稠油乳状液屈服特性及环道启动压力预测

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2019-0008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对海上平台稠油管线停输置换、再启动难题，以旅大稠油为研究对象，利用Rheolab QC流变仪测量系统剖析稠油及其乳状液启动过程与初始阶段力学响应特性，讨论含水率、启动温度、静置时间与恒定剪切速率对启动屈服应力的影响作用，自主研制并加工搭建了室内小型再启动环道实验装置，测量与验证再启动压力理论预测值可靠性。实验结果表明：稠油乳状液启动过程可划分为屈服、衰减和平衡3个阶段，启动屈服应力均在反相点附近达到最大值，随着启动温度升高而降低，随恒定剪切速率增大而增大；适当增大启动流量可缩短管线启动时间，但同时也增大了启动压力；基于启动屈服应力的启动压力预测值是环道实验装置测量值的2～3倍，而基于平衡剪切应力的启动压力预测值与实测值吻合较好，平均相对误差为4.5%。

关键词: 稠油, 乳液, 黏度, 屈服特性, 启动压力, 预测

Abstract:

Aiming at the difficult problem of replacement and restart-up for heavy oil shutdown pipelines on offshore platforms, the Rheolab QC rheometer was used to analyze the start-up process and mechanical response characteristics for Lüda heavy oil and its emulsions. The water volume fraction, start-up temperature, static time and constant shear rate on the start-up yield stress were discussed. A small indoor restart-up loop pipe experimental apparatus was designed and built, which was applied to measure and verify the reliability of theoretical predictions for restart-up pressure. The experimental results showed that the start-up process of heavy oil emulsion can be divided into three stages: yield, damping and equilibrium stages. The start-up yield stress always reached the maximum value near the phase inversion point, decreased with the increase of start-up temperature, and increased with the increase of constant shear rate. Appropriate increase of start-up flow can shorten the start-up time of shutdown pipeline, but also increase the start-up pressure. The predicted value of start-up pressure was as much as 1—2 times higher than the measured value by the experimental device, based on the start-up yield stress. While the predicted value of start-up pressure based on equilibrium shear stress was in good agreement with the measured value; with an average relative error of 4.5%.

Key words: heavy oil, emulsions, viscosity, yield characteristics, start-up pressure, prediction

中图分类号:

TE83

王帅,敬加强,宋学华,沈晓燕,陈璐. 稠油乳状液屈服特性及环道启动压力预测[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(9): 4020-4028.

Shuai WANG,Jiaqiang JING,Xuehua SONG,Xiaoyan SHEN,Lu CHEN. Yield characteristics of heavy oil emulsion and prediction for pipeline start-up pressure[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(9): 4020-4028.

图/表 16

图1 LD稠油的流变特性与黏温特性

表1 LD稠油稠度系数m与流变行为指数n

温度/℃	稠度系数m/Pa·s ⁿ	流变指数n
10	13.74	0.91
20	2.67	0.99
30	1.11	0.99
40	0.48	1.01
50	0.33	0.97
60	0.20	0.95
70	0.15	0.92

表2 LD稠油基本性质与组成

20℃密度

/kg·m^-3

表3 LD稠油采出水矿化度

离子类型	矿化度/mg·L^-1
K⁺+Na⁺	1248.0
Mg²⁺	15.0
Ca²⁺	14.9
Cl^-	306.7
$S O 4 2 -$	35.6
$H C O 3 -$	2582.0
$C O 3 2 -$	135.7
总矿化度	4337.9

表3 LD稠油采出水矿化度

离子类型	矿化度/mg·L^-1
K⁺+Na⁺	1248.0
Mg²⁺	15.0
Ca²⁺	14.9
Cl^-	306.7
$S O 4 2 -$	35.6
$H C O 3 -$	2582.0
$C O 3 2 -$	135.7
总矿化度	4337.9

图2 稠油再启动环道实验装置

图3 稠油乳状液启动过程力学响应特性

图4 含水率、启动温度对启动屈服应力的影响

图5 静置时间与恒定剪切速率对启动屈服应力的影响（插图为显微镜观察）

图6 启动过程剪切应力、表观黏度与时间的关系

表4 LD稠油启动屈服应力与平衡剪切应力

恒定剪切速率/s^-1	温度/℃	启动屈服应力/Pa	平衡剪切应力/Pa
45	30	140	57.31
	40	112	27.82
75	30	230	95.81
	40	186	45.94
100	30	309	127.74
	40	250	60.48
110	30	341	140.44
	40	274	66.32
120	30	372	152.99
	40	300	71.99
130	30	402	165.52
	40	324	77.87
140	30	430	177.87
	40	350	83.62
150	30	462	190.39
	40	379	89.48

图7 启动屈服应力、平衡剪切应力与恒定剪切速率关系

表5 20组验证数据（验证值）

恒定剪切速率/s^-1	温度/℃	启动屈服应力/Pa	平衡剪切应力/Pa
160	30	492	202.12
	40	402	94.31
180	30	557	230.55
	40	449	105.85
200	30	619	255.22
	40	505	119.20
250	30	765	318.55
	40	633	145.98
300	30	930	379.28
	40	752	176.78

图8 不同位置处压力随时间的变化关系

图9 环道1#位置处再启动压力变化（0，30℃，30min）

表6 实验管段实测与预测启动压力

温度 /℃	流量/L·min^-1	实测?P _1~6 /kPa	预测启动压力?P _1~6/kPa
温度 /℃	流量/L·min^-1	实测?P _1~6 /kPa	按τ _y	δ _? _P /%	按τ _∞	δ _? _P /%
30	3.61	81.52	198.36	143.32	81.76	0.30
	6.56	143.08	359.68	151.38	148.36	3.69
	9.04	195.42	495.08	153.34	204.28	4.53
	11.73	288.6	641.80	122.38	264.89	8.21
40	3.83	44.26	168.36	280.38	42.19	4.67
	7.39	82.00	326.64	298.35	79.73	2.77
	10.69	118.41	473.97	300.28	113.99	3.73
	13.98	160.88	621.25	286.15	147.81	8.12

图10 启动压力预测值与实测值的对比

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