基于仿生学的强化传热与减阻技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1140

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

换热器优化设计对于提高设备能源利用率、缓解化工电力、航空动力等工业领域的能源短缺与余热浪费等问题具有重大意义。近年来，基于生物体表面形貌及其具备的功能，运用仿生学理论开发强化传热与流动减阻技术表现突出。本文主要综述了以仿生结构为优化设计参考，有关单相、相变强化传热以及沟槽、凹坑凸包、超疏水等流动减阻技术的研究进展，分析和总结了各类仿生结构的强化传热及减阻机理；结合微尺度高效传热的发展趋势，指出目前微尺度仿生结构研究仍停留在简化形仿阶段，结构优化方向不明确，结构参数影响规律以及传热减阻机理未有统一定论。基于微尺度对流传热高阻耗特点，本文提出了高效低阻耦合仿生结构设计以及综合性能研究的必要性，为微通道换热器优化设计提供有益指导与发展方向。

关键词: 仿生, 传热, 减阻, 优化设计, 微通道

Abstract:

The structure optimization of heat exchanger is of great significance for improving the equipment efficiency and alleviating the problem of energy shortage and waste heat in chemical machinery, electric power engineering, aerospace engineering and other industrial fields. In recent years, based on the surface morphology of organisms and their functions, the application of bionics theory to develop heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction techniques has been outstanding. In this paper, the research progresses on strengthening single-phase, phase change heat transfer and groove, dimple, convex, superhydrophobic surface drag reduction technologies with bionic structure as the reference for optimal design were mainly summarized. Heat transfer enhancement and flow drag reduction mechanisms of various biomimetic structures were analyzed and concluded. Combined with the development trend of efficient heat transfer at micro-scale, it was pointed out that the research on biomimetic structures at micro-scale was still in the stage of simplified shape imitation. The direction of structural optimization was not clear. The influence of structural parameters and the heat transfer enhancement and flow drag reduction mechanisms have not been agreed. Based on the micro-scale convective heat transfer with high resistance, the necessity of coupling bionic structure design for high efficient and drag-reducing and comprehensive performance researches were proposed, which provides beneficial guidance and development direction for the optimization design of microchannel.

Key words: bionic, heat transfer, drag reduction, optimal design, microchannels

中图分类号:

TK172

李娟, 朱章钰, 翟昊, 王嘉洛. 基于仿生学的强化传热与减阻技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(5): 2375-2388.

LI Juan, ZHU Zhangyu, ZHAI Hao, WANG Jialuo. Research progress on heat transfer enhancement and surface drag reduction techniques based on bionics[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(5): 2375-2388.

图/表 14

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仿生对象	仿生结构及参数	研究方法	工质、工况	最佳效果	参考文献
鲨鱼鳃	鲨鳃型翅片间距1mm 厚度0.2mm 开口大小1~6mm 开口角度5°~30°	数值模拟	去离子水工质流速 u=1m·s^-1 工质进口温度T_in=300K	传热强化阻耗增加	[6]
鱿鱼鳍	正弦波纹结构振幅2mm 波长6.75~13.05mm	实验	去离子水 Fe₃O₄-CNTs纳米流体 Re=600-1300	传热强化13.27% 阻耗增加7.56%	[7]
竹节	竹节凸起结构间距15~20mm 边长5~10mm	数值模拟	去离子水 u=1m·s^-1 T_in=300K 恒壁温 T_wall=400K	传热强化37% 阻耗增加26%	[8]
座头鲸鳍片	丁胞球体与鳍片凸起组合结构球体直径4mm 凸起直径0.6mm 相对深度0.0316~0.1053 排列密度0.0402~0.0804	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=10⁴-4.5×10⁴ T_wall=350K	传热强化83% 阻耗增加60%	[9]
墨鱼鳍	带锥度波纹纽带插入件周期40~60mm 振幅1.8~8.1mm	实验数值模拟	去离子水 Re=600~1800	传热强化580% 阻耗增加2300%	[10]
植物叶片	分形结构一级槽道长度16mm 宽度2mm 深度0.3mm 相邻槽道长度比0.7 宽度比0.7 分形角度50°~90°	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率25%~45% Q_hot=20~80W	传热强化40.29%	[11]
天鹅绒竹芋	锥形毛细芯结构高度2mm 底部直径1.5mm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率20% 加热功率 Q_hot=10~160W	传热强化65.7%	[12]
仙人掌	超亲水乳突与超疏水表面组合结构锥形乳突底部直径3mm 高度5mm 间距8mm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率10% 过冷度0~14K	传热强化380%	[13]
蝉翼	纳米针构型间距84~114nm 直径7~13nm 高度0.8~2.9μm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气饱和蒸汽压7.38kPa	传热强化320%	[14]
纳米布沙漠甲虫	微米柱阵列结构直径6μm 高度7μm 间距12~24μm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气饱和蒸汽压1.93~3.17kPa	传热强化153%	[16]

仿生对象	仿生结构及参数	研究方法	工质、工况	最佳效果	参考文献
鲨鱼鳃	鲨鳃型翅片间距1mm 厚度0.2mm 开口大小1~6mm 开口角度5°~30°	数值模拟	去离子水工质流速 u=1m·s^-1 工质进口温度T_in=300K	传热强化阻耗增加	[6]
鱿鱼鳍	正弦波纹结构振幅2mm 波长6.75~13.05mm	实验	去离子水 Fe₃O₄-CNTs纳米流体 Re=600-1300	传热强化13.27% 阻耗增加7.56%	[7]
竹节	竹节凸起结构间距15~20mm 边长5~10mm	数值模拟	去离子水 u=1m·s^-1 T_in=300K 恒壁温 T_wall=400K	传热强化37% 阻耗增加26%	[8]
座头鲸鳍片	丁胞球体与鳍片凸起组合结构球体直径4mm 凸起直径0.6mm 相对深度0.0316~0.1053 排列密度0.0402~0.0804	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=10⁴-4.5×10⁴ T_wall=350K	传热强化83% 阻耗增加60%	[9]
墨鱼鳍	带锥度波纹纽带插入件周期40~60mm 振幅1.8~8.1mm	实验数值模拟	去离子水 Re=600~1800	传热强化580% 阻耗增加2300%	[10]
植物叶片	分形结构一级槽道长度16mm 宽度2mm 深度0.3mm 相邻槽道长度比0.7 宽度比0.7 分形角度50°~90°	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率25%~45% Q_hot=20~80W	传热强化40.29%	[11]
天鹅绒竹芋	锥形毛细芯结构高度2mm 底部直径1.5mm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率20% 加热功率 Q_hot=10~160W	传热强化65.7%	[12]
仙人掌	超亲水乳突与超疏水表面组合结构锥形乳突底部直径3mm 高度5mm 间距8mm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气充液率10% 过冷度0~14K	传热强化380%	[13]
蝉翼	纳米针构型间距84~114nm 直径7~13nm 高度0.8~2.9μm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气饱和蒸汽压7.38kPa	传热强化320%	[14]
纳米布沙漠甲虫	微米柱阵列结构直径6μm 高度7μm 间距12~24μm	实验	去离子水与水蒸气饱和蒸汽压1.93~3.17kPa	传热强化153%	[16]

仿生对象	仿生结构及参数	研究方法	工质、工况	最佳减阻率/%	参考文献
鲨鱼	V形、锯齿形、矩形、半圆形沟槽高度30μm 宽度30μm	数值模拟	去离子水 u=38~55m·s^-1	33	[21]
鲨鱼	矩形沟槽间距50~250μm 高度间距之比0.49 厚度间距之比0.12	实验	空气 V=0.83~8.3dm³·s^-1	6	[22]
鲨鱼	V形沟槽深度0.1mm 宽度0.1mm 圆角半径0~0.05mm	数值模拟	牛顿流体 Re=5.22×10⁵~7.43×10⁶	6.6	[23]
鲨鱼	简化盾鳞沟槽矩形微凸体高度40μm 宽度20μm 间距60μm 长度100~500μm	数值模拟	海水 u=3~9m·s^-1	17.86	[24]
蜣螂	圆形凹坑	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=4×10⁴	18	[30]
蜣螂	圆形凹坑直径0.4mm 深度0.2mm 间距5mm	数值模拟	空气 u=6~15m·s^-1	18.84	[33]
黄缘真龙虱	圆形凸包高度6mm 直径8mm 间距35mm	数值模拟	水田泥浆 u=0.5~4m·s^-1	9.33	[31]
黄缘真龙虱	圆形凹坑、凸包直径8~22mm 深度5~19mm	实验数值模拟	泥浆土壤 u=3m·s^-1	12.7	[32]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	甘油自来水溶液 Re=1177~2137	14	[37]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	去离子水 Re=4.8×10³~10⁴	11	[38]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	去离子水 Re=700~4700	38.6	[39]

仿生对象	仿生结构及参数	研究方法	工质、工况	最佳减阻率/%	参考文献
鲨鱼	V形、锯齿形、矩形、半圆形沟槽高度30μm 宽度30μm	数值模拟	去离子水 u=38~55m·s^-1	33	[21]
鲨鱼	矩形沟槽间距50~250μm 高度间距之比0.49 厚度间距之比0.12	实验	空气 V=0.83~8.3dm³·s^-1	6	[22]
鲨鱼	V形沟槽深度0.1mm 宽度0.1mm 圆角半径0~0.05mm	数值模拟	牛顿流体 Re=5.22×10⁵~7.43×10⁶	6.6	[23]
鲨鱼	简化盾鳞沟槽矩形微凸体高度40μm 宽度20μm 间距60μm 长度100~500μm	数值模拟	海水 u=3~9m·s^-1	17.86	[24]
蜣螂	圆形凹坑	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=4×10⁴	18	[30]
蜣螂	圆形凹坑直径0.4mm 深度0.2mm 间距5mm	数值模拟	空气 u=6~15m·s^-1	18.84	[33]
黄缘真龙虱	圆形凸包高度6mm 直径8mm 间距35mm	数值模拟	水田泥浆 u=0.5~4m·s^-1	9.33	[31]
黄缘真龙虱	圆形凹坑、凸包直径8~22mm 深度5~19mm	实验数值模拟	泥浆土壤 u=3m·s^-1	12.7	[32]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	甘油自来水溶液 Re=1177~2137	14	[37]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	去离子水 Re=4.8×10³~10⁴	11	[38]
荷叶	超疏水表面	实验	去离子水 Re=700~4700	38.6	[39]

仿生对象	仿生结构及参数	水力直径D_h	研究方法	工质、工况	最佳效果	参考文献
鲨鱼皮	带劈缝球凸结构球凸直径100μm 高度20μm 劈缝宽度3~15μm 相对位置0.14~0.33	80μm	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=50~350 恒热流密度 q=5×10⁵W·m^-2	传热强化8.8% 阻耗减少3.7%	[45]
鱼鳞	环形鱼鳞结构高度0.03~0.21mm 间距0.3~3mm	600μm	实验数值模拟	去离子水 Re=1.3×10³~4.6×10³ q=5.3×10⁵W·m^-2	传热强化111.2% 阻耗减少14.3%	[47]
鱼鳞	扇形鱼鳞结构倾斜高度290.3μm 垂直高度307.2μm 前端宽度205.7μm 水平间隔205.7μm 倾角高度0.5~5μm	193.5~375μm	实验数值模拟	去离子水 Re=205~1050 q=5×10⁵W·m^-2	传热强化14% 阻耗减少5%	[48]
叶脉	分形结构侧脉长度6.55mm 宽度0.4mm 高度1.5mm	0.63mm	实验数值模拟	HFE7200 工质体积流量 V=0.2~0.5L·min^-1 T_in=313.15~3143.15K q=2.5×10⁵~10⁶W·m^-2	传热强化19.5% 阻耗减少2.3%	[49]
叶脉	扩缩结构与分形结构耦合 0级通道长度10mm 宽度0.6mm 高度0.5mm 相邻通道长度比0.7 宽度差0.1mm 分形角度60°	0.545mm	数值模拟	去离子水 Re=250~1000 T_in=298.15K q=10⁵W·m^-2	传热强化17% 阻耗减少45%	[50]
叶脉	多层分形结构 0级通道长度8.01mm 宽度0.333mm 高度0.25mm 相邻通道长度比0.7071 水力直径比0.7937 分形角度32°~44°	0.286mm	实验数值模拟	去离子水 V=200~600mL·min^-1 T_in=293K q=4×10⁵W·m^-2	传热强化30% 阻耗减少60%	[51]
荷叶	亲水表面、疏水表面、超疏水表面组合壁面壁面接触角40°、114.6°、142.7°、155.4°	0.834mm	实验	去离子水 u=0.043m·s^-1	阻耗减少18.2%	[52]
荷叶	超亲水表面、普通亲水表面、超疏水表面壁面接触角0°、67°、156°	1.33mm	实验	R141b 工质质量流速G=165.17~550.34kg·m^-2·s^-1 q=11440~18150W·m^-2	阻耗减少21.9%	[53]
荷叶	亲水表面、疏水表面、亲疏水匹配表面壁面接触角22.6°、135° 椭圆亲水点长轴77μm 短轴44μm	1.5mm	实验	去离子水和水蒸气干度0.3~1 G=10~60kg·m^-2·s^-1	传热强化454.6%	[54]