垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣理化特性及环境风险性

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1134

化工进展 ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (8): 4714-4725.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1134

• 资源与环境化工 • 上一篇

垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣理化特性及环境风险性

尹俊权¹(), 吴寅凯¹, 李卫华¹^,²(), 孙英杰¹, 张闻轩¹, 张庆建¹, 马晓腾¹, 卞荣星¹, 王华伟¹

^1.青岛理工大学环境与市政工程学院，青岛市固体废物污染控制与资源化工程研究中心，山东青岛 266520
^2.中国环境科学研究院，国家环境保护危险废物鉴别与风险控制重点实验室，北京 100012

收稿日期:2023-07-07 修回日期:2023-08-17 出版日期:2024-08-15 发布日期:2024-09-02
通讯作者: 李卫华
作者简介:尹俊权（1999—），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为垃圾焚烧飞灰污染控制与资源化。E-mail：1512746395@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52000111);山东省博士后创新项目(202103026);国家环境保护危险废物鉴别与风险控制重点实验室开放基金(2022YSKY-06);山东省高等学校青年创新团队人才引育计划;青岛市博士后应用研究项目

Physicochemical characteristics and environmental risk of ash/slag in typical sections of MSW incineration

YIN Junquan¹(), WU Yinkai¹, LI Weihua¹^,²(), SUN Yingjie¹, ZHANG Wenxuan¹, ZHANG Qingjian¹, MA Xiaoteng¹, BIAN Rongxing¹, WANG Huawei¹

^1.Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, Shandong, China
^2.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Received:2023-07-07 Revised:2023-08-17 Online:2024-08-15 Published:2024-09-02
Contact: LI Weihua

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究了垃圾焚烧典型工段5种灰/渣样品（余热锅炉灰/渣S1、半干法脱酸灰S2、布袋除尘灰S3、飞灰原灰S4和螯合剂稳定化飞灰S5）的表观特征、化学特性和浸出特性，并评估了灰/渣样品赋存重金属的环境风险。结果表明：S1呈现与其他灰样显著的表观特征差异，其表观颜色泛黄，颗粒大小不均，Si、Al含量较高，可资源化利用潜力较大；S3可溶性氯盐、高毒性重金属（Pb、Cd）含量较高，可进行单独脱氯、解毒处理；S5粒径级配在7~20μm和40~120μm存在两处波峰，其稳定化效果存在一定缺陷。S1赋存Cr（4.45%）和S3赋存Pb（3.04%）、Cd（4.28%）的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高，表明其潜在浸出环境风险较高，在其无害化处理和资源化利用过程中需重点关注，尤其是酸性（如酸雨或渗滤液浸沥）处置或应用场景。S1赋存重金属的潜在环境风险远低于其他4种灰样；模拟渗滤液浸提环境下，5种灰/渣浸出液重金属的综合性环境风险水平均高于模拟酸雨浸提环境，且S1、S3、S4和S5中Cd的浸出环境风险水平表现为“极强”等级。研究结果可为垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣的分类利用、精细化管理以及科学的环境风险评估提供理论依据。

关键词: 垃圾焚烧, 工艺流程, 灰/渣, 理化特性, 环境风险

Abstract:

The apparent, chemical, and leaching characteristics of five types of ash/slag samples (waste heat boiler ash/slag S1, semi-dry deacidification ash S2, bag dust removal ash S3, raw fly ash S4, and chelator stabilized fly ash S5) in typical sections of MSW incineration were studied, and the environmental risks of heavy metals in ash/slag samples were evaluated. The results showed that S1 exhibited significant differences in apparent characteristics compared to other samples, with a yellowing color, uneven particle size, and high Si and Al content, indicating a great potential for resource utilization. A higher content of soluble chloride salts and highly toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd) were enriched in S3, which could be treated separately for dechlorination and detoxification. In terms of particle size distribution, there were two peaks in the range of 7—20μm and 40—120μm for S5, which had certain defects in its stabilization effect. The exchangeable and carbonate bound states of Cr (4.45%) in S1 and Pb (3.04%) and Cd (4.28%) in S3 were relatively high, indicating a high potential leaching environmental risk. Special attention should be paid to their harmless treatment and resource utilization, especially in acidic (such as acid rain or landfill leachate leaching) disposal or application scenarios. The potential environmental risk level of S1 containing heavy metals was much lower than the other four ash samples. Under the simulated landfill leachate leaching environment, the comprehensive environmental risk level of heavy metals in the five ash/slag leaching solutions was higher than that in the simulated acid rain leaching environment, and the leaching environmental risk level of Cd in S1, S3, S4, and S5 showed an "extremely strong" level. The research results could provide theoretical basis for the classification and utilization of ash/slag in typical MSW incineration sections, refined management, and scientific environmental risk assessment.

Key words: MSW incineration, technological process, ash/slag, physicochemical properties, environmental risk

中图分类号:

X705

尹俊权, 吴寅凯, 李卫华, 孙英杰, 张闻轩, 张庆建, 马晓腾, 卞荣星, 王华伟. 垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣理化特性及环境风险性[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4714-4725.

YIN Junquan, WU Yinkai, LI Weihua, SUN Yingjie, ZHANG Wenxuan, ZHANG Qingjian, MA Xiaoteng, BIAN Rongxing, WANG Huawei. Physicochemical characteristics and environmental risk of ash/slag in typical sections of MSW incineration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(8): 4714-4725.

图/表 16

图1 5种灰/渣样品采集工段分布示意图

表1 检测指标及方法

检测指标	检测方法
pH	固液比为1∶5的灰/渣与蒸馏水混合，于25℃条件下振荡30min，采用精密酸度计（PHS-3C）测定上清液pH^[8]
电导率（EC）	固液比为1∶5的灰/渣与蒸馏水混合，于25℃条件下振荡30min，采用电导率仪（DDS-307A）测定上清液EC值^[8]
重金属浸出浓度	硫酸硝酸法（HJ/T 299—2007）浸出+电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES，iCAP 7000）测定醋酸缓冲溶液法（HJ/T 300—2007）浸出+ICP-OES测定
重金属总量	微波消解仪（XT-9912）消解+ICP-OES测定^[9]
化学组成	X射线荧光仪（XRF，Zetium）
矿物组成	X射线衍射分析仪（XRD，Smartlab 9）
重金属化学形态	Tessier五步提取^[8]+ICP-OES测定
粒径	激光粒度仪（Mastersizer 2000）
表面形貌-微区元素组成	扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析（SEM-EDS，JSM-6360LV）

表2 中国表层土壤部分重金属背景值及其毒性响应因子[12]

参数	Pb	Zn	Cu	Cd	Cr	Ni
$T i$	5	1	5	30	2	5
$C N i 或 m i 0$ /mg·kg^-1	26	74	23	0.1	61	27

表2 中国表层土壤部分重金属背景值及其毒性响应因子[12]

参数	Pb	Zn	Cu	Cd	Cr	Ni
$T i$	5	1	5	30	2	5
$C N i 或 m i 0$ /mg·kg^-1	26	74	23	0.1	61	27

图2 不同工段的5种灰/渣样品

图3 5种灰/渣样品的粒径级配曲线

图4 5种灰/渣样品的扫描电子显微镜-能谱图像

图5 5种灰/渣样品的盐类/碱性物质/酸性物质及主要碱性、酸性物质分布

图6 5种灰/渣样品的XRD图谱

图7 5种灰/渣样品的重金属总量分布

图8 5种灰/渣样品的重金属化学形态分布

图9 5种灰/渣样品的均值pH分布和均值EC分布

图10 5种灰/渣样品在硫酸硝酸法和醋酸缓冲溶液法浸提环境下的重金属浸出浓度[(a)中Limit为《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》（GB 5085.3—2007）中浸出毒性鉴别标准限值；(b)中Limit为《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889—2008）中浸出液污染物质量浓度限值]

表3 5种灰/渣样品赋存重金属的潜在环境风险水平（基于STI模型）

S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
12866.17	111579.22	168520.05	146610.65	147874.92

图11 5种灰/渣样品在硫酸硝酸和醋酸缓冲溶液浸提环境下浸出重金属的单因子环境风险和综合性环境风险

表4 液相中重金属的单因子（基于Eri值）

$E r i$	单因子环境危害程度
$E r i < 30$	轻微
$30 ≤ E r i < 60$	中等
$60 ≤ E r i < 120$	强
$120 ≤ E r i < 240$	很强
$E r i ≥ 240$	极强

表4 液相中重金属的单因子（基于Eri值）

$E r i$	单因子环境危害程度
$E r i < 30$	轻微
$30 ≤ E r i < 60$	中等
$60 ≤ E r i < 120$	强
$120 ≤ E r i < 240$	很强
$E r i ≥ 240$	极强

表5 综合性（基于RI值）环境风险水平划分表[14]

$R I$	综合性环境危害程度
$R I < 60$	轻微
$60 ≤ R I < 120$	中等
$120 ≤ R I < 240$	强
$R I ≥ 240$	很强

表5 综合性（基于RI值）环境风险水平划分表[14]

$R I$	综合性环境危害程度
$R I < 60$	轻微
$60 ≤ R I < 120$	中等
$120 ≤ R I < 240$	强
$R I ≥ 240$	很强

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垃圾焚烧典型工段灰/渣理化特性及环境风险性

Physicochemical characteristics and environmental risk of ash/slag in typical sections of MSW incineration

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