高温含水层储热系统地层热损失影响因素量化分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1465

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高温含水层储热（HT-ATES）可解决太阳能供暖跨季节储热难题，但热回收效率低，影响其高效、可持续运行。以HT-ATES系统为研究对象，构建了流动换热模型，提出了热量损失评价指标。基于对地层各部分热损失的定量分析，揭示了影响热回收效率（R）和地层热损失（Q_s,m）的主要因素。模拟结果表明，R和Q_s,m对渗透率、储层热导率和流量更为敏感。储层横向渗透率由4.5D降低至0.5D、热导率由2.5W/(m·K)降低至1.8W/(m·K)，可使得Q_s,m分别减少4.9%、6.6%，采热量分别增加3%、2.4%，R分别提高1.8%和1.7%。储层孔隙度由0.15增大至0.25、比热容由830J/(kg·K)增加至1030J/(kg·K)，可将储层储热量分别提高2.1%、3.1%，并使热影响范围分别缩小1.64m、2.18m。注入流体温度和流量的增加分别导致R下降0.5%和提高5.6%，适当提高流量并降低注入温度可实现HT-ATES系统储热量和热回收效率的最大化。量化分析HT-ATES系统热损失为储层的选择以及最佳开发方案的制定提供了科学依据。

关键词: 高温含水层储热, 热回收效率, 地层热损失, 敏感性分析, 热损失定量分析

Abstract:

High-temperature aquifer thermal storage (HT-ATES) can be used to solve the problem of inter-seasonal thermal energy storage in solar heating, but low heat recovery efficiency seriously affects its efficient and sustainable operation. Taking the HT-ATES system as the research object, a flow heat exchange model was constructed, and heat losses evaluation indexes were defined. Based on quantitative analysis of the heat losses in various parts of the formation, the main factors affecting recovery efficiency (R) and formation heat losses (Q_s,m) were revealed. The simulation results indicated that R and Q_s,m were more sensitive to permeability, reservoir thermal conductivity, and flow rate. Reservoir permeability decreased from 4.5D to 0.5D and thermal conductivity decreased from 2.5W/(m·K) to 1.8 W/(m·K), which could reduce Q_s,m by 4.9% and 6.6% respectively, and increase heat extraction by 3% and 2.4%, thereby rising R by 1.8% and 1.7% separately. Magnifying porosity of the reservoir from 0.15 to 0.25 and capacity from 830J/(kg·K) to 1030J/(kg·K) could increase heat storage capacity of reservoir by 2.1% and 3.1% respectively, and decrease thermal effect range by 1.64m and 2.18m separately. The rise of temperature and flow rate of the injection fluid led to a 0.5% decrease and a 5.6% increase in R, respectively, and appropriately growing flow rate and reducing injection temperature could maximize thermal storage capacity and recovery efficiency of the HT-ATES system. Quantitative analysis of heat losses in HT-ATES system provided scientific basis for reservoir selection and optimal development strategy formulation.

Key words: high-temperature aquifer thermal storage (HT-ATES), recovery efficiency, formation heat losses, sensitivity analysis, heat losses quantitative analysis

中图分类号:

TK529

王一鸣, 陈伟, 卜宪标. 高温含水层储热系统地层热损失影响因素量化分析[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(10): 5717-5729.

WANG Yiming, CHEN Wei, BU Xianbiao. Quantitative analysis of influential factors of formation heat losses in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(10): 5717-5729.

图/表 11

图1 HT-ATES模型的几何建模和网格划分情况

表1 模型输入参数[30,34]（框内数据表示参数变化范围）

模型参数	储层	盖层和隔层
密度/kg·m^-3	2500	2500
孔隙度	0.2[0.15~0.25]	0.05[0.01~0.1]
横向渗透率/mD	1500[300~4500]	0.5
纵向渗透率/mD	500[100~1500]	0.05
热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	2.5[1.5~2.5]	1.05[0.8~1.5]
定压比热容/J·kg^-1·K^-1	930[830~1030]	770
地层温度/℃	45	45
注入温度/℃	60[55~70]	—
注入流量/m³·h^-1	20[10-30]	—
采出流量/m³·h^-1	30[15~45]	—

图2 实验数据与模型模拟结果对比

图3 热回收效率R随循环次数变化曲线

图4 HT-ATES模型储取热循环地层温度分布连续变化

图5 不同渗透率条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

图6 不同孔隙度条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

图7 不同热导率条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

图8 不同储层比热容条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

图9 不同注入温度条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

图10 不同流量条件下的储取热循环模拟结果

参考文献 44

[1]	赵欣. “双碳”背景下国外能源生产消费现状对我国能源安全保障的启示[J]. 中国煤炭地质, 2022, 34(11): 35-40.
	ZHAO Xin. Enlightenment of foreign energy production and consumption status quo on China’s energy security under the background of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”[J]. Coal Geology of China, 2022, 34(11): 35-40.
[2]	孔令令, 李彪铭. 东北农村清洁供暖适用技术研究[J]. 黑龙江科学, 2022, 13(16): 82-84.
	KONG Lingling, LI Biaoming. Study on the appropriate technology of clean heating in northeast rural areas[J]. Heilongjiang Science, 2022, 13(16): 82-84.
[3]	刘常平, 张时聪, 杨芯岩, 等. “十三五”我国建筑领域煤炭消耗总量计算研究[J]. 中国能源, 2021, 43(2): 28-33.
	LIU Changping, ZHANG Shicong, YANG Xinyan, et al. Research on coal consumption in building sector during the 13th Five-Year Plan period[J]. Energy of China, 2021, 43(2): 28-33.
[4]	刘强, 梁晓云, 王红, 等. 北方清洁供暖现状和趋势分析[J]. 中国能源, 2021, 43(1): 17-22, 41.
	LIU Qiang, LIANG Xiaoyun, WANG Hong, et al. Current situation and trend analysis of clean heating in North China[J]. Energy of China, 2021, 43(1): 17-22, 41.
[5]	孔令令, 尹勇. 我国北方地区清洁供暖规划技术路线及发展新模式[J]. 城市住宅, 2019, 26(11): 213-214.
	KONG Lingling, YIN Yong. Technical route and new development mode of clean heating planning in Northern China[J]. City & House, 2019, 26(11): 213-214.
[6]	胡润青, 孙培军, 窦克军, 等. 低碳清洁供热的现状、问题和政策建议[J]. 中国能源, 2021, 43(10): 41-46.
	HU Runqing, SUN Peijun, DOU Kejun, et al. Status, problems and policy suggestions of low carbon clean heating[J]. Energy of China, 2021, 43(10): 41-46.
[7]	孙振锋. 我国北方地区冬季清洁取暖现状及存在问题[J]. 河北农业, 2018(2): 42-44.
	SUN Zhenfeng. Present situation and existing problems of clean heating in winter in northern China[J]. Hebei Agriculture, 2018(2): 42-44.
[8]	邹雪梅, 曲云霞, 贾北平, 等. 太阳能供暖现状及分析[J]. 低温建筑技术, 2015, 37(3): 134-135.
	ZOU Xuemei, QU Yunxia, JIA Beiping, et al. Present situation and analysis of solar energy heating[J]. Low Temperature Architecture Technology, 2015, 37(3): 134-135.
[9]	董晓亚, 李德英. 太阳能在供热中的应用[C]// 2019供热工程建设与高效运行研讨会. 中国土木工程学会, 2019: 233-237.
	Dong Xiaoya, Li Deying. Application of solar energy in heating[C]// 2019 Heating Engineering Construction and Efficient Operation Seminar. China Civil Engineering Society, 2019: 233-237.
[10]	隋德洋, 王启民. 中国地下含水层跨季节储热可行性分析[J]. 能源与节能, 2023(1): 38-40.
	SUI Deyang, WANG Qimin. Feasibility of trans-seasonal heat storage in underground aquifers in China[J]. Energy and Energy Conservation, 2023(1): 38-40.
[11]	芮振华, 刘月亮, 张政, 等. 地热储能技术研究进展及未来展望[J]. 石油科学通报, 2024, 9(2): 260-281.
	RUI Zhenhua, LIU Yueliang, ZHANG Zheng, et al. Research progress and prospect of geothermal energy storage technology[J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin, 2024, 9(2): 260-281.
[12]	宋显超. 地热供暖技术应用探讨[J]. 河南建材, 2019(5): 315-316.
	SONG Xianchao. Discussion on application of geothermal heating technology[J]. Henan Building Materials, 2019(5): 315-316.
[13]	HOU Jianchao, CAO Mengchao, LIU Pingkuo. Development and utilization of geothermal energy in China: Current practices and future strategies[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 125: 401-412.
[14]	黄嘉超, 梁海军, 谷雪曦. 中国地热能发展形势及“十四五”发展建议[J]. 世界石油工业, 2021, 28(2): 41-46.
	HUANG Jiachao, LIANG Haijun, GU Xuexi. Development situation of geothermal energy in China and development proposals in the 14^th Five-Year Plan period[J]. World Petroleum Industry, 2021, 28(2): 41-46.
[15]	黄永辉, 庞忠和, 程远志, 等. 深层含水层地下储热技术的发展现状与展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(1): 17-24.
	HUANG Yonghui, PANG Zhonghe, CHENG Yuanzhi, et al. The development and outlook of the deep aquifer thermal energy storage(deep-ATES)[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 17-24.
[16]	申恒明. 我国地热能开发利用现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学技术创新, 2019(14): 20-21.
	SHEN Hengming. Present situation and development trend of geothermal energy development and utilization in China[J]. Scientific and Technological Innovation, 2019(14): 20-21.
[17]	张媛媛, 叶灿滔, 龚宇烈, 等. 地下储能技术研究现状及发展[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(11): 49-57.
	ZHANG Yuanyuan, YE Cantao, GONG Yulie, et al. Review and prospect of underground thermal energy storage technology[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(11): 49-57.
[18]	LYDEN A, BROWN C S, KOLO I, et al. Seasonal thermal energy storage in smart energy systems: District-level applications and modelling approaches[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, 167: 112760.
[19]	MAHON Harry, Dominic O’CONNOR, FRIEDRICH Daniel, et al. A review of thermal energy storage technologies for seasonal loops[J]. Energy, 2022, 239: 122207.
[20]	ZHANG Yuanyuan, GAO Xiaorong, SUN Caixia, et al. Thermal performance and analysis of high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage based on a practical project[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 82: 110399.
[21]	黄永辉, 杨俊生, 朱传庆, 等. 深部含水层储热系统的数值模拟研究[J]. 地球学报, 2023, 44(1): 239-247.
	HUANG Yonghui, YANG Junsheng, ZHU Chuanqing, et al. Numerical modeling of the high-temperature thermal energy storage system in deep aquifers[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2023, 44(1): 239-247.
[22]	ZHANG Yuanyuan, YE Cantao, KONG Yanlong, et al. Thermal attenuation and heat supplementary analysis of medium-deep coaxial borehole system-based on a practical project[J]. Energy, 2023, 270: 126805.
[23]	FLEUCHAUS Paul, GODSCHALK Bas, STOBER Ingrid, et al. Worldwide application of aquifer thermal energy storage—A review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 94: 861-876.
[24]	GAO Liuhua, ZHAO Jun, AN Qingsong, et al. A review on system performance studies of aquifer thermal energy storage[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 142: 3537-3545.
[25]	HOLSTENKAMP Lars, MEISEL Marcus, NEIDIG Phillip, et al. Interdisciplinary review of medium-deep aquifer thermal energy storage in north Germany[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 135: 327-336.
[26]	KABUS Frank, WOLFGRAMM Markus, SEIBT Andrea, et al. Aquifer thermal energy storage in Neubrandenburg-monitoring throughout three years of regular operation[C]// The 11th International Conference on Energy Storage, 2009.
[27]	KABUS Frank, SEIBT Peter. Aquifer thermal energy storage for the Berlin Reichstag building-new seat of the german parliament[C]// Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress. 2000: 3611-3615.
[28]	SCHOUT Gilian, DRIJVER Benno, Mariene GUTIERREZ-NERI, et al. Analysis of recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage: A Rayleigh-based method[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2014, 22(1): 281-291.
[29]	SCHOUT Gilian, DRIJVER Benno, SCHOTTING Ruud. The influence of the injection temperature on the recovery efficiency of high temperature aquifer thermal energy storage: Comment on Jeonet al. , 2015[J]. Energy, 2016, 103: 107-109.
[30]	SHI Yu, CUI Qiliang, SONG Xianzhi, et al. Thermal performance of the aquifer thermal energy storage system considering vertical heat losses through aquitards[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 207: 447-460.
[31]	KIM Jongchan, LEE Youngmin, YOON Woon Sang, et al. Numerical modeling of aquifer thermal energy storage system[J]. Energy, 2010, 35(12): 4955-4965.
[32]	VAN LOPIK Jan H, HARTOG Niels, ZAADNOORDIJK Willem Jan. The use of salinity contrast for density difference compensation to improve the thermal recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage systems[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2016, 24(5): 1255-1271.
[33]	SHELDON Heather A, WILKINS Andy, GREEN Christopher P. Recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage systems[J]. Geothermics, 2021, 96: 102173.
[34]	GAO Liuhua, ZHAO Jun, AN Qingsong, et al. Thermal performance of medium-to-high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 146: 898-909.
[35]	FLEUCHAUS Paul, Simon SCHÜPPLER, BLOEMENDAL Martin, et al. Risk analysis of high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES)[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2020, 133: 110153.
[36]	POSSEMIERS Mathias, HUYSMANS Marijke, BATELAAN Okke. Influence of aquifer thermal energy storage on groundwater quality: A review illustrated by seven case studies from Belgium[J]. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2014, 2: 20-34.
[37]	HUANG Yonghui, PANG Zhonghe, KONG Yanlong, et al. Assessment of the high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) potential in naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs with a stochastic discrete fracture network model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2021, 603: 127188.
[38]	MOLZ F J, MELVILLE J G, PARR A D, et al. Aquifer thermal energy storage: A well doublet experiment at increased temperatures[J]. Water Resources Research, 1983, 19(1): 149-160.
[39]	BUSCHECK Thomas A, DOUGHTY Christine, TSANG Chin Fu. Prediction and analysis of a field experiment on a multilayered aquifer thermal energy storage system with strong buoyancy flow[J]. Water Resources Research, 1983, 19(5): 1307-1315.
[40]	MOLZ F J, MELVILLE J G, GÜVEN O, et al. Aquifer thermal energy storage: An attempt to counter free thermal convection[J]. Water Resources Research, 1983, 19(4): 922-930.
[41]	JEON Jun-Seo, LEE Seung-Rae, PASQUINELLI Lisa, et al. Sensitivity analysis of recovery efficiency in high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage with single well[J]. Energy, 2015, 90: 1349-1359.
[42]	车用太, 何案华, 鱼金子. 水温微动态形成的水热动力学与地热动力学机制[J]. 地震学报, 2014, 36(1): 106-117.
	CHE Yongtai, HE Anhua, YU Jinzi. Mechanisms of water-heat dynamics and earth-heat dynamics of well water temperature micro-behavior[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2014, 36(1): 106-117.
[43]	黄云英, 张元福, 赵健龙, 等. 大理州洱源地区地热储层特征及模式[J]. 地质学报, 2025(3): 945-959.
	HUANG Yunying, ZHANG Yuanfu, ZHAO Jianlong, et al. Characteristics and model of geothermal reservoir in Eryuan area of Dali prefecture[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2025, 99(3): 945-959.
[44]	徐拴海, 沈浩. 岩石热导率影响因素及预测研究综述[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2022, 22(16): 6369-6376.
	XU Shuanhai, SHEN Hao. Review on influencing factors and prediction of rock thermal conductivity[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(16): 6369-6376.