不对称浸润性Janus有机多孔膜的设计、制备及应用

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0525

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

Janus有机多孔膜是一种具有相反两面性质或不对称结构的特殊膜材料。相较于单一有机多孔膜材料渗透性低、选择性差和易被污染等固有缺点，Janus有机多孔膜材料具有独特的传输行为和分离特性，可以有效克服以上缺点，因此受到极大关注。本文对近年来不对称浸润性Janus有机多孔膜的制备方法，包括不对称聚合法和单面改性法等进行了系统总结，详细介绍了不对称浸润性Janus有机多孔膜材料在膜分离、膜蒸馏、雾收集、单向导水织物、医疗等领域的应用，并对其存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了总结与展望。

关键词: 不对称浸润性, Janus有机多孔膜, 定向运输, 分离纯化

Abstract:

Janus organic porous membrane is a special membrane material with opposite two-sided properties or asymmetrical structure. Compared with a single organic porous membrane material, which has inherent limitations such as low permeability, poor selectivity and easy contamination, Janus organic porous membrane materials with unique transport behavior and separation characteristics can effectively overcome the above shortcomings, and thus they have attracted great attention. In this paper, the preparation methods of asymmetric wettable Janus organic porous membranes in recent years, including asymmetric polymerization method and single-sided modification method, were systematically summarized, and the applications of asymmetric wettable Janus organic porous membrane materials in membrane separation, membrane distillation, fog collection, unidirectional water conducting fabrics, medical and other fields were summarized in detail. The existing problems and future development were also summarized and prospected.

Key words: asymmetric wettable, Janus organic porous membrane, directed transport, separation and purification

中图分类号:

O6-332

蔡瑞芸, 焦芮, 孙寒雪, 李安. 不对称浸润性Janus有机多孔膜的设计、制备及应用[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(4): 2057-2067.

CAI Ruiyun, JIAO Rui, SUN Hanxue, LI An. Design, preparation and application of asymmetrically wettable Janus organic porous membrane[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(4): 2057-2067.

图/表 8

参考文献 57

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方法	技术	材料结构	制备过程	参考文献
不对称聚合	静电纺丝	双层	在聚丙烯（PP）非织造膜表面静电纺丝含有聚多巴胺（PDA）的聚丙烯腈（PAN）纳米纤维膜，形成疏水的PP内层和亲水的PAN外层	[12]
不对称聚合	真空过滤	双层	将芳纶纤维（ANF）在二甲基亚砜/氢氧化钾溶剂体系中去质子化，得到均匀分散的ANF，通过真空辅助过滤ANF分散体直接获得Janus ANF/MXene复合膜	[13]
单面改性	化学沉积	沿材料厚度互穿	将甘油/抑制剂（HQ）混合物作为支架内填充，再将聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）化学沉积到多孔介质表面，赋予亲水多孔基板不对称润湿性	[14]
	喷涂	双层	以低熔点聚乳酸（LMPLA）和聚乳酸（PLA）纤维为原料，以不同的针刺深度制备非织造布。经热压处理形成热粘接点，再用短氟烷基链聚合物和聚氨酯涂层溶液进行喷涂得到非织造功能化的Janus膜	[15]
	紫外固化、飞秒激光	双层	采用飞秒激光得到前体，在紫外光下聚合、固化后剥去覆盖膜，得到以聚醋酸烯丙酯（PAAC）为亲水性层，聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）为疏水性层的Janus水凝胶复合膜	[16]
	真空等离子体聚合	双层	先将聚对二甲苯涂层沉积到PP基材一侧的孔隙中，且不填充孔隙，然后通过等离子体聚合生成功能化分子层	[17]

方法	技术	材料结构	制备过程	参考文献
不对称聚合	静电纺丝	双层	在聚丙烯（PP）非织造膜表面静电纺丝含有聚多巴胺（PDA）的聚丙烯腈（PAN）纳米纤维膜，形成疏水的PP内层和亲水的PAN外层	[12]
不对称聚合	真空过滤	双层	将芳纶纤维（ANF）在二甲基亚砜/氢氧化钾溶剂体系中去质子化，得到均匀分散的ANF，通过真空辅助过滤ANF分散体直接获得Janus ANF/MXene复合膜	[13]
单面改性	化学沉积	沿材料厚度互穿	将甘油/抑制剂（HQ）混合物作为支架内填充，再将聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）化学沉积到多孔介质表面，赋予亲水多孔基板不对称润湿性	[14]
	喷涂	双层	以低熔点聚乳酸（LMPLA）和聚乳酸（PLA）纤维为原料，以不同的针刺深度制备非织造布。经热压处理形成热粘接点，再用短氟烷基链聚合物和聚氨酯涂层溶液进行喷涂得到非织造功能化的Janus膜	[15]
	紫外固化、飞秒激光	双层	采用飞秒激光得到前体，在紫外光下聚合、固化后剥去覆盖膜，得到以聚醋酸烯丙酯（PAAC）为亲水性层，聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）为疏水性层的Janus水凝胶复合膜	[16]
	真空等离子体聚合	双层	先将聚对二甲苯涂层沉积到PP基材一侧的孔隙中，且不填充孔隙，然后通过等离子体聚合生成功能化分子层	[17]

序号	应用领域	合成方法	工作机理	优点	参考文献
1	膜蒸馏	光引发化学气相沉积	通过单向紫外光照射，在疏水PTFE膜上沉积了亲水性聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯（PHEMA）层，使PTFE膜具有不对称的两面性质，用于高效膜蒸馏	PHEMA涂层的Janus PTFE膜在盐包油水乳化膜蒸馏（MD）操作中，具有更高的水通量和更优异的防污性能	[39]
2	个人制冷纺织品	静电纺丝、单侧亲水等离子体处理	经过单侧亲水等离子体处理实现聚氨酯（PU）基体的双面润湿性，从而诱导各向异性毛细力驱动的定向输水。分层设计结合了粒子和纤维的散射效率，覆盖了大部分太阳光波长范围，以提供最大的太阳反射率	与传统棉花相比，可增加织物在热源热量过度输入时的冷却能力，降低人体脱水和与热有关疾病的风险	[40]
3	膜分离	静电纺丝	涂覆邻苯二酚和磷酰基乙酸三乙酯（TEPA）的复合膜使分离器与电极之间的界面相容性增强，用以促进Li⁺输运，优化电池性能	相较于PAN膜，得到的聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯（PAN/PVDF-HFP）复合隔膜具有更优的机械强度、电解质润湿性和更高的孔隙率，可使电池的倍率性能和循环稳定性明显提高	[41]
4	医疗	静电纺丝	对比3种不同纤维膜在降低水接触角方面的差异，结果表明嵌合Janus纤维膜的水接触角下降快，可促进药物释放	可通过构建润湿性差异表面和添加亲水材料的方法改善嵌合Janus纤维膜的润湿性，使其发挥雾收集和湿度传感器等方面的潜力	[42]
5	雾收集	光化学改性	Janus膜通过拉伸由超快激光钻孔制成柔性PDMS片，调节雾收集率，实现可控雾收集	雾收集率可调，优于现有的基于刚性材料的方法，其不仅可用于雾收集，还可作为动态雾通量调节器	[43]

序号	应用领域	合成方法	工作机理	优点	参考文献
1	膜蒸馏	光引发化学气相沉积	通过单向紫外光照射，在疏水PTFE膜上沉积了亲水性聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯（PHEMA）层，使PTFE膜具有不对称的两面性质，用于高效膜蒸馏	PHEMA涂层的Janus PTFE膜在盐包油水乳化膜蒸馏（MD）操作中，具有更高的水通量和更优异的防污性能	[39]
2	个人制冷纺织品	静电纺丝、单侧亲水等离子体处理	经过单侧亲水等离子体处理实现聚氨酯（PU）基体的双面润湿性，从而诱导各向异性毛细力驱动的定向输水。分层设计结合了粒子和纤维的散射效率，覆盖了大部分太阳光波长范围，以提供最大的太阳反射率	与传统棉花相比，可增加织物在热源热量过度输入时的冷却能力，降低人体脱水和与热有关疾病的风险	[40]
3	膜分离	静电纺丝	涂覆邻苯二酚和磷酰基乙酸三乙酯（TEPA）的复合膜使分离器与电极之间的界面相容性增强，用以促进Li⁺输运，优化电池性能	相较于PAN膜，得到的聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯（PAN/PVDF-HFP）复合隔膜具有更优的机械强度、电解质润湿性和更高的孔隙率，可使电池的倍率性能和循环稳定性明显提高	[41]
4	医疗	静电纺丝	对比3种不同纤维膜在降低水接触角方面的差异，结果表明嵌合Janus纤维膜的水接触角下降快，可促进药物释放	可通过构建润湿性差异表面和添加亲水材料的方法改善嵌合Janus纤维膜的润湿性，使其发挥雾收集和湿度传感器等方面的潜力	[42]
5	雾收集	光化学改性	Janus膜通过拉伸由超快激光钻孔制成柔性PDMS片，调节雾收集率，实现可控雾收集	雾收集率可调，优于现有的基于刚性材料的方法，其不仅可用于雾收集，还可作为动态雾通量调节器	[43]

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