“自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0191

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用“自上而下”法设计全木基水凝胶是一种制备功能化材料的新型策略，所得到的材料既保留了水凝胶原始的回弹性，同时又具有良好的力学特性和各向异性，在生物医药、柔性传感、环境保护等领域有着广泛的发展。本文综述了近年来“自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶的研究动向与发展。首先，阐述了“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种设计方法及全木基水凝胶的研究背景；其次，受木材天然结构启发，归纳了“自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶的原理，包括纤维素支架的制备及基质聚合物的选择，探讨了“自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶的前沿应用，包括可穿戴电子器件、骨修复支架、超级电容器及太阳能蒸发器等；最后，针对“自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶现存的挑战进行了总结与展望，建议后续研究着重关注该材料的各向异性、力学性能、普适性及绿色生产等问题，进一步为全木基水凝胶结构设计及前沿应用提供参考。

关键词: 自上而下, 木材, 水凝胶, 功能化

Abstract:

The design of all-wood-based hydrogels using the "top-down" method is a novel strategy for preparing functionalized materials. The obtained materials retain the original resilience of hydrogels and have good mechanical properties and anisotropy, which are widely used in biomedicine, flexible sensors and environmental protection. This review provided the research trend and development of the "top-down" design of all-wood-based hydrogels in recent years. Firstly, the background of the two design methods, "bottom-up" and "top-down", and the research of all-wood-based hydrogels were described. Secondly, inspired by the natural structure of wood, the principles of "top-down" design of wood-based hydrogels were induced including the preparation of cellulose scaffolds and the selection of matrix polymers. The cutting-edge applications of the "top-down" design of all-wood hydrogels was discussed including wearable electronics, bone repair scaffolds, supercapacitors, and solar evaporators. Finally, the existing challenges of "top-down" design of wood-based hydrogels were summarized and outlooked. It was suggested that subsequent research should focus on the anisotropy, mechanical property, universality and green production of the material in the future, further providing reference for the structure design and cutting-edge application of wood-based hydrogels.

Key words: top-down, wood, hydrogel, functionalization

中图分类号:

TQ351

崔书源, 张素风, 张凤娇, 景小凯, 冯瑶. “自上而下”设计全木基水凝胶的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(2): 914-927.

CUI Shuyuan, ZHANG Sufeng, ZHANG Fengjiao, JING Xiaokai, FENG Yao. Research progress in "top-down" design of all-wood-based hydrogels[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(2): 914-927.

图/表 12

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设计方法	水凝胶名称	木材原料	力学强度	应用领域	参考文献
“自下而上”	聚2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯/聚乙烯醇/聚吡咯修饰的纳米纤维素（PHEMA/PVA/CNFs@PPy）	纳米纤维素	约200kPa	柔性传感	[23]
	聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素/二甲基亚砜4（PCD4）	纳米纤维素	86.4kPa	超级电容器	[24]
	卡拉胶/纤维素纳米晶（IC/CNC）	纤维素纳米晶	约1.75kPa	软机器人	[25]
	含木质素纳米纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（LPH）	纳米纤维素	350kPa	凝胶电解质	[26]
	氧化海藻酸钠/明胶/纳米纤维素（OSA/Gel/CNF）	纳米纤维素	102.6kPa	组织工程	[27]
“自上而下”	聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（CWH）	巴沙木	9.5MPa	柔性传感	[28]
	木质素磺酸盐/聚吡咯_74-4h（LPWS_74-4h）	杉木	71MPa	超级电容器	[29]
	木材-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)（Wood-PNIPAM）	椴木	(1.1±0.2)MPa	软机器人	[30]
	木材/聚丙烯酸-径向（WPAAS-R）	巴沙木	10.81MPa	凝胶电解质	[31]
	矿化木材水凝胶（MWH）	松木	(67.8±1.0)MPa	组织工程	[32]

设计方法	水凝胶名称	木材原料	力学强度	应用领域	参考文献
“自下而上”	聚2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯/聚乙烯醇/聚吡咯修饰的纳米纤维素（PHEMA/PVA/CNFs@PPy）	纳米纤维素	约200kPa	柔性传感	[23]
	聚乙烯醇/纳米纤维素/二甲基亚砜4（PCD4）	纳米纤维素	86.4kPa	超级电容器	[24]
	卡拉胶/纤维素纳米晶（IC/CNC）	纤维素纳米晶	约1.75kPa	软机器人	[25]
	含木质素纳米纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（LPH）	纳米纤维素	350kPa	凝胶电解质	[26]
	氧化海藻酸钠/明胶/纳米纤维素（OSA/Gel/CNF）	纳米纤维素	102.6kPa	组织工程	[27]
“自上而下”	聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（CWH）	巴沙木	9.5MPa	柔性传感	[28]
	木质素磺酸盐/聚吡咯_74-4h（LPWS_74-4h）	杉木	71MPa	超级电容器	[29]
	木材-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)（Wood-PNIPAM）	椴木	(1.1±0.2)MPa	软机器人	[30]
	木材/聚丙烯酸-径向（WPAAS-R）	巴沙木	10.81MPa	凝胶电解质	[31]
	矿化木材水凝胶（MWH）	松木	(67.8±1.0)MPa	组织工程	[32]

基质类型	基质聚合物	水凝胶名称	力学强度	应用领域	参考文献
天然聚合物	丝素	100黑磷/脱木质素木材/再生丝素蛋白（100BP/WW/RSF）	约3.5MPa	组织工程	[60]
	明胶	脱木质素木材/明胶水凝胶100 （delignifed wood/gelatin hydrogels100）	(14.44±2.65)MPa	—	[61]
	壳聚糖	聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（CWH）	9.5MPa	柔性传感	[28]
合成聚合物	聚乙烯醇（PVA）	各向异性-20聚乙烯醇（HA-20PVA）	(23.5±2.7)MPa	—	[64]
	聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）	全木基复合水凝胶（WCH）	19.8MPa	柔性传感	[65]
	聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）	碱处理木材接枝聚丙烯酰胺15（A-Wood-g-PAM15）	30.76MPa	柔性传感	[66]
	聚丙烯酸（PAA）	巴沙木水凝胶（balsa hydrogel）	52.7MPa	储能装置	[67]

基质类型	基质聚合物	水凝胶名称	力学强度	应用领域	参考文献
天然聚合物	丝素	100黑磷/脱木质素木材/再生丝素蛋白（100BP/WW/RSF）	约3.5MPa	组织工程	[60]
	明胶	脱木质素木材/明胶水凝胶100 （delignifed wood/gelatin hydrogels100）	(14.44±2.65)MPa	—	[61]
	壳聚糖	聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（CWH）	9.5MPa	柔性传感	[28]
合成聚合物	聚乙烯醇（PVA）	各向异性-20聚乙烯醇（HA-20PVA）	(23.5±2.7)MPa	—	[64]
	聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）	全木基复合水凝胶（WCH）	19.8MPa	柔性传感	[65]
	聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）	碱处理木材接枝聚丙烯酰胺15（A-Wood-g-PAM15）	30.76MPa	柔性传感	[66]
	聚丙烯酸（PAA）	巴沙木水凝胶（balsa hydrogel）	52.7MPa	储能装置	[67]

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