磁性生物质炭的制备及在污染水体中的应用

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0369

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

介绍了磁性生物质炭的制备方法及所需的原料，尤其是在污染水体中的应用。阐述了磁性生物质炭的制备方法，包括浸渍-热解法、液相还原法、共沉淀法和物理混合法，并指出各种制备方法的优缺点。重点分析了磁性生物质炭吸附污染物的影响因素及机理，发现磁性生物质炭的热解温度及投加量、溶液的pH、反应时间、污染物的初始浓度、吸附温度和溶液中其他竞争离子等对污染物吸附效果都有一定的影响，而且其吸附机理比较复杂，关键的吸附机理包括物理吸附、离子交换、静电吸附、共沉淀、表面络合等。详细总结磁性生物质炭在污染水体中的应用，磁性生物质炭已广泛用于去除水体中的各种污染物，包括重金属、无机阴离子、抗生素、农药、有机染料及核污染物。此外，还对磁性生物质炭的再生和回收进行了评价。

关键词: 污染物, 磁性生物质炭, 吸附, 去除机理

Abstract:

The preparation method and required raw materials of magnetic biomass charcoal are introduced, especially the application in polluted water.The preparation methods of magnetic biochar including impregnation-pyrolysis, liquid-phase reduction, co-precipitation and physical mixing are expounded, and the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods are pointed out. The influencing factors and mechanism of the adsorption of pollutants by magnetic biochar are mainly analyzed. It is found that the pyrolysis temperature and dosage of magnetic biochar, the pH value of the solution, the reaction time, the initial concentration of pollutants, the adsorption temperature and other competing ions in the solution have a certain influence on the adsorption effect of pollutants. Moreover, its adsorption mechanism is complex, and the key adsorption mechanisms include physical adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic adsorption, co-precipitation, and surface complexation. The application of magnetic biochar in polluted water is summarized in detail. Magnetic biochar has been widely used to remove various pollutants in water, including heavy metals, inorganic anions, antibiotics, pesticides, organic dyes and nuclear pollutants. In addition, the regeneration and recovery of magnetic biomass carbon are evaluated.

Key words: pollutant, magnetic biochar, adsorption, removal mechanism

中图分类号:

X524

宋少花, 徐金兰, 宋晓乔, 于媛. 磁性生物质炭的制备及在污染水体中的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6586-6605.

SONG Shaohua, XU Jinlan, SONG Xiaoqiao, YU Yuan. Preparation of magnetic biochar and its application in polluted water[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6586-6605.

图/表 11

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名称	原材料	污染物	吸附量/mg·g^-1	参考文献
磁性玉米秸秆生物质炭	玉米秸秆	Cd(Ⅱ)	33.45	［28］
磁性小麦秸秆生物质炭	小麦秸秆	Cd(Ⅱ)	23. 44	［29］
磁性谷壳生物质炭	谷壳	Pb(Ⅱ)	45. 7	［30］
NH₂磁性米糠生物质炭复合材料	米糠	Ni(Ⅱ)	201.62	［31］
乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）磁性落叶生物质炭纳米复合材料	落叶	Pb(Ⅱ)	146.84	［32］
磁性生物质炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石复合材料	油茶树果壳	Cd(Ⅱ) Ni(Ⅱ)	263.156 43.291	［33］
磁性铁酸盐/生物质炭复合材料	松木屑	Pb(Ⅱ)	99.5	［34］
磁性黑藻生物质炭复合材料	黑藻	Cu(Ⅱ)	24.28	［35］
磁性生物质炭矿物复合材料	养猪场污泥	Pb(Ⅱ)	450.58	［36］
磁性生物质炭	活性污泥	Cd(Ⅱ) Pb(Ⅱ)	8.5 48.05	［37］
磁性废骨粉生物质炭	废骨粉	Cd(Ⅱ) Cu(Ⅱ) Pb(Ⅱ)	151.3 219.8 271.9	［39］
磁性蘑菇渣生物质炭	蘑菇渣	Cr(Ⅵ)	47.62	［40］

名称	原材料	污染物	吸附量/mg·g^-1	参考文献
磁性玉米秸秆生物质炭	玉米秸秆	Cd(Ⅱ)	33.45	［28］
磁性小麦秸秆生物质炭	小麦秸秆	Cd(Ⅱ)	23. 44	［29］
磁性谷壳生物质炭	谷壳	Pb(Ⅱ)	45. 7	［30］
NH₂磁性米糠生物质炭复合材料	米糠	Ni(Ⅱ)	201.62	［31］
乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）磁性落叶生物质炭纳米复合材料	落叶	Pb(Ⅱ)	146.84	［32］
磁性生物质炭负载Mg-Fe水滑石复合材料	油茶树果壳	Cd(Ⅱ) Ni(Ⅱ)	263.156 43.291	［33］
磁性铁酸盐/生物质炭复合材料	松木屑	Pb(Ⅱ)	99.5	［34］
磁性黑藻生物质炭复合材料	黑藻	Cu(Ⅱ)	24.28	［35］
磁性生物质炭矿物复合材料	养猪场污泥	Pb(Ⅱ)	450.58	［36］
磁性生物质炭	活性污泥	Cd(Ⅱ) Pb(Ⅱ)	8.5 48.05	［37］
磁性废骨粉生物质炭	废骨粉	Cd(Ⅱ) Cu(Ⅱ) Pb(Ⅱ)	151.3 219.8 271.9	［39］
磁性蘑菇渣生物质炭	蘑菇渣	Cr(Ⅵ)	47.62	［40］

名称	磁性前体	污染物	吸附量/mg·g^-1	参考文献
磁性海藻生物质炭复合材料	FeCl₃·6H₂O、FeSO₄·7H₂O	甲基橙	240.3	［41］
磁性污泥生物质炭	FeCl₃·6H₂O	Cd(Ⅱ)	167.42	［42］
磁性明胶改性生物质炭	FeCl₂、FeCl₃	双氯芬酸钠	266	［44］
磁性玉米生物质炭	FeCl₃	As(Ⅲ)	51.81	［45］
磁性稻壳生物质炭	FeSO₄·7H₂O	菲	89. 64	［46］
磁性花生壳生物质炭复合材料	FeSO₄·7H₂O、Fe₂(SO₄)₃	磷	22. 32	［47］
磁性松木生物炭	赤铁矿	As(Ⅲ)	429	［48］
天然铁矿石-生物质炭复合材料	赤铁矿黄铁矿	诺氟沙星	1.676 1.978	［49］
磁性生物炭复合材料	菱铁矿	U(Ⅵ)	52.63	［51］
磁性生物质炭	Fe₂O₃	磷酸盐	330.86	［52］
磁性花生壳生物质炭	Fe₃O₄	亚甲基蓝	666.67	［53］

名称	磁性前体	污染物	吸附量/mg·g^-1	参考文献
磁性海藻生物质炭复合材料	FeCl₃·6H₂O、FeSO₄·7H₂O	甲基橙	240.3	［41］
磁性污泥生物质炭	FeCl₃·6H₂O	Cd(Ⅱ)	167.42	［42］
磁性明胶改性生物质炭	FeCl₂、FeCl₃	双氯芬酸钠	266	［44］
磁性玉米生物质炭	FeCl₃	As(Ⅲ)	51.81	［45］
磁性稻壳生物质炭	FeSO₄·7H₂O	菲	89. 64	［46］
磁性花生壳生物质炭复合材料	FeSO₄·7H₂O、Fe₂(SO₄)₃	磷	22. 32	［47］
磁性松木生物炭	赤铁矿	As(Ⅲ)	429	［48］
天然铁矿石-生物质炭复合材料	赤铁矿黄铁矿	诺氟沙星	1.676 1.978	［49］
磁性生物炭复合材料	菱铁矿	U(Ⅵ)	52.63	［51］
磁性生物质炭	Fe₂O₃	磷酸盐	330.86	［52］
磁性花生壳生物质炭	Fe₃O₄	亚甲基蓝	666.67	［53］

制备方法	优点	缺点	参考文献
浸渍-热解法	生物质炭的磁化和热解同时完成；操作简单；所得磁性生物质炭稳定性好；金属浸出少；制备过程中产生的废液较少	热解过程中会产生气体污染物和焦油，处理不当会造成二次污染；需要较高的热解温度（300~1000℃），导致能耗较高	［25］
共沉淀法	所得磁性生物质炭稳定性好，金属浸出少；无需过高温度；高生产率；操作简单；可控性强	需要引入大量碱性试剂，增加了成本；碱性废水需要处理	［78］
液相还原法	可以得到负载有零价金属的磁性生物质炭；所得磁性生物质炭还原性强，稳定性好；可控性强；生产效率高	添加的还原剂有毒，需要妥善储存和使用，并考虑后续处理；氢气通常在制备过程中产生，存在一定的安全隐患	［79］
物理混合法	制备方法绿色且经济，而且可制备有效的低成本磁性吸附剂	混合不均匀；制备的磁性生物质炭有团聚的可能	［76］