面向水处理与有机溶剂回收的太阳能界面蒸发系统与材料

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0530

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海水淡化是缓解全球淡水资源短缺的重要途径，但传统海水淡化技术受限于过大的能源消耗，而太阳能界面蒸发技术因高蒸发效率、可持续性和低成本等优点引起了人们极大的关注。太阳能界面蒸发技术利用光热转换材料将光捕获并高效地转化为热能，随之将热量传递给水分子将其蒸发收集而实现净化。本文综述了近年太阳能界面蒸发系统结构设计的演变，总结了新兴的光热材料如金属基等离子体材料、碳基材料、半导体材料、生物质材料等在海水淡化、污水处理等方面的研究，并基于系统设计理念提出了太阳能蒸发技术应用于有机溶剂纯化领域的可能性。在此基础上，对太阳能界面蒸发技术的前景和面临的挑战进行了总结，提出了太阳能界面蒸发技术与蒸汽发电、光催化、光解水产氢等多种技术的耦合。

关键词: 太阳能界面蒸发, 海水淡化, 光热材料, 有机溶剂纯化

Abstract:

Desalination is greatly important for alleviating the global challenge of fresh water resource shortage. However, most of the traditional desalination technologies face the limitation of excessive energy consumption. The emerging solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology has attracted extensive attention in recent year owing to its low-cost, high-energy efficiency and sustainability. During solar interfacial evaporation process, the sun light can be captured by the photothermal conversion material and converted to thermal energy, which is subsequently transferred to the water molecules at interface, resulting in water evaporation and purification. In this review, we firstly summarize the evolution of solar interfacial evaporation system structure design in the past years. Then the development of emerging photothermal conversion materials including metal-based plasma materials, carbon materials, semiconductor and biomass materials in seawater desalination and waste water treatment is reviewed. Furthermore, the potential of solar interfacial evaporation technology for organic solvent purification is proposed and discussed. Lastly, the prospect and challenge of solar interfacial evaporation technology are summarized, and in particular the coupling of solar interfacial evaporation with steam power generation, photocatalysis and photodecomposition of aquatic hydrogen is pointed out.

Key words: solar-driven interfacial evaporation, desalination, photothermal conversion materials, organic solvent purification

中图分类号:

TQ09

毛停停, 李双福, 黄李茗铭, 周川玲, 韩凯. 面向水处理与有机溶剂回收的太阳能界面蒸发系统与材料[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(1): 178-193.

MAO Tingting, LI Shuangfu, HUANG Limingming, ZHOU Chuanling, HAN Kai. Solar interfacial evaporation system and materials for water treatment and organic solvent purification[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(1): 178-193.

图/表 11

参考文献 111

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材料类型	材料名称	光强/kW·m^-2	蒸发速率/kg·m^-2·h^-1	能量转换效率/%	参考文献
金属基等离子体	Al NP/AAM	4.0	约5.7	88.4	[14]
	Ag NPs	4.0	—	约80	[32]
	Au/h-Nanoturf	1.0	1.33	约91	[34]
	3D Au@Bi₂MoO₆	1.0	1.69	97.1	[36]
	Ag/Au@GO	10.0	12.96	92	[37]
	AgNPs@C₃N₄/GO	1.0	1.13	77	[38]
	AuNPs@C-Silica	1.0	约1.5	94.6	[40]
	中空CuS泡沫	1.0	1.337	91.4	[42]
	Cu₉S₅/PVDFM	1.0	1.173	80.2	[43]
	TiN NPs	1.0	—	>80	[46]
	TiN、ZrN、HfN	1.0	1.10、1.27、1.36	78、88、95	[48]
碳基	3D碳泡沫	1.0	10.9(风速6m·s^-1)	—	[9]
	CNTs/细菌纤维素	1.0	2.9	80	[11]
	3D 碳点	0.5	1.58	—	[28]
	PDMS/CNT/PVDF	1.0	1.43		[51]
	CB/PMMA	0.75	1.33	约87	[52]
	CB/GO	1.0	1.27	87.5	[53]
	CNF@RGO-n	1.0	1.47	83	[54]
	rGO-MWCNT	1.0	1.22	80.4	[55]
	CNT	1.0	1.59	95.7	[66]
	CB(Janus结构)	1.0	1.3	74	[68]
	分层石墨烯泡沫	1.0	—	93.4	[71]
	N-多孔石墨烯泡沫	1.0	1.54	82.2	[72]
	CNT气凝胶	1.0	1.67	91	[74]
	rGO/PVA	1.0	2.5	约95	[75]
	rGO泡沫	1.0	2.4	约100	[76]
	石墨/纤维素气凝胶	1.0	1.61	90	[77]
	碳化钼/碳基水凝胶	1.0	2.19	96.15	[78]
半导体	Ti³⁺-TiO₂	1.0	1.2	77.1	[79]
	Janus HN/NiO	1.0	1.33	83.5	[80]
	CuCr₂O₄/SiO₂	1.0	1.32	—	[81]
	Co₃O₄/Ni	1.0	1.226	>80	[82]
	H_1.68MoO₃	1.0	1.37	84.4	[83]
	MoO_3-_x	1.0	1.51	95	[84]
	1T-MoS₂	1.0	—	83.3	[85]
	Ni-G-WO_3-_x	1.0	2.12	85	[87]
	La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃	1.0	1.67	92	[88]
生物质	碳化丝瓜络海绵	1.0	1.36	83.7	[8]
	碳化竹叶	1.0	1.75	91.9	[15]
	PPy-Wood	1.0	1.01	72.5	[91]
	Wood@POF	1.0	—	80	[92]
	碳化双峰木材	6.0	6.4	79.5	[93]
	碳化竹子	1.0	1.19	84	[95]
	碳化甘蔗	1.0	1.57	87.4	[97]
	碳化向日葵	1.0	1.51	约100	[98]
	碳化咖啡渣	1.0	1.05	71.7	[100]
其他	PPy/PVA	1.0	3.2	94	[13]
	3D PPy折纸基	1.0	2.12	91.5	[29]
	Ti₃C₂	1.0	1.44	85.5	[102]
	Ti₂C	1.0	1.6	84.6	[103]
	PDA@MXene	1.0	1.276	85.2	[106]
	3D MXene/Co/C	1.0	1.393	93.4	[107]
	BP/PU	2.0	2.18	77.57	[109]

材料类型	材料名称	光强/kW·m^-2	蒸发速率/kg·m^-2·h^-1	能量转换效率/%	参考文献
金属基等离子体	Al NP/AAM	4.0	约5.7	88.4	[14]
	Ag NPs	4.0	—	约80	[32]
	Au/h-Nanoturf	1.0	1.33	约91	[34]
	3D Au@Bi₂MoO₆	1.0	1.69	97.1	[36]
	Ag/Au@GO	10.0	12.96	92	[37]
	AgNPs@C₃N₄/GO	1.0	1.13	77	[38]
	AuNPs@C-Silica	1.0	约1.5	94.6	[40]
	中空CuS泡沫	1.0	1.337	91.4	[42]
	Cu₉S₅/PVDFM	1.0	1.173	80.2	[43]
	TiN NPs	1.0	—	>80	[46]
	TiN、ZrN、HfN	1.0	1.10、1.27、1.36	78、88、95	[48]
碳基	3D碳泡沫	1.0	10.9(风速6m·s^-1)	—	[9]
	CNTs/细菌纤维素	1.0	2.9	80	[11]
	3D 碳点	0.5	1.58	—	[28]
	PDMS/CNT/PVDF	1.0	1.43		[51]
	CB/PMMA	0.75	1.33	约87	[52]
	CB/GO	1.0	1.27	87.5	[53]
	CNF@RGO-n	1.0	1.47	83	[54]
	rGO-MWCNT	1.0	1.22	80.4	[55]
	CNT	1.0	1.59	95.7	[66]
	CB(Janus结构)	1.0	1.3	74	[68]
	分层石墨烯泡沫	1.0	—	93.4	[71]
	N-多孔石墨烯泡沫	1.0	1.54	82.2	[72]
	CNT气凝胶	1.0	1.67	91	[74]
	rGO/PVA	1.0	2.5	约95	[75]
	rGO泡沫	1.0	2.4	约100	[76]
	石墨/纤维素气凝胶	1.0	1.61	90	[77]
	碳化钼/碳基水凝胶	1.0	2.19	96.15	[78]
半导体	Ti³⁺-TiO₂	1.0	1.2	77.1	[79]
	Janus HN/NiO	1.0	1.33	83.5	[80]
	CuCr₂O₄/SiO₂	1.0	1.32	—	[81]
	Co₃O₄/Ni	1.0	1.226	>80	[82]
	H_1.68MoO₃	1.0	1.37	84.4	[83]
	MoO_3-_x	1.0	1.51	95	[84]
	1T-MoS₂	1.0	—	83.3	[85]
	Ni-G-WO_3-_x	1.0	2.12	85	[87]
	La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃	1.0	1.67	92	[88]
生物质	碳化丝瓜络海绵	1.0	1.36	83.7	[8]
	碳化竹叶	1.0	1.75	91.9	[15]
	PPy-Wood	1.0	1.01	72.5	[91]
	Wood@POF	1.0	—	80	[92]
	碳化双峰木材	6.0	6.4	79.5	[93]
	碳化竹子	1.0	1.19	84	[95]
	碳化甘蔗	1.0	1.57	87.4	[97]
	碳化向日葵	1.0	1.51	约100	[98]
	碳化咖啡渣	1.0	1.05	71.7	[100]
其他	PPy/PVA	1.0	3.2	94	[13]
	3D PPy折纸基	1.0	2.12	91.5	[29]
	Ti₃C₂	1.0	1.44	85.5	[102]
	Ti₂C	1.0	1.6	84.6	[103]
	PDA@MXene	1.0	1.276	85.2	[106]
	3D MXene/Co/C	1.0	1.393	93.4	[107]
	BP/PU	2.0	2.18	77.57	[109]

溶剂种类	沸点/℃	介电常数/F·m^-1	密度/g·cm^-3
丙酮	56.5	20.7	0.788
甲醇	64.7	32.7	0.786
四氢呋喃	66.0	7.6	0.889
正己烷	69.0	1.9	0.659
乙醇	78.3	24.5	0.789
乙腈	81.6	37.5	0.787
异丙醇	82.5	19.9	0.786
正庚烷	98.0	1.9	0.683
水	100.0	78.5	1.000
甲苯	110.6	2.4	0.872
二甲苯	约140.0	2.4	0.897
N,N-二甲基甲酰胺	153.0	36.7	0.948
正己醇	约157.0	13.3	0.814
N,N-二甲基乙酰胺	166.1	37.8	0.937
二甲基亚砜	189.0	47.2	1.100
N-甲基吡咯烷酮	202.0	32.2	1.028

溶剂种类	沸点/℃	介电常数/F·m^-1	密度/g·cm^-3
丙酮	56.5	20.7	0.788
甲醇	64.7	32.7	0.786
四氢呋喃	66.0	7.6	0.889
正己烷	69.0	1.9	0.659
乙醇	78.3	24.5	0.789
乙腈	81.6	37.5	0.787
异丙醇	82.5	19.9	0.786
正庚烷	98.0	1.9	0.683
水	100.0	78.5	1.000
甲苯	110.6	2.4	0.872
二甲苯	约140.0	2.4	0.897
N,N-二甲基甲酰胺	153.0	36.7	0.948
正己醇	约157.0	13.3	0.814
N,N-二甲基乙酰胺	166.1	37.8	0.937
二甲基亚砜	189.0	47.2	1.100
N-甲基吡咯烷酮	202.0	32.2	1.028

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