锂离子电池热失控产气特性研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1996

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池凭借其高能量密度、长循环寿命和显著的环境友好特性，广泛应用于各类创新技术与绿色能源解决方案之中。然而，锂离子电池热失控所带来的安全问题是阻碍其大规模应用的主要原因。通过探究和分析电池热失控的产气特性能够为电池热失控的风险评估以及早期预警提供有效指导。本文首先介绍了锂离子电池热失控过程的产气机理及气体检测方法，随后综述了近年来关于锂离子电池在不同滥用情况（热滥用、电滥用和机械滥用）下发生热失控的产气特性研究新进展，重点讨论了不同电极材料、荷电状态、能量密度、电池形状及环境条件对电池热失控产气关键参数包括产气时间、产气总量、气体组成、气体温度、气体毒性和气体燃爆风险的影响。最后，对锂离子电池的热失控产气特性、气体检测方法、电池结构设计以及安全预警等方面的未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 产气, 热滥用, 电滥用, 机械滥用

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries, with their high energy density, long cycle life and notable environmental friendliness, are extensively applied in various innovative technologies and green energy solutions. Nevertheless, the safety issues arising from the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries represent a significant barrier to their widespread application. By exploring and analyzing the gas generation characteristics of battery thermal runaway, it can provide effective guidance for the corresponding risk assessment and early warning. This paper first elucidated the gas generation mechanism and gas detection methods during the thermal runaway process of lithium-ion batteries, followed by a review of the latest research progress of these gas generation characteristics in different abuse conditions (thermal abuse, electrical abuse and mechanical abuse). Specifically, the paper focused on the influence of different electrode materials, state of charge, energy density, battery shape and environmental conditions on key parameters of gas generation including time, total volume, composition, temperature, toxicity and flammability risk in battery thermal runaway. Finally, the future research directions of lithium-ion batteries in terms of gas generation characteristics during the thermal runaway, gas detection methods, battery structure design and safety pre-warning were prospected.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway, gas generation, thermal abuse, electrical abuse, mechanical abuse

中图分类号:

TQ152

孙文浩, 刘娜, 田君, 梁晓嫱, 张锟, 王聪杰. 锂离子电池热失控产气特性研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(12): 6828-6839.

SUN Wenhao, LIU Na, TIAN Jun, LIANG Xiaoqiang, ZHANG Kun, WANG Congjie. Research progress in gas generation characteristics during the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(12): 6828-6839.

图/表 8

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正极材料	容量/Ah	SOC/%	LEL/%	气氛	气体组成（体积分数）/%									参考文献
正极材料	容量/Ah	SOC/%	LEL/%	气氛	H₂	CO	CO₂	CH₄	C₂H₄	C₂H₆	C₄H₁₀	其他C _x H _y	O₂	参考文献
LFP	23	100	—	氦气	36.2	7.4	25.2	6.4	15.2	2.4	1.3	0.7	1.5	[74]
NCM111	37	100	—	氦气	20.8	14.8	42.9	5.9	8.1	1.6	3.5	2.0	0.4	[74]
NCM523	50	100	—	氦气	20.2	21.3	38.0	7.5	7.1	1.6	2.4	1.6	0.3	[74]
NCM622	50	100	—	氦气	15.5	20.1	41.1	10.6	6.5	2.5	2.5	1.1	0.3	[74]
NCM811	53	100	—	氦气	16.1	25.7	34.4	17.4	1.2	4.0	0.6	0.4	0.4	[74]
LCO	2.6	100	—	氮气	8.1	14.1	5.0	—	—	—	—	4.4	—	[25]
LCO	2.6	100	—	空气	9.9	18.3	14.2	—	—	—	—	4.2	—	[25]
NCA	3.35	100	—	氩气	26.1	44	17.5	8.9	2.7	0.9	—	—	—	[54]
LFP	162	100	6	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM523	58	100	8.3	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM622	51	100	9	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM811+NCM523	78.5	100	11	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM523	40	50	14.2	空气	8.9	4.8	40.0	3.4	4.0	1.1	—	2.8	—	[22]
NCM523	40	75	11.0	空气	18.2	10.9	29.1	5.1	6.7	1.0	—	1.7	—	[22]
NCM523	40	100	10.0	空气	21.8	15.1	24.1	5.7	7.2	1.3	—	1.6	—	[22]
NCM523	40	115	9.0	空气	20.6	17.0	24.8	7.2	9.7	1.8	—	1.5	—	[22]

正极材料	容量/Ah	SOC/%	LEL/%	气氛	气体组成（体积分数）/%									参考文献
正极材料	容量/Ah	SOC/%	LEL/%	气氛	H₂	CO	CO₂	CH₄	C₂H₄	C₂H₆	C₄H₁₀	其他C _x H _y	O₂	参考文献
LFP	23	100	—	氦气	36.2	7.4	25.2	6.4	15.2	2.4	1.3	0.7	1.5	[74]
NCM111	37	100	—	氦气	20.8	14.8	42.9	5.9	8.1	1.6	3.5	2.0	0.4	[74]
NCM523	50	100	—	氦气	20.2	21.3	38.0	7.5	7.1	1.6	2.4	1.6	0.3	[74]
NCM622	50	100	—	氦气	15.5	20.1	41.1	10.6	6.5	2.5	2.5	1.1	0.3	[74]
NCM811	53	100	—	氦气	16.1	25.7	34.4	17.4	1.2	4.0	0.6	0.4	0.4	[74]
LCO	2.6	100	—	氮气	8.1	14.1	5.0	—	—	—	—	4.4	—	[25]
LCO	2.6	100	—	空气	9.9	18.3	14.2	—	—	—	—	4.2	—	[25]
NCA	3.35	100	—	氩气	26.1	44	17.5	8.9	2.7	0.9	—	—	—	[54]
LFP	162	100	6	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM523	58	100	8.3	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM622	51	100	9	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM811+NCM523	78.5	100	11	空气	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	[45]
NCM523	40	50	14.2	空气	8.9	4.8	40.0	3.4	4.0	1.1	—	2.8	—	[22]
NCM523	40	75	11.0	空气	18.2	10.9	29.1	5.1	6.7	1.0	—	1.7	—	[22]
NCM523	40	100	10.0	空气	21.8	15.1	24.1	5.7	7.2	1.3	—	1.6	—	[22]
NCM523	40	115	9.0	空气	20.6	17.0	24.8	7.2	9.7	1.8	—	1.5	—	[22]