平板形蒸发器环路热管的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-2215

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环路热管是一种高效的传热装置。与其他传统的热管相比，其最大的优势是传热距离大、可反重力运行。对环路热管进行总结和回顾，既有利于推进环路热管基础理论的发展，也可促进新型、高效环路热管的开发与利用。本文根据蒸发器的形状对环路热管进行了分类，全面系统地介绍了近五年国内外关于平板形蒸发器环路热管的实验研究和理论模型研究进展，包括吸液芯结构设计、工质选择、蒸发器优化、蒸发器的模型研究及环路热管系统的模型研究，分析了6种吸液芯结构各自的优缺点与应用现状，比较了几种常见工质及3种常规平板形蒸发器环路热管系统模型之间的差异。最后对平板形蒸发器环路热管的研究现状进行了总结，并对未来其在实验研究和理论模型研究方面提出了科学的分析与展望。

关键词: 环路热管, 吸液芯, 工质, 蒸发器, 理论模型

Abstract:

Loop heat pipe (LHP) is an efficient heat transfer device. Compared with other traditional heat pipes, the biggest advantage of LHP is its large heat transfer distance and anti-gravity operation. This study reviewed LHP, which is advantageous not only to the development of basic theory of LHP but also to the development and utilization of novel and high-efficiency LHP. In this review, the LHP are classified according to the shape of evaporator, and the progress of the experimental research and theoretical model research on the flat evaporator LHP in the past five years are introduced , including wick structure design, working fluid choice, evaporator optimization, evaporator model research and LHP system model research. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the six wick structures and their application status are analyzed, and the differences of several common working fluid and three conventional flat evaporator LHP system models are compared. Finally, the research status of flat evaporator LHP is summarized, and the scientific analysis and prospect of the experimental research and theoretical model research for the flat evaporator LHP are proposed.

Key words: loop heat pipe, wick, working fluid, evaporator, theoretical model

中图分类号:

TK124

熊康宁, 吴伟, 汪双凤. 平板形蒸发器环路热管的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(10): 5388-5402.

XIONG Kangning, WU Wei, WANG Shuangfeng. Research and development of loop heat pipe with flat evaporator[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5388-5402.

图/表 13

图1 环路热管系统原理图及运行过程的P-T图

图2 环路热管蒸发器

图3 双孔隙烧结镍粉吸液芯

图4 烧结不锈钢纤维

图5 碳纤维镀铜改性

图6 吸液芯结构图

图7 木炭吸液芯

表1 常见的工质在平板形蒸发器环路热管中的应用

序号	工质	吸液芯材质	蒸发器材质	汽液线材质	工质使用范围/℃	参考文献
1	氨	双孔镍芯	不锈钢	不锈钢	-60～100	［35］
1	氨	双孔镍芯+低热导率的多孔材料	不锈钢+紫铜	不锈钢	-60～100	［47］
2	蒸馏水/去离子水	烧结铜粉	紫铜	紫铜	20～200	［33，48］
		细铜网	紫铜	紫铜		［40-41］
		不同粒度的复合铜芯	黄铜+聚碳酸酯塑料	紫铜		［34，49］
		生物碳芯	紫铜	紫铜		［51］
		亲水性聚四氟乙烯	不锈钢	不锈钢		［52］
		镀铜碳纤维	紫铜	紫铜		［37］
		烧结铜丝网	黄铜+聚碳酸酯塑料	黄铜		［42］
		烧结不锈钢丝网	黄铜	紫铜		［48］
		烧结双孔镍芯	黄铜	紫铜	30～120	［48］
3	丙酮	烧结不锈钢丝	铝	铝	0～120	［36］
4	乙醇	烧结铜纤维	紫铜	紫铜	0～130	［46］
4	乙醇	碳纤维	紫铜	紫铜	0～130	［38］
5	乙醇+丙酮（体积比1∶1）	碳纤维	紫铜	紫铜	0～120	［53］

图8 蒸发器结构

图9 蒸发器中各层铜片的温度分布

图10 蒸发器壁温随热负荷变化的关系图

图11 不同环路热管蒸发器结构示意图

表2 平板形蒸发器环路热管系统的常规模型

常规的一维稳态分析模型^{［40，72-74］}

一种基于能量守恒、动量守恒和热力学关系的一维稳态分析模型

（1）压降损失

$Δ P c a p ≥ Δ P w, e + Δ P g r, e + Δ P c o n t r, e + Δ P p + Δ P g + Δ P c + Δ P c o n t r, c$

（2）能量平衡

蒸发器

$Q i n = Q e + Q a m b + Q a x i a l$

冷凝器

$Q o u t = m ? Δ h + m ? c p l (T c - T c o)$

（3）热力学关系

$T v - T c = ? T ? P Δ P v$

环路热管各区域的压降

Δ P i

、温度

T i

基于结点分析法建立的一维稳态模型^［76-77］

对环路热管进行节点划分，针对每个节点建立能量和质量平衡方程来求解热量传递、压力损失和质量流量

（1）压降损失

$Δ P c a p ≥ Δ P w, e + Δ P g r, e + Δ P c o n t r, e + Δ P p + Δ P g + Δ P c + Δ P c o n t r, c$

（2）能量平衡

$M i c p, i d T d t = ∑ j = 1 N C j i (T j - T i) + ∑ j = 1 N H j i (T j - T i) + ∑ j = 1 N F j i (T j - T i) + Q i$

环路热管各节点的压降

Δ P i

、热流量

Q i

、温度

T i

三维计算流体动力学模型^［78-79］

对环路热管建立相应的几何和数学模型，利用集成的计算流体力学商用软件进行求解，以获得环路热管温度、汽、液分布等情况

（1）表面压降

$p 2 - p 1 = σ 1 R 1 + 1 R 2$

（2）蒸汽输运方程

$? ? t α v ρ v + ? ? α v ρ v v v = m ? l → v - m ? v → l$

（3）动量方程源项

$S q = - μ K v q + C 2 12 ρ v q v q$

（4）热流密度

$q i = - k i j ? T ? x j$

热导率

k i j

、温度

T i

表2 平板形蒸发器环路热管系统的常规模型

模型类型

模型简述

核心公式

关键参数

常规的一维稳态分析模型^{［40，72-74］}

一种基于能量守恒、动量守恒和热力学关系的一维稳态分析模型

（1）压降损失

$Δ P c a p ≥ Δ P w, e + Δ P g r, e + Δ P c o n t r, e + Δ P p + Δ P g + Δ P c + Δ P c o n t r, c$

（2）能量平衡

蒸发器

$Q i n = Q e + Q a m b + Q a x i a l$

冷凝器

$Q o u t = m ? Δ h + m ? c p l (T c - T c o)$

（3）热力学关系

$T v - T c = ? T ? P Δ P v$

环路热管各区域的压降

Δ P i

、温度

T i

基于结点分析法建立的一维稳态模型^［76-77］

对环路热管进行节点划分，针对每个节点建立能量和质量平衡方程来求解热量传递、压力损失和质量流量

（1）压降损失

$Δ P c a p ≥ Δ P w, e + Δ P g r, e + Δ P c o n t r, e + Δ P p + Δ P g + Δ P c + Δ P c o n t r, c$

（2）能量平衡

$M i c p, i d T d t = ∑ j = 1 N C j i (T j - T i) + ∑ j = 1 N H j i (T j - T i) + ∑ j = 1 N F j i (T j - T i) + Q i$

环路热管各节点的压降

Δ P i

、热流量

Q i

、温度

T i

三维计算流体动力学模型^［78-79］

对环路热管建立相应的几何和数学模型，利用集成的计算流体力学商用软件进行求解，以获得环路热管温度、汽、液分布等情况

（1）表面压降

$p 2 - p 1 = σ 1 R 1 + 1 R 2$

（2）蒸汽输运方程

$? ? t α v ρ v + ? ? α v ρ v v v = m ? l → v - m ? v → l$

（3）动量方程源项

$S q = - μ K v q + C 2 12 ρ v q v q$

（4）热流密度

$q i = - k i j ? T ? x j$

热导率

k i j

、温度

T i

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