炭材料在储钠器件负极中的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1660

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在众多的储能器件中，储钠器件凭借钠的资源丰富、价格低廉等优势，非常有希望应用于新一代电化学储能体系。由于电极材料对储能器件的电化学性能至关重要，因此开发性能优异、价格低廉的负极材料来进一步提高储钠器件的电化学性能对其大规模应用具有重要意义。在各种负极材料中，炭材料凭借其独特的结构而具有优异的循环稳定性与倍率性能，有望成为最具潜力商业化的储钠器件负极材料。本文介绍了石墨、无定形炭等目前研究较为广泛的几类炭材料，提出了各个材料的优点、存在的问题及改性方法，总结了近年来炭材料在钠离子电池和钠离子电容器这两类主要的储钠器件的研究进展以及炭材料的储钠机制，最后提出了炭材料在储钠器件领域遇到的问题和挑战，并对其发展前景进行了展望。

关键词: 炭材料, 钠离子电池, 钠离子电容器, 负极, 储钠机制

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used as rechargeable secondary batteries in the market in recent years. However, the shortage of lithium resources may become the biggest obstacle to its large-scale application in the future. Sodium has the advantages of abundant resources and low price. Therefore, among many types of energy storage systems, sodium-ion storage devices are very promising to become the next generation of electrochemical energy storage systems as a replacement for lithium-ion batteries. Electrode materials play a crucial role in the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion storage. However, due to the large radius and mass of sodium ions, the sodiation and desodiation process in the anode materials is more difficult, and the energy density of the sodium-ion storage devices is also relatively low. Therefore, it is of considerable significance to develop anode materials that are both low-cost and high performing to further improve the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion storage devices to promote their large-scale application. Among various anode materials, carbon is regarded as the most commercially viable anode material for sodium-ion storage devices with excellent cycling stability and rate performance due to its unique structure. This paper introduced several types of carbon materials, such as graphite and amorphous carbon, which were under extensive investigation at present. The advantages, problems and some commonly used modification methods of various carbon materials were also presented. Additionally, the research progress of carbon materials in recent years in sodium-ion batteries and sodium-ion capacitors, which were the two main types of sodium-ion storage devices, and the sodium storage mechanism of carbon materials were summarized. Finally, the challenges encountered by carbon materials in the field of sodium-ion storage devices were put forward and the prospects for their potential development were also envisioned.

Key words: carbon material, sodium-ion batteries, sodium-ion capacitors, anode, sodium-ion storage mechanism

中图分类号:

TQ152

宗世荣, 王玲, 姚秋月, 延卫. 炭材料在储钠器件负极中的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(10): 5581-5600.

ZONG Shirong, WANG Ling, YAO Qiuyue, YAN Wei. Research progress of carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion storage devices[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5581-5600.

图/表 8

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炭材料	ICE/%	循环性能	倍率性能/mA·h·g^-1	参考文献
PGC	—	0.1A/g循环250次后237mA·h/g	72(2A/g)	[28]
C₆₀@CN	44	5A/g循环5000次后101.2mA·h/g	226.6(1A/g)	[29]
6H-G4	43	0.1A/g循环200次后容量保持率87%	66(1A/g)	[30]
FGC	—	1A/g循环10000次后容量保持率87%	106(10A/g)	[31]
EG基碳纳米片	21.3	0.1A/g下198mA·h/g	65(5A/g)	[32]
IWC（1000℃）	22.1	0.1A/g循环100次后217mA·h/g	101(1A/g)	[33]
NPSC	35.45	1A/g循环3000次后162mA·h/g	130(5A/g)	[34]
NPCS	61.2	5A/g循环10000次后容量保持率93.7%	131.5(10A/g)	[23]
NC（1200℃）	49.5	0.1A/g循环500次后容量保持率87%	85(0.5A/g)	[35]
硬炭微纤维（1400℃）	69	0.06A/g循环100次后200.6mA·h/g（93%）	159.7(0.15A/g)	[37]
PFBC（700℃）	39.4	0.2C循环300次后322mA·h/g	183(5C)	[38]
GLC（900℃）	73	5A/g循环1500次后容量保持率近100%	124(5A/g)	[39]
榛子壳硬炭	91	20mA/g循环100次后306mA·h/g（91%）	—	[40]
樟木渣硬炭（0.25℃/min）	82.4	50mA/g循环200次后容量保持率90%	67.4(0.4A/g)	[41]
SHCs（1500℃）	90.5	0.4C循环300次后容量保持率94.5%	—	[42]
HCNS（1500℃）	88	0.5A/g循环100次后240mA·h/g	79(1A/g)	[43]
PTA-Lys-800	51.3	0.1A/g循环100次后338.8mA·h/g（86%）	131.1(4A/g)	[46]
介孔N掺杂棕榈叶硬炭	—	0.2A/g循环1000次后231mA·h/g（约95%）	120(1A/g)	[47]
N掺杂三维多孔碳纳米片	约13	1A/g循环1200次后400mA·h/g	106(50A/g)	[48]
S-CNS	约58	5A/g循环2000次后容量保持率94%	133(10A/g)	[50]
OMCP（800℃）	—	60mA/g循环200次后191.9mA·h/g	266.7(0.6A/g)	[51]
PC	63.9	0.1A/g循环200次后310.4mA·h/g	226.2(2A/g)	[52]
P功能化硬炭	约60	20mA/g循环次100后386.4mA·h/g（98.2%）	79.9(2A/g)	[53]
NSPC	72.3	10A/g循环700次后239.4mA·h/g	233.3(10A/g)	[54]
NSC（800℃）	58.37	0.2A/g循环100次后316.1mA·h/g	178.3(3A/g)	[44]
S-NCNFs	32.6	0.05A/g循环100次后336.2mA·h/g	132(10A/g)	[55]
N、S共掺杂空心碳纳米片	51.3	5A/g循环5000次后339mA·h/g	245(60A/g)	[56]
NPHC	71	1A/g循环2000次后183mA·h/g	144(10A/g)	[57]
N/P-HCNF	—	1A/g循环5000次后容量保持率95%	100(10A/g)	[58]
NPPC	42.8	0.1A/g循环100次后311.2mA·h/g	102.8(10A/g)	[59]
N、B共掺杂碳纳米片	—	0.2A/g循环200次后309mA·h/g	192(10A/g)	[60]

炭材料	ICE/%	循环性能	倍率性能/mA·h·g^-1	参考文献
PGC	—	0.1A/g循环250次后237mA·h/g	72(2A/g)	[28]
C₆₀@CN	44	5A/g循环5000次后101.2mA·h/g	226.6(1A/g)	[29]
6H-G4	43	0.1A/g循环200次后容量保持率87%	66(1A/g)	[30]
FGC	—	1A/g循环10000次后容量保持率87%	106(10A/g)	[31]
EG基碳纳米片	21.3	0.1A/g下198mA·h/g	65(5A/g)	[32]
IWC（1000℃）	22.1	0.1A/g循环100次后217mA·h/g	101(1A/g)	[33]
NPSC	35.45	1A/g循环3000次后162mA·h/g	130(5A/g)	[34]
NPCS	61.2	5A/g循环10000次后容量保持率93.7%	131.5(10A/g)	[23]
NC（1200℃）	49.5	0.1A/g循环500次后容量保持率87%	85(0.5A/g)	[35]
硬炭微纤维（1400℃）	69	0.06A/g循环100次后200.6mA·h/g（93%）	159.7(0.15A/g)	[37]
PFBC（700℃）	39.4	0.2C循环300次后322mA·h/g	183(5C)	[38]
GLC（900℃）	73	5A/g循环1500次后容量保持率近100%	124(5A/g)	[39]
榛子壳硬炭	91	20mA/g循环100次后306mA·h/g（91%）	—	[40]
樟木渣硬炭（0.25℃/min）	82.4	50mA/g循环200次后容量保持率90%	67.4(0.4A/g)	[41]
SHCs（1500℃）	90.5	0.4C循环300次后容量保持率94.5%	—	[42]
HCNS（1500℃）	88	0.5A/g循环100次后240mA·h/g	79(1A/g)	[43]
PTA-Lys-800	51.3	0.1A/g循环100次后338.8mA·h/g（86%）	131.1(4A/g)	[46]
介孔N掺杂棕榈叶硬炭	—	0.2A/g循环1000次后231mA·h/g（约95%）	120(1A/g)	[47]
N掺杂三维多孔碳纳米片	约13	1A/g循环1200次后400mA·h/g	106(50A/g)	[48]
S-CNS	约58	5A/g循环2000次后容量保持率94%	133(10A/g)	[50]
OMCP（800℃）	—	60mA/g循环200次后191.9mA·h/g	266.7(0.6A/g)	[51]
PC	63.9	0.1A/g循环200次后310.4mA·h/g	226.2(2A/g)	[52]
P功能化硬炭	约60	20mA/g循环次100后386.4mA·h/g（98.2%）	79.9(2A/g)	[53]
NSPC	72.3	10A/g循环700次后239.4mA·h/g	233.3(10A/g)	[54]
NSC（800℃）	58.37	0.2A/g循环100次后316.1mA·h/g	178.3(3A/g)	[44]
S-NCNFs	32.6	0.05A/g循环100次后336.2mA·h/g	132(10A/g)	[55]
N、S共掺杂空心碳纳米片	51.3	5A/g循环5000次后339mA·h/g	245(60A/g)	[56]
NPHC	71	1A/g循环2000次后183mA·h/g	144(10A/g)	[57]
N/P-HCNF	—	1A/g循环5000次后容量保持率95%	100(10A/g)	[58]
NPPC	42.8	0.1A/g循环100次后311.2mA·h/g	102.8(10A/g)	[59]
N、B共掺杂碳纳米片	—	0.2A/g循环200次后309mA·h/g	192(10A/g)	[60]

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