Abstract:

Microplastics have long stayed in freshwater systems because of their larger surface area and hydrophobic characteristics, and microplastics pollution in freshwater has attracted wide attention from scholars and the public at home and abroad. In order to assess the environmental risks of microplastics in a more comprehensive way, this paper summarizes the current pollution status of microplastics in freshwater environment, the adsorption of microplastics to pollutants, the biotoxicity of microplastics to freshwater organisms and the control of microplastics pollution. Microplastics can be divided into primary and secondary microplastics. They are widely distributed in reservoirs, lakes, rivers and other waters, where population density and human activities, seasonal and hydrological characteristics affect microplastics distribution in freshwater. Microplastics have different degrees of adsorption to traditional pollutants such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and emerging pollutants such as antibiotics, and the adsorption behavior of microplastics is related to the properties of microplastics, the hydrophobic nature of pollutants and environmental factors such as pH, ion strength, temperature and dissolved organic matter in the water environment. In addition, microplastics can accumulate in freshwater organisms and cause physical, biochemical and other damage to aquatic organisms, while microplastics can carry pollutants to cause compound effects. Therefore, microplastics pollution needs to be controlled, control methods mainly include source control, the removal of microplastics in sewage treatment plants and the remediation of microplastics pollution.

Key words: microplastics, pollution, distribution, adsorption, biotoxicity

摘要：

微塑料由于比表面积大、疏水等特性长期停留在淡水系统中，淡水中微塑料污染已经引起国内外学者和公众的广泛关注。为了更全面地评估微塑料的环境风险，本文从淡水环境中微塑料的污染现状、微塑料对污染物的吸附以及微塑料对淡水生物造成的生物毒性和微塑料污染的控制等几个方面进行了总结。微塑料来源可分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料，它们广泛分布在水库、湖泊、河流等水域，其中人口密度和人类活动、季节和水文特征等影响微塑料在淡水中的分布。微塑料对重金属、多环芳烃等传统型污染物和抗生素等新兴污染物都有不同程度的吸附，而且微塑料的吸附行为与微塑料的性质、污染物的疏水性以及环境因素，如水环境的pH、离子强度、温度和溶解性有机物等有关。此外，微塑料可以在淡水生物体内积累并对水生生物造成物理、生化等方面伤害，同时微塑料可以携带污染物引起复合效应。因此微塑料污染需要加以控制，控制方法主要包括源头控制、污水处理厂中微塑料的去除和微塑料污染的修复等几个方面。

关键词: 微塑料, 污染, 分布, 吸附, 生物毒性