水处理工艺中铝盐水解物的毒性、形态及控制研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铝盐混凝剂因其形成絮体大而密实，具有较好的除浊脱色性能，在混凝领域广泛应用，但却存在处理水铝残留问题。本文为更好地促进铝盐混凝剂在水处理领域的应用，详细介绍了铝盐水解物对人体的毒性效应、对输配水管网系统和饮用水深度处理工艺的影响。总结了残留铝生成机理和形态分析方法，阐述了优势形态Al₁₃和Al₃₀的水解过程以及其发挥优势混凝作用的原因。分析了原水水质条件、化学条件、水力条件和前期预处理对残留铝含量的影响。最后，点明了未来控制残留铝的策略和技术。指出未来应结合人工智能复配合成纳米级新型混凝剂，关注混凝过程中水力条件对残留铝的影响，并开发能够精准测量分析水中各类铝形态的方法，不断创新强化净水工艺，进一步完善残留铝控制措施，保障出水水质安全。

关键词: 铝盐混凝剂, 残留铝, 毒性效应, 铝形态, 控制策略

Abstract:

Aluminum coagulant is widely used in the field of coagulation because of its large and dense flocs, good turbidity and decolorization performance. However, there is a problem of residual aluminum in water treatment. In order to better promote the application of aluminum salt coagulant in the field of water treatment, the toxic effects of aluminum salt hydrolysate on human body, and the influence on water distribution network system and advanced drinking water treatment process were introduced in detail. The formation mechanism and the morphology analysis methods of residual aluminum were summarized. The hydrolysis process of the dominant species belonged to Al₁₃ and Al₃₀, and the reasons for taking the role advantage in the coagulation were expounded. The effects of raw water quality conditions, chemical conditions, hydraulic conditions and pre-treatment on residual aluminum concentration were analyzed. Finally, the strategies and technologies for controlling residual aluminum in the future were pointed out. It was pointed out that nano-scale new coagulants should be synthesized in combination with artificial intelligence in the future. The influence of hydraulic conditions on residual aluminum during the coagulation process should be paid more attention. It should develop and make an accurate measurement and analysis methods which aimed at various forms of aluminum in water, innovate continuously and strengthen the water purification process, further improve the control measures of residual aluminum, and ensure the safety of effluent water quality.

Key words: aluminum salt coagulants, residual aluminum, toxicity effect, aluminum species, control strategy

中图分类号:

X523

王敏, 毛玉红, 陈超, 白丹. 水处理工艺中铝盐水解物的毒性、形态及控制研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 479-488.

WANG Min, MAO Yuhong, CHEN Chao, BAI Dan. Progress on the toxicity, morphology and control of aluminum salt hydrolysates in water treatment process[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 479-488.

图/表 8

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国家或机构	残留铝限制标准/mg·L^-1
世界卫生组织	0.2
欧盟	0.2
美国	0.05~0.20
日本	0.2
中国	0.2

国家或机构	残留铝限制标准/mg·L^-1
世界卫生组织	0.2
欧盟	0.2
美国	0.05~0.20
日本	0.2
中国	0.2

分类	原理	优缺点	适用情况	备注	文献
Ferron逐时络合比色法	根据 Al³⁺及其不稳定配合物与光谱试剂反应动力学的差异来分析铝的形态	不用分离，不破坏溶液平衡；干扰严重，灵敏度不高	高浓度条件下的铝	检测限0.05 mg/L；线性范围0.1~1.5mg/L	[37]
铬天青S分光光度法		操作简单，不需要昂贵仪器；酸度难以控制，不稳定	生活饮用水和水源水中的铝	检测限0.008mg/L；回收率94%~106%	[38]
8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸分光光度法		灵敏度高，对铝形态干扰小	快速反应铝的测定	检测限0.01mg/L；回收率92.5%~101%	[39]
离子交换色谱法	利用某一特定的色谱系统进行溶液中铝各组分的分析	分离柱可多次测定水样；无法直接得到无机单核铝的含量，误差大且操作烦琐	同时分析低浓度的多种离子	检测限0.02mg/L；回收率94%~102%	[40]
高效液相色谱法		对铝具有独特选择性	饮用水中铝的测定	检测限0.015mg/L；线性范围0.03~0.3mg/L	[41]
流动注射分析法		重现性好，能准确控制反应时间，可与多种检测仪联用	现配样品的处理	检测限0.002mg/L	[42]
邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法	通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态	设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离；加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡，干扰准确性	天然水体中各种铝形态的分析	检测限0.003mg/L；相对标准偏差6.5%	[43]
钙镁试剂-示波计时电位法	通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态	设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离；加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡，干扰准确性	天然水体中各组分单核铝的测定	检测限0.015mg/L；回收率95%~107%	[44]
²⁷Al-NMR核磁共振法	铝的不同物种的²⁷Al信号化学位移和线宽不同，可进行形态分析	快速、非破坏性、高灵敏度及可定量	环境生物中铝含量分析	—	[45]

分类	原理	优缺点	适用情况	备注	文献
Ferron逐时络合比色法	根据 Al³⁺及其不稳定配合物与光谱试剂反应动力学的差异来分析铝的形态	不用分离，不破坏溶液平衡；干扰严重，灵敏度不高	高浓度条件下的铝	检测限0.05 mg/L；线性范围0.1~1.5mg/L	[37]
铬天青S分光光度法		操作简单，不需要昂贵仪器；酸度难以控制，不稳定	生活饮用水和水源水中的铝	检测限0.008mg/L；回收率94%~106%	[38]
8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸分光光度法		灵敏度高，对铝形态干扰小	快速反应铝的测定	检测限0.01mg/L；回收率92.5%~101%	[39]
离子交换色谱法	利用某一特定的色谱系统进行溶液中铝各组分的分析	分离柱可多次测定水样；无法直接得到无机单核铝的含量，误差大且操作烦琐	同时分析低浓度的多种离子	检测限0.02mg/L；回收率94%~102%	[40]
高效液相色谱法		对铝具有独特选择性	饮用水中铝的测定	检测限0.015mg/L；线性范围0.03~0.3mg/L	[41]
流动注射分析法		重现性好，能准确控制反应时间，可与多种检测仪联用	现配样品的处理	检测限0.002mg/L	[42]
邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法	通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态	设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离；加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡，干扰准确性	天然水体中各种铝形态的分析	检测限0.003mg/L；相对标准偏差6.5%	[43]
钙镁试剂-示波计时电位法	通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态	设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离；加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡，干扰准确性	天然水体中各组分单核铝的测定	检测限0.015mg/L；回收率95%~107%	[44]
²⁷Al-NMR核磁共振法	铝的不同物种的²⁷Al信号化学位移和线宽不同，可进行形态分析	快速、非破坏性、高灵敏度及可定量	环境生物中铝含量分析	—	[45]

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