电渗析离子交换膜污染机理及控制策略

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1454

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 5532-5546.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1454

• 化工过程与装备 • 上一篇

电渗析离子交换膜污染机理及控制策略

李斌玉¹^,²^,³(), 赵有璟¹^,², 王敏¹^,²(), 杨红军¹^,²()

^1.中国科学院青海盐湖研究所，盐湖资源绿色高值利用重点实验室，青海西宁 810008
^2.青海省盐湖资源化学重点实验室，青海西宁 810008
^3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

收稿日期:2024-09-04 修回日期:2024-11-19 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
通讯作者: 王敏,杨红军
作者简介:李斌玉（2000—），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为膜分离。E-mail：libinyu22@mails.ucas.ac.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U20A20138);青海省应用基础研究计划(2023-ZJ-740)

Ion exchange membrane fouling mechanisms and control strategies in electrodialysis

LI Binyu¹^,²^,³(), ZHAO Youjing¹^,², WANG Min¹^,²(), YANG Hongjun¹^,²()

^1.Key Laboratory of Green and High-end Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
^2.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Salt Lakes, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
^3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2024-09-04 Revised:2024-11-19 Online:2025-10-25 Published:2025-11-10
Contact: WANG Min, YANG Hongjun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电渗析作为绿色分离技术，广泛应用于水处理和战略元素提取领域。离子交换膜作为电渗析装置的核心，同时控制离子传输及选择性分离过程，然而膜污染限制了离子交换膜的离子交换能力、选择性分离性能及稳定性，进而导致膜寿命衰减、工艺成本增加等问题，成为制约电渗析广泛应用的关键因素。本文系统梳理了离子交换膜污染的成因、主要类型及污染机制以及相应的控制策略等方面的前沿性研究进展，重点讨论了无机结垢、有机物与胶体的吸附污染、生物附着污染等污染机理，并从强化离子传质及抑制污染物与膜界面的非特异性和特异性相互作用的角度出发，阐述了优化操作参数、膜表面材料改性、增加预处理等膜污染控制策略，以期为构建智能化膜污染监测及防控系统提供理论指导。

关键词: 电渗析, 离子交换膜, 膜污染, 离子传质, 选择性分离

Abstract:

Electrodialysis, as a green separation technology, is widely applied in water treatment and strategic element extraction fields. The ion exchange membrane, serving as the core of the electrodialysis apparatus, controls ion transport and selective separation processes. However, membrane fouling limits the ion exchange capacity, selective separation performance, and stability of the ion exchange membranes, leading to a decrease in membrane lifespan, increased operational costs, and other issues. These challenges are critical constraints on the widespread application of electrodialysis. This paper systematically reviews the causes, main types, and mechanisms of ion exchange membrane fouling, as well as cutting-edge research on control strategies. It particularly discusses the pollution mechanisms of inorganic scaling, pollution of organics and colloids, and biofouling. The paper explores optimization of operational parameters, modifications of membrane surface materials, and enhancements in pretreatment as strategies to control membrane fouling. It aimes to provide theoretical guidance for the development of intelligent membrane fouling monitoring and prevention systems.

Key words: electrodialysis, ion exchange membranes, membrane fouling, ion mass transfer, selective separation performance

中图分类号:

李斌玉, 赵有璟, 王敏, 杨红军. 电渗析离子交换膜污染机理及控制策略[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(10): 5532-5546.

LI Binyu, ZHAO Youjing, WANG Min, YANG Hongjun. Ion exchange membrane fouling mechanisms and control strategies in electrodialysis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(10): 5532-5546.

图/表 11

图1 电渗析工作原理

图2 电渗析过程中膜-溶液界面处的浓差极化模型（CEM）

图3 阳离子交换膜无机结垢机理[36]

图4 阴离子交换膜与有机物的亲和作用机制示意图[44]

图5 pH=2、6和10下多肽在阳离子交换膜上的作用机理及阴/阳离子交换膜与花青素的静电相互作用

图6 Ca2+-HA-AEM相互作用及APAM/APAM-Ca2+复合污染物对阴离子交换膜的污染机制示意图

图7 通过表面涂覆TiO2增强阴离子交换膜的亲水性及通过LBL技术改变阴离子交换膜的荷电性示意图

图8 脉冲电场对十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）边界层浓度的影响[90]

图9 微图案化表面的涡流和剪切力对污染物沉积的影响[98]

表1 离子交换膜清洗策略及机理[52,103-104,106-107]

污染类型	清洗目标	清洗方法及试剂	清洗机理
颗粒状污染物	泥沙、预处理残留物等	物理清洗包括水力、机械刮除、曝气、超声波、电泳、气-液脉冲清洗等	水/空气的机械力作用
有机污染物	蛋白质、多糖、油脂等	碱包括氢氧化钠、乙醇等；氧化清洗剂；酶类清洗剂；表面活性剂等	与有机物发生反应，有机物被氧化或降解
无机污染物	碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氢氧化镁、硅等结垢物	无机酸包括盐酸、硝酸、硫酸等；螯合剂等	通过酸解或络合作用改变无机污染物的溶解度
生物污染物	病菌、病毒、藻类等	杀菌剂、除藻剂、无机碱、有机碱等	损害细胞膜并干扰细胞的新陈代谢

图10 离子交换膜污染过程和酸/碱清洗机理[105]

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电渗析离子交换膜污染机理及控制策略

Ion exchange membrane fouling mechanisms and control strategies in electrodialysis

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