液罐 | 0.1 | 749 | 11.4 | 693 | 60.9 |
氢气/金属氢化物 | 1.4 | 25 | 3.6 | 125 | 35.2 |
氨/加压罐 | 1.0 | 603 | 13.6 | 181 | 13.3 |
氨/金属氨络合物 | 0.1 | 610 | 10.4 | 183 | 17.5 |
发电路线 | 合成氨耗电 /MW | 发电效率 /% | 发电量 /MW | 以电制电系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
热电联产 | — | 60 | 1.18 | 3 |
超临界火力发电 | 3.54 | 45 | 0.88 | 4.02 |
氨燃料电池 | — | 88 | 1.42 | 2.5 |
发电路线 | 合成氨耗电 /MW | 发电效率 /% | 发电量 /MW | 以电制电系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|
热电联产 | — | 60 | 1.18 | 3 |
超临界火力发电 | 3.54 | 45 | 0.88 | 4.02 |
氨燃料电池 | — | 88 | 1.42 | 2.5 |
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