基于复合相变材料-热管耦合的电池散热性能

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0032

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对18650三元锂电池在高倍率循环充放电时，电池组散热不及时导致电池组温度高于电池安全运行范围，引发自燃等安全问题，制备出石蜡-十六酸新型复合相变材料，并提出复合相变材料-热管（CPCM-HP）耦合的散热模式。当复合相变材料石蜡-十六酸混合比为3∶1时，散热效果最好，具备最低的相变温度43.3℃，相对纯石蜡降低了11.8%。3C放电时，CPCM-HP与复合相变材料（CPCM）散热系统相比，最高温度和最大温差分别降低了7.1℃、1.4℃。CPCM-HP散热模式在环境温度30℃，“3C放电-1C充电”模式下，维持电池组在46.5℃左右工作，并且整个循环过程中，最高温度不超过50℃，最大温差也控制在1.5℃以下，电池组始终保持在安全温度范围内。实验结果表明CPCM-HP比CPCM具有更好的散热性能。

关键词: 电池散热, 三元锂电池, 石蜡, 十六酸, 复合相变材料, 热管

Abstract:

For the 18650 ternary lithium battery in the high rate cycle charge and discharge, the battery pack temperature is higher than its safe operation range due to the untimely heat dissipation, which causes the safety problems such as spontaneous combustion. A new composite phase change material (CPCM) of paraffin-hexadecanoic acid was prepared, and the heat dissipation mode of the composite phase change material-heat pipe (CPCM-HP) coupling was proposed. When paraffin-hexadecanoic acid mixing ratio was 3∶1, the best heat dissipation effect was achieved, possessing the lowest phase change temperature of 43.3℃, which was reduced by 11.8% relative to pure paraffin. Under 3C discharge, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of CPCM-HP were reduced by 7.1℃ and 1.4℃, respectively, compared with CPCM heat dissipation system. For CPCM-HP heat dissipation mode at 30℃ under the “3C discharge-1C charge” mode, the battery pack was maintained at about 46.5℃, the maximum temperature did not exceed 50℃ during the whole cycle, and the maximum temperature difference was controlled below 1.5℃, that is, the battery pack was always kept within the safe temperature range. The experimental results showed that CPCM-HP has better heat dissipation performance than CPCM.

Key words: battery heat dissipation, ternary lithium battery, paraffin, hexadecanoic acid, composite phase change material, heat pipe

中图分类号:

TK124

黄龙腾, 祁影霞, 王誉程, 姜盛军. 基于复合相变材料-热管耦合的电池散热性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(11): 5680-5688.

HUANG Longteng, QI Yingxia, WANG Yucheng, JIANG Shengjun. Battery heat dissipation performance based on composite phase change material-heat pipe[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(11): 5680-5688.

图/表 19

图1 锂电池承装

图2 锂电池测温点布置

图3 锂电池组单元子模块温度测点布置

图4 锂电池组充放电实验平台

图5 自然对流冷却温度分布和径向、轴向截面温度云图

图6 相变材料冷却温度分布和径向、轴向截面温度云图

图7 相变材料和热管冷却下温度分布和径向、轴向截面温度云图

图8 石蜡和十六酸质量比为75∶25的DSC测试曲线

表1 石蜡-十六酸二元复合相变材料DSC测试结果

编号	PW-PA质量比	熔化过程				凝固过程
编号	PW-PA质量比	面积/J·g^-1	起始点/℃	峰值/℃	终止点/℃	面积/J·g^-1	起始点/℃	峰值/℃	终止点/℃
S1	100∶0	154.1	38.7	49.1	52.7	-147.4	21.6	28.6	37.1
S2	0∶100	220.9	61.4	65.8	68.0	-220.8	52.2	58.9	55.0
SS1	66∶34	200.7	36.0	46.7	52.7	-196.5	19.3	26.9	35.9
SS2	69∶31	198.5	35.4	44.6	52.6	-200.5	23.0	28.8	35.7
SS3	72∶28	197.5	33.5	44.4	49.6	-199.6	22.9	28.3	35.6
SS4	75∶25	194.3	34.7	43.3	46.1	-199.8	23.9	29.1	35.7
SS5	78∶22	191.3	38.2	44.3	47.9	-193.4	23.5	29.4	36.4
SS6	81∶19	184.5	40.2	44.8	49.4	-186.5	22.0	28.9	36.2
SS7	84∶16	178.7	36.2	44.9	48.1	-182.4	22.8	29.1	36.0

表2 不同环境温度、放电倍率下锂电池温升

放电倍率	不同环境温度下的温升/℃
放电倍率	15℃	25℃	40℃
0.5C	5.1	4.3	2.8
1C	9	8	6.7
2C	23	22.5	21.8
3C	36	38	42

图9 锂电池在不同成分相变材料传热下温度变化

表3 不同质量比的复合相变材料环境温度25℃热管理效果

石蜡-十六酸质量比	有效热管理时间 /s	稳定工作温度范围 /℃	最高温度 /℃
84∶16	340	42.8~45.2	47.5
81∶19	385	42.2~44.6	47.1
78∶22	410	41.8~44.1	46.1
75∶25	400	41.9~43.7	46.0
72∶28	395	42.1~44.5	46.4
69∶31	396	42.3~44.4	46.9
66∶34	391	43.2~45.6	47.7

图10 不同质量比复合相变材料热导率

图11 CPCM和CPCM-HP散热下锂电池组在不同放电倍率下的温升

图12 CPCM和CPCM-HP散热下锂电池组在不同放电倍率下的最大温差

图13 锂电池组在不同放电倍率下CPCM和CPCM-HP散热平均温度变化

图14 CPCM和CPCM-HP散热下锂电池组循环充放电平均温度变化

图15 PW∶PA=3∶1相变材料性能变化趋势

表4 温度不确定度

不确定度来源	不确定度	除数因子	标准误差
标准铂电阻	5.0	1	5.0
传感器时间漂移	2.4	$3$	1.4
测量过程的温度波动	2.0	1	2.0
合成标准不确定度			5.56
扩展不确定度(k=2)			11.12

表4 温度不确定度

不确定度来源	不确定度	除数因子	标准误差
标准铂电阻	5.0	1	5.0
传感器时间漂移	2.4	$3$	1.4
测量过程的温度波动	2.0	1	2.0
合成标准不确定度			5.56
扩展不确定度(k=2)			11.12

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