碳足迹评估技术及其在重点工业行业的应用

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1501

化工进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 2201-2218.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1501

碳足迹评估技术及其在重点工业行业的应用

刘含笑¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 吴黎明¹^,⁵, 林青阳⁶, 周烨⁷, 罗象⁸, 桂志军⁷, 刘小伟², 单思珂⁴, 朱前林⁹, 陆诗建⁹

^1.浙江菲达环保科技股份有限公司浙江省燃煤烟气净化装备研究重点实验室，浙江诸暨 311800
^2.华中科技大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074
^3.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院，北京 102206
^4.浙江省环保集团生态环保研究院有限公司，浙江杭州 310030
^5.杭州钢铁集团有限公司，浙江杭州 310000
^6.浙江大学能源工程学院，浙江杭州 310000
^7.上海易碳数字科技有限公司，上海 201308
^8.宁波诺丁汉大学，浙江宁波 315100
^9.中国矿业大学，江苏徐州 221116

收稿日期:2022-08-15 修回日期:2022-09-26 出版日期:2023-05-10 发布日期:2023-06-02
通讯作者: 刘含笑
作者简介:刘含笑（1987—），男，博士研究生，高级工程师，主要从事大气污染治理及双碳技术研发工作。E-mail：gutounan@163.com。
基金资助:
浙江省“尖兵”计划(2022C03030);国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0603202)

Carbon footprint assessment technology and its application in key industries

LIU Hanxiao¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WU Liming¹^,⁵, LIN Qingyang⁶, ZHOU Ye⁷, LUO Xiang⁸, GUI Zhijun⁷, LIU Xiaowei², SHAN Sike⁴, ZHU Qianlin⁹, LU Shijian⁹

^1.Key Laboratory of Coal Fired Flue Gas Purification Equipment Research of Zhejiang Province, Feida Environmental Protection Technology Co. , Ltd. , Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
^3.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
^4.Zhejiang Environmetal Protection Group Eco-Environmental Research Institute, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
^5.Hangzhou Iron & Steel Group Co. , Ltd. , Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
^6.College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
^7.Shanghai E-Carbon Digital Technology Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai 201308, China
^8.University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
^9.China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China

Received:2022-08-15 Revised:2022-09-26 Online:2023-05-10 Published:2023-06-02
Contact: LIU Hanxiao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国碳足迹研究起步较晚，建立完善的碳足迹评估体系是我国有效应对复杂国际关系和日益激烈的国际低碳经济竞争、科学推动和引导绿色低碳转型发展、有序实现“双碳”目标的必然选择。基于国内外文献调研，本文系统梳理和分析了碳足迹概念、碳足迹评估方法、碳足迹评估标准、碳足迹评估边界划分及数据获取等。虽然学术上对碳足迹的定义尚未完全统一，但更多倾向于从全生命周期来进行阐述，本文从“全生命周期”和“全工艺流程”2个角度对工业产品碳足迹概念进行了补充完善。与投入产出分析法（IOA）相比，生命周期评价法（LCA）发展相对较为领先，在普适性、系统化、定量化上具有一定的优势，并对产品系统在时间和空间上进行了扩展，但在截断误差控制、数据质量保证和标准体系统一等方面还需进一步完善。PAS2050、GHG Protocol和ISO14067是目前应用最为广泛的全生命周期碳足迹评估标准，但针对具体的产品门类，还需开展更细化、精准、明确的产品类别评估规范（PCR）。基于上述研究总结及碳足迹评估技术在电力、钢铁、水泥、石油和化工等重点工业控排行业的应用进展分析，提出了目前研究存在的问题及国内碳足迹评估技术发展面临的挑战：多领域全生命周期全流程的本土化碳排放数据库尚待完善；高精度、标准化、国际互认的碳足迹评估方法体系尚待构建；碳足迹和碳减排量化评估相结合的研究还不够深入，碳足迹支撑低碳化方案实施的标志化示范项目较少。未来需进一步探索碳足迹评估技术与排放量核算、碳交易研究的结合，产品碳足迹与产品碳标签、绿色产品认证（EPD）机制相结合，充分发挥碳足迹评估技术在推动科学有序降碳、引导绿色低碳消费、应对贸易壁垒等方面的作用。

关键词: 碳足迹, 生命周期评价法, 碳达峰与碳中和, 碳足迹评估标准, 产品碳足迹, 贸易壁垒

Abstract:

As our country’s carbon footprint research is started late, the establishment of a thorough carbon footprint assessment system is an inevitable choice for us to effectively cope with complex international relations and increasingly fierce international low-carbon economic competition, scientifically promote and guide the development of green and low-carbon transformation, and orderly achieve the “double carbon” goal. Based on domestic and foreign literature research, the carbon footprint concept, carbon footprint assessment methods, carbon footprint assessment standards, carbon footprint assessment boundary division and data acquisition were reviewed and analyzed systematically. Although the academic definition of carbon footprint was not yet completely unified, more people tended to elaborate it from the perspective of the whole life cycle. In this paper, the concept of carbon footprint of industrial products was supplemented and improved from the perspectives of the “whole life cycle” and “whole process”. Compared with the input-output analysis method (IOA), the life cycle assessment method (LCA) was relatively leading in development, had certain advantages in universality, systematization and quantification, and expanded the product system in time and space, but it still needed to be further improved in the terms of the truncation error control, data quality assurance and unification of standard system, etc. PAS2050, GHG Protocol and ISO14067 were currently the most widely used whole life cycle carbon footprint assessment standards. However, more detailed, precise and clear Product Category Rules (PCR) were needed for specific product categories. Based on the above research summary and the analysis of the application progress of carbon footprint assessment technology in key industrial emission control industry such as electric power, steel, cement, petroleum and chemical industry, the problems existing in the current research and the challenges facing the development of our country's carbon footprint assessment technology were proposed: ①The localization carbon emission database of the whole life cycle and whole process of multiple fields had yet to be improved; ②A high-precision, standardized and internationally recognized carbon footprint assessment methodology had yet to be built; and ③The research on the combination of carbon footprint and quantitative assessment of carbon emission reduction was not in-depth enough, and there were few landmark demonstration projects that supported the implementation of carbon footprints for low-carbon solutions. In the future, it was necessary to further explore the combination of carbon footprint assessment technology with carbon emissions accounting and carbon trading research, combine product carbon footprint with product carbon labeling and Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), and give full play to the role of carbon footprint assessment technology in promoting scientific and orderly carbon reduction, guiding green and low-carbon consumption, and responding to trade barriers, etc. This paper could provide a reference for promoting the establishment of a comprehensive, scientific, accurate and standardized carbon footprint assessment system in China.

Key words: carbon footprint, life cycle analysis, carbon peak and carbon neutral, carbon footprint assessment standards, product carbon footprint, trade barriers

中图分类号:

刘含笑, 吴黎明, 林青阳, 周烨, 罗象, 桂志军, 刘小伟, 单思珂, 朱前林, 陆诗建. 碳足迹评估技术及其在重点工业行业的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2201-2218.

LIU Hanxiao, WU Liming, LIN Qingyang, ZHOU Ye, LUO Xiang, GUI Zhijun, LIU Xiaowei, SHAN Sike, ZHU Qianlin, LU Shijian. Carbon footprint assessment technology and its application in key industries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2201-2218.

图/表 12

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碳足迹定义	作者	时间	参考文献
产品全生命周期过程中所排放的CO₂及其他温室气体转化CO₂等价物	Carbon Trust	2006年	[10]
化石燃料燃烧排放的CO₂总量	Grubb	2007年	[11]
人类经济活动中直接排放和间接排放CO₂的总量	Wiedmann等	2007年	[12]
个人或活动所释放的碳质量	Hammond	2007年	[13]
产品或活动全生命周期过程中耗费的能量以及排放的温室气体总量，另外，作为生态足迹的一部分，碳足迹也可以用吸收温室气体的土地面积来表示	Browne等	2009年	[14]
活动（个人、组织、政府等为活动主体）或产品全生命周期过程中直接和间接排放CO₂的总量	Wiedmann等	2010年	[15]
产品甚至活动全生命周期过程中直接和间接排放CO₂和其他温室气体总量	Allen等	2011年	[16]
指温室气体排放量，用CO₂排放当量（CO₂-eq）表示，特定范围内由个人、组织、过程、产品或事件排放到大气中的二氧化碳总量	Pandey等	2011年	[17]
国家的碳足迹是指国内活动（即消费和投资）所产生的二氧化碳排放流量	Aichele等	2012年	[18]
产品全生命周期（从原材料到最终产品）过程中全部温室气体排放量	Pandey等	2014年	[19]
某项活动或服务进行过程中直接和间接产生的CO₂或其他温室气体排放量，或产品的生命周期各阶段累计产生的CO₂或其他温室气体排放量	柯水发	2015年	[20]
产品全生命周期过程中CO₂和其他温室气体的CO₂当量总量，且应该用消纳这些CO₂所需的生态功能用地来表征碳足迹	高成康等	2015年	[21]
产品生产过程中产生的所有碳排放以及产品中潜在的温室气体	McAusland等	2015年	[22]
由两部分组成：直接温室气体排放和间接温室气体排放	Zhao等	2018年	[23]
活动引起或产品全生命周期内直接和间接排放的温室气体总量，用CO₂排放当量表示，即CO₂-eq	崔文超等	2020年	[24]
“碳足迹”指的是产品或活动（个人、团体、组织、公司、政府等活动主体）累计直接或间接产生的CO₂排放总量，当需要累计计算其他温室气体的时候，可称之为“气候足迹”	Omoniyi等	2021年	[25]

碳足迹定义	作者	时间	参考文献
产品全生命周期过程中所排放的CO₂及其他温室气体转化CO₂等价物	Carbon Trust	2006年	[10]
化石燃料燃烧排放的CO₂总量	Grubb	2007年	[11]
人类经济活动中直接排放和间接排放CO₂的总量	Wiedmann等	2007年	[12]
个人或活动所释放的碳质量	Hammond	2007年	[13]
产品或活动全生命周期过程中耗费的能量以及排放的温室气体总量，另外，作为生态足迹的一部分，碳足迹也可以用吸收温室气体的土地面积来表示	Browne等	2009年	[14]
活动（个人、组织、政府等为活动主体）或产品全生命周期过程中直接和间接排放CO₂的总量	Wiedmann等	2010年	[15]
产品甚至活动全生命周期过程中直接和间接排放CO₂和其他温室气体总量	Allen等	2011年	[16]
指温室气体排放量，用CO₂排放当量（CO₂-eq）表示，特定范围内由个人、组织、过程、产品或事件排放到大气中的二氧化碳总量	Pandey等	2011年	[17]
国家的碳足迹是指国内活动（即消费和投资）所产生的二氧化碳排放流量	Aichele等	2012年	[18]
产品全生命周期（从原材料到最终产品）过程中全部温室气体排放量	Pandey等	2014年	[19]
某项活动或服务进行过程中直接和间接产生的CO₂或其他温室气体排放量，或产品的生命周期各阶段累计产生的CO₂或其他温室气体排放量	柯水发	2015年	[20]
产品全生命周期过程中CO₂和其他温室气体的CO₂当量总量，且应该用消纳这些CO₂所需的生态功能用地来表征碳足迹	高成康等	2015年	[21]
产品生产过程中产生的所有碳排放以及产品中潜在的温室气体	McAusland等	2015年	[22]
由两部分组成：直接温室气体排放和间接温室气体排放	Zhao等	2018年	[23]
活动引起或产品全生命周期内直接和间接排放的温室气体总量，用CO₂排放当量表示，即CO₂-eq	崔文超等	2020年	[24]
“碳足迹”指的是产品或活动（个人、团体、组织、公司、政府等活动主体）累计直接或间接产生的CO₂排放总量，当需要累计计算其他温室气体的时候，可称之为“气候足迹”	Omoniyi等	2021年	[25]

对比项目	PAS2050	GHG Protocol	ISO14067
目的	制定关于产品温室气体评价的统一指导	提供有关评估和报告的详细规范	规范温室气体结果的量化过程和沟通
范围	评估	评估和交流	评估和交流
评估原则	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性、连贯性、参与性、公平性、避免重复计算
评估步骤	范围-数据收集-碳足迹计算-结果解释及减排建议	商业目标制定-检查原则与框架-范围定义-边界设定-数据收集和质量评估-分配-不确定性分析-清单结果计算-保证-报告清单结果-设定减排目标	目标与范围-清单分析-影响评价-解释
系统边界	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓、大门到大门、部分碳足迹
细化系统边界	无	无	敏感性分析
产品碳足迹研究报告	无	有	有
质量保证	第三方核查、自查	第三方保证、自证	第三方核查、产品碳足迹披露报告
PCR	无	无	有

对比项目	PAS2050	GHG Protocol	ISO14067
目的	制定关于产品温室气体评价的统一指导	提供有关评估和报告的详细规范	规范温室气体结果的量化过程和沟通
范围	评估	评估和交流	评估和交流
评估原则	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性	相关性、完整性、一致性、准确性、透明性、连贯性、参与性、公平性、避免重复计算
评估步骤	范围-数据收集-碳足迹计算-结果解释及减排建议	商业目标制定-检查原则与框架-范围定义-边界设定-数据收集和质量评估-分配-不确定性分析-清单结果计算-保证-报告清单结果-设定减排目标	目标与范围-清单分析-影响评价-解释
系统边界	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓	摇篮到大门、摇篮到坟墓、大门到大门、部分碳足迹
细化系统边界	无	无	敏感性分析
产品碳足迹研究报告	无	有	有
质量保证	第三方核查、自查	第三方保证、自证	第三方核查、产品碳足迹披露报告
PCR	无	无	有

排放类型	范围	定义	举例
直接排放	范围1	工厂边界内直接控制或拥有的排放源所产生的排放，包括固定源、移动源、无组织排放和过程排放等	工厂拥有或控制的锅炉燃煤排放、车辆燃油排放和工艺过程排放等
间接排放	范围2	工厂自用的外购电力、蒸汽、供暖和供冷等产生的间接排放	外购的电力、热水、蒸汽和冷气等
间接排放	范围3	工厂除范围2之外的所有间接排放，包括价值链上游和下游的排放	购买原材料的生产排放、售出产品的使用排放等

碳足迹评估技术及其在重点工业行业的应用

Carbon footprint assessment technology and its application in key industries

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数据来源			数据类型					数据时间
现场	文献	其他		测量	计算	平均	估算	未知		≤1年	1~5年	5~10年	＞10年
5	3	1		5	4	3	2	1		5	4	3	1

温室气体类别	化学式	全球变暖潜势（GWP100）
二氧化碳	CO₂	1
甲烷	CH₄	27.9
氧化亚氮	N₂O	273
氢氟碳化物	HFCs	4.84～14600
全氟碳化物	PFCs	7380～12400
六氟化硫	SF₆	25200
三氟化氮	NF₃	17400

工艺名称	热耗/GJ·t^-1	效率/%
竖窑	约5.0	35
湿法	5.9~6.7	26~30
干法
干法长窑	4.6	38
1级旋风预热器	4.2	42
2级旋风预热器	3.8	46
4级旋风预热器	3.3	53
4级预热+预分解窑	3.1	56
5级预热+预分解窑	3.0~3.1	58

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