The new situation confronted by chemical engineering industry, including economic growth slowing down, restrained demand and declined profit, is analyzed. In the meantime, challenges that China’s chemical industry are facing is studied and judged, such as the increasingly competitive product homogeneity, high dependence on importation, rigorous HSE supervision and the far-reaching impact of China-US trade friction, etc. It is concluded that the development environment faced by China’s chemical industry is becoming more and more stringent. In order to facilitate chemical products to develop toward the direction of high-end and differentiated usage and realize high quality development, China’s chemical industry must fully respond to the requirement of the regulations and policies of the national innovation drive, and companies should rely on technology innovation to promote a complete innovation from the aspects of developing modes, developing methods, and research and development modes.

The continuous reduction of manufacturing cost for vehicle fuel cell system and the improvement of the stack durability promote the rapid development of fuel cell vehicles. Electrocatalyst, proton exchange membrane and gas diffusion layer are the basic materials for making fuel cell stack, which determine the cost and durability of the stack. In this paper, it is reviewed that the application development of manufacturing technology for electrocatalysts, proton exchange membrane and gas diffusion layer, the importance of the manufacturing technology development of the three key materials is explained and the reasons for the low level of their industrialization in China is analysed, and some development suggestions are put forward,which provides a reference for accelerating the nationalization of products of the materials, in order to reduce the manufacturing cost and to improve the durability of the domestic FC stack.

Cooling systems play an important role in industrial processes. The wet and/or dry cooling system have obvious advantages and disadvantages. The wet cooling unit possesses higher thermal economics, however, it is limited by the large water consumption due to the relative shortage of water resources in China. The dry cooling systems also have many tough issues to be solved, such as huge investment, limitations of environmental temperature and other conditions. The dry and wet combined cooling system is the development trend of cooling system in coal chemical, petrochemical, and power industries, which combines the advantages of dry cooling system and wet cooling system. Based on the development of the dry cooling system and wet cooling system, the formation and classification of the dry and wet combined cooling system are summarized. This study investigated the latest status of the system model, main equipment and optimization of the dry and wet combined cooling systems. On this basis, the application of water-saving demisting, dew point cooling and other technologies in the dry and wet combined cooling systems were summarized, and the further research directions were prospected. It is of great significance for the theoretical research, engineering practice and system operation of the dry and wet combined cooling system.

To evaluate the performance of forward osmosis (FO) membrane, water permeability coefficient, solute permeability coefficient, and membrane structure parameter are three valuable independent parameters. These parameters were always evaluated by theoretical models based experimental methods. The evaluation on the FO membrane performance and the establishment of the relationship between the membrane structure and performance would be influenced by the difference between the parameters measured by different methods. Thus, on the basis of the relevant researches recently, the operating conditions, theoretical models, advantages, drawbacks and limitations of two testing methods, which were in term of reverse osmosis-forward osmosis (RO-FO) method and forward osmosis (FO) method, were compared in detail. Based on the solution diffusion model and concentration polarization theory, these two methods could be carried out simply with limited application range and slightly reduced testing accuracy, due to their assumptions. The parameters testing accuracy could be improved by optimizing the theoretical model, whose applicability still remains to be verified.

The numerical simulation results of Fluent software showed that the umbrella-shaped microchannel structure had higher mixing efficiency than the U-shaped linear microchannel structure, but this structure also had flow dead zones. Combined with the optimization direction, a diamond-shaped microchannel structure with smaller pressure drop and better mixing efficiency was proposed, which was more suitable for liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction. Meanwhile, three different microchannel structure reactors, which were described above, and conventional reactor were used to carry out the comparative evaluation synthesis experiment of tetradecyl acrylate (TA). The analysis and characterization of FTIR and NMR for reaction products had demonstrated the formation of TA. In the conventional reactor, the yield TA was only 82% and the residence time was up to 300minutes. The yields of TA in the microreactors was more than 90% and the residence time was less than 3.5minutes. The yields of TA in the diamond-shaped microreactor was higher than that in the U-shaped linear and umbrella-shaped microreactor, which was up to 97%, indicating that the diamond-shaped microchannel structure was more conducive to the full mixing reaction. It was consistent with the numerical simulation results of the diamond-shaped microchannel structure, verifying the reliability of numerical simulation results.

Gas-liquid two-phase is widely observed in chemical industry, petroleum and other industrial production. The application of an electric field is considered as an effective method to enhance the phase interactions. In order to explore the growth characteristics of bubble under the non-uniform electric field, microscopic high-speed digital camera technology was used to visualize bubbles growth, detachment and movement. The micro-morphological characteristics of bubble were accurately captured. Moreover, a specific codes was set to obtain the bubble characteristic information quantitatively from the captured images, including bubble growth time, detachment frequency, volume, and velocity of movement. The results show that both the bubble growth patterns and subsequent motion are altered significantly by the electric field. The increase of the field strength causes the acceleration of bubble departure frequency and departure velocity, and the decrease of the bubble departure volume. Quantitatively, the departure frequency increased dozens of times compared with the result in free-field condition. The generation period reaches 10ms under the electric field. Bubble diameter can be reduced to half of the inner diameter of the capillary. The initial velocity of the bubble increases about four times. The lateral velocity is 80mm/s. The electric field strengthens the dispersion of bubbles in the liquid. These results provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of charged two-phase flow.

Pool boiling is one of the main modes of heat transfer, which is widely used in many industrial fields. The changes in saturated pressure will affect the thermophysical properties of working fluids, which can further cause the variation of nucleation and bubble dynamic parameters. Therefore, the saturated pressure has a significant effect on the heat transfer performance of pool boiling. Heat transfer and visualization of pool boiling using HFE-7100 as the working fluid on a nano-scale smooth copper surface under different pressures (0.07MPa, 0.10MPa, 0.15MPa and 0.20MPa) were conducted in this study. The effect of pressure on pool boiling performance was further analyzed. The experimental data of boiling heat transfer was compared with the heat transfer and critical heat flux predictive models. The polished cooper surface had an average surface roughness of 19nm with the static contact angle of 9.83°. The isolated bubbles nucleation boiling, fully developed bubbles coalescence, transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling were recorded in visualization images. It revealed that the increase of saturated pressure could improve the pool boiling heat transfer and enhance the critical heat flux. Compared with the lower pressure of pool boiling at 0.07MPa, the maximum heat transfer coefficient increased by an average of 29%, 59% and 75% for saturated pressures of 0.10MPa, 0.15MPa and 0.20MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the average rising rates of heat transfer coefficient were 24%, 50% and 63%, respectively. The critical heat flux (CHF) increased by 27%, 48% and 64%, respectively. Comparing with other forecasting models, the boiling heat transfer model established by Forster and Zuber (1955) and the CHF prediction model developed by Guan, et al (2011) could predict the current experimental results of pool boiling correctly.

The flame characteristics of an acetone VOCs incinerator at different fuel equivalence ratios and preheating temperatures are simulated to optimize its design and operation parameters. The factors of adiabatic flame temperature, ignition delay time, flame propagation velocity and one-dimensional flame product distribution are analyzed. The results show that the adiabatic flame temperature at the typical equivalence ratio (about 0.113) is 850—900℃, which belongs to medium-to-low temperature combustion. The influence of preheating temperature and chemical equivalence ratio on the ignition delay time is very significant. Under the typical fuel-lean condition, the laminar flame propagation speed increases exponentially with the increase of preheating temperature and slowly with the increase of chemical equivalence ratio, and the laminar flame propagation speed does not exceed 150cm/s. The decomposition and partial oxidation of acetone take place firstly, which can last for a long time. Only when the temperature of the mixture increases high enough, the more intense oxidation of CO takes place.

Ethanol additive can significantly change the dynamic impact characteristics of deionized water. An experimental system was established to study the dynamic evolution and heat transfer of an ethanol-water droplet impacting on a heated surface. The effects of solution surface tension, Weber number (We) and wall temperature etc. on the characteristics of droplet impinging on the wall were studied. The results showed that ethanol additive could effectively enhance the wettability of the liquid droplets, promote atomization and fragmentation, and inhibit the rebound ability. Meanwhile, this ability increased with the concentration of ethanl solution. With the increase of droplet Weber number, the wettability was strengthened first and then rebound. Ethanol additive could effectively inhibit the rebounding and make the mixture droplets spread continuously. At wall surface temperature of 125℃, the deionized water changed from spreading stage to rebounding when Weber number increased from 15 to 33. However, the introduced ethanol could make the mixture droplets spread continuously without rebounding. Ethanol additive could significantly increase the critical transition temperature (T_CHF) from spreading to rebound, expand the temperature region corresponding to the nucleate boiling, and delay the droplet to enter the transition boiling stage.

Aluminum hydroxide powder with average diameter of 4.89μm was used to carry out the experimental determination of torque in a flat-bottomed stirred tank with diameter of 480mm. Torque sensor was used to measure the torque of three different impellers (pitched-blade turbine XCK, two-blade paddle PJ and tube-shaped impeller GXJ) including six impellers (XCK348, XCK290, PJ348, PJ232, GXJ348 and GXJ232). The experimental results showed that the torque of the impeller increases with the height of the powder. The order of the increasing torque of the impeller from high to low is XCK348>GXJ348>PJ348>XCK290. With the increase of powder height, the GXJ348 impeller has better agitation performance compared to other impellers. As the agitation speed increases, the impeller torque decreases. The impeller torque is mainly related to the height of the impeller from the surface of the powder and the impeller Froude number. For impeller combinations, when the layer distance is large, the impellers do not affect each other. When the ratio of the layer distance to the impeller diameter is less than 0.32, the impellers affect each other. Through the dimensional analysis of torque and the force analysis of stirring powder, two torque correlations for the three types of impellers were obtained.

Flue gas-assisted SAGD has made advances in mechanism and numerical simulation. However, it is unable to judge and validate test results directly due to high operational costs and extra energy consumption in oilfield tests. In order to evaluate projects thoroughly, this paper establishes multiple evaluation systems of flue gas-assisted SAGD with a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, taking environment, energy, technology, and the economy as four evaluation indexes, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation to select the production scheme with the best comprehensive performance. The flue gas-assisted SAGD is evaluated for the first time, which provides references for actual production. Comparing flue gas-assisted SAGD with SAGD based on "With and Without Methods", the merits of flue gas-assisted SAGD are visible, which are superior to those of SAGD. In order to facilitate field applications, flue gas-assisted SAGD evaluation software is developed and compared with other methods. The feasibility, availability, and accuracy of the proposed method are verified.

The straight blade and the propeller blade are taken as research objects to study the influence of the gas-liquid two-phase stirred tank blade on the flow structure and the gas-liquid mixing performance. The ICEM software was used to divide the flow field of the stirred tank with a hexahedral structure. Based on the SST-DDES turbulence model and the Euler-Euler multiphase flow model, the three-dimensional unsteady calculation of the flow field inside the stirred tank was conducted. The internal eddy structure and evolution process of the two stirred tanks were obtained, and the transient gas phase distribution and instantaneous flow field in the stirred tank were analyzed. The results showed that the eddy generated by the rotation of the blade goes through the evolution process of tearing, merging, attenuation, and dissipation. Compared with the propeller blade, the straight blade has a faster eddy dissipation speed, and its cycle from eddy generation to disappearance is shorter. Due to the differences in blade structure, the direction of motion of the main flow is different. The straight blade is distributed in the radial direction and the propeller blade is distributed along the axial direction. The former has an upper and a lower circulation zone in the tank, which is not conducive to gas phase diffusion. The latter has a large circulation zone in the tank, which accelerates the flow cycle in the tank, causing a higher gas-phase diffusion capacity than the former. A comparison shows that the T_0.95 of the propeller blade tank is smaller, approximately half that of the straight blade tank.

In recent years, the durability of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) under steady-state operation has been greatly improved. However, dynamic or abnormal operations still seriously limit the lifetime of HT-PEMFC. In this regard, this paper systematically summarized the characteristics and degradation mechanism of HT-PEMFC under common operating conditions and the corresponding mitigation strategies. Moreover, the accelerated stress testing protocols and life prediction methods were sorted out. Finally, the future development of HT-PEMFC was prospected. With the advancement of the commercialization of HT-PEMFC, the development of new online detection/diagnosis technologies, the establishments of standardized testing protocols and life prediction models, the optimization of system structure and the design of assembling process and production line are likely to be the focus of future researches.

Aluminum hydride (AlH₃) has the advantages of high hydrogen storage capacity, light weight, low desorption temperature, and clean products. It is an ideal hydrogen storage material for fuel cells. However, due to its high synthesis cost and difficult regeneration at room temperature, it has not yet been applied on large scale. Based on the requirements of fuel cells for hydrogen storage materials, this paper introduces the basic properties, synthesis and regeneration methods of AlH₃, and its hydrogen desorption performance and the improvement methods, and then briefly describes the domestic and foreign research status of AlH₃ used for fuel cells from the aspects of hydrogen storage devices and systems, on-board hydrogen storage and portable power applications. It is proposed that the research work should focus on reducing the desorption temperature, controlling the desorption rate, increasing desorption efficiency, designing efficient hydrogen storage system and developing low-cost preparation and regeneration processes.

Preparation of bio-oil by biomass pyrolysis is an effective way to enrich energy and realize the closed cycle of carbon, which has been widely concerned and studied as an environmental friendly technology. However, the process of biomass pyrolysis is very complex, and the resulting bio-oil shows low heat value, high oxygen content and strong acidity, which restricts the separation and purification, producing syngas and combustion. Therefore, the improvement of bio-oil quality is more urgent. In this paper, the main factors affecting the quality of bio-oil are reviewed from the aspects of three components, raw material pretreatment, reaction parameters, catalysts and reactors. In addition, this article analyzes characteristics of bio-oil and the relationship to the change of biomass properties under different pretreatment, the guiding effect of improving bio-oil quality in pyrolysis behavior involving catalysts, and the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used biomass pyrolysis reactors. Finally, it summarizes the main factors that affects the quality of bio-oil. Then, some suggestions for affecting the production of high quality bio-oil are put forward, which is expected to provide reference for the production of high quality bio-oil.

As an important clean energy and chemical raw material, hydrogen was mainly produced from fossil fuels. Biomass was fast pyrolyzed to bio-oil, and then hydrogen was generated by catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil, which was considered to be an efficient, environmentally friendly and economic way to produce hydrogen with renewable energy. This article first summarizes the following aspects for catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil, such as raw materials related to hydrogen production in recent years, the research status of catalysts, the reaction mechanism and kinetic analysis, and research progress in reactors. Compared with bio-oil, the model compounds have been extensively studied due to its simple structure, high conversion rate and hydrogen yield. The active metal component represented by Ni has high catalytic activity and strong intermetallic synergy.The different types of carriers can enhance the stability of the catalyst. The basic carrier can also absorb CO₂ and improve the performance of the catalyst in terms of anti-carbon deposition and anti-sintering. Reactors of different structures have different performances, and fixed-bed reactors are mainly used. In the future, it is important to develop catalysts with high activity and stability, improve the cycle stability of reforming reaction, summarize the reaction mechanism that best fits the kinetic law, and develop efficient reactors.

In order to reduce NO_x emissions in the coal combustion process, the pyrolysis experiments of coal and metal additives (FeCl₃, NiCl₂) were carried out in a tube furnace. The effects of additive loading, pyrolysis temperature, and adding method of additives on nitrogen migration and N₂ yield were investigated, and the mechanism of compound additives was discussed. The results indicate that as the loading of the additive increases, the nitrogen removal rate and N₂ yield tend to stabilize after increasing, and the loading is preferably 0.8% Fe and 1.0% Ni. In the pyrolysis temperature of 700—1000℃, the nitrogen removal rate and N₂ yield increase with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. By swelling treatment of coal and the addition of composite additives, the nitrogen removal rate and N₂ yield are higher than untreated coal samples. In the process of nitrogen migration during the coal pyrolysis, iron-based additives and nickel-based additives complement each other. The addition of iron-based additives increases the activity of nickel-based additives to make up for the disadvantages of single additives. Compared with the single additive, the compound additive has a stronger nitrogen removal effect and the N₂ yield reaches a maximum of 39%. The Fe-Ni composite additive has a better catalytic effect on the conversion of N-5 to N₂ in raw coal, as the composite additive has a stronger catalytic effect on the internal hydrogen transfer and ring opening of pyrrole. This research can provide theoretical and experimental basis for the clean utilization of coal.

Fe₂O₃/Bentonite, which was prepared by mechanical mixing method,was used as oxygen carrier in the coal char chemical looping gasification under pressure in a pressurized fixed bed reactor. The influence of pressure on the reactivity of coal char, the structure and pore structure of coal char were analyzed by means of Raman and N₂ adsorption isotherm line. The reaction mechanism of pressurized chemical looping gasification of coal char is discussed based on the kinetic equation.The results showed that when the total pressure of the system increases from 0.46MPa to 0.80MPa, the rate of char gasification increases from 0.01592min^-1 to 0.03086min^-1; the partial pressure of steam increases by 75%; and the H₂/CO molar ratio by 74%. The gasification process of coal char pressurized chemical looping can be described by Random Pore Model (RPM).As the total pressure of the system increases, the specific surface area of the coal char increases, and the reaction activity of the coal char increases with the increase of the partial pressure of water steam, thus increasing the gasification reaction rate of the chemical looping of the coal char.

The research progresses on the main production technologies and the noble metal catalysts for synthesis of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from isobutylene/tert-butyl alcohol in recent years were systematically reviewed. The researches on the synthesis of MMA with supported gold catalysts by oxidative esterification were mainly introduced. In comparison with the precious metal Pd catalysts, the supported gold catalysts emerge to be potential candidates due to their mild reaction conditions, high activities and selectivities. However, the low stabilities of gold catalysts greatly limit their industrial applications. Herein, the catalytic performances of gold catalysts for synthesis of MMA in recent years were compared and analyzed. The strategies on improving the stabilities of gold catalysts were elaborated. The relevance of the gold catalysts’ structure and their performances was displayed. In addition, the reaction mechanisms of these systems were discussed. In the future, preparation of supported gold catalysts with controllable structures and sizes by special means and modulation of the geometric structure and electronic structure of the catalysts by adding additives or other metals will be the research directions of this field.

As an important chemical raw material and intermediate produced from CO₂ utilization, ethylene carbonate has attracted more and more attentions. However, there are common problems in the production process, such as high energy consumption for purification of ethylene oxide, low catalytic efficiency in the reaction, and complex process. In this paper, the absorption and conversion units of ethylene oxide and the production process of ethylene carbonate were reviewed. The types of absorbents, the kinds of catalysts as well as the catalytic mechanism and the production process were summarized emphatically. Finally, based on the production technology of ethylene carbonate, the urgent problems and challenges in this research field were discussed. It was also pointed out that the development of multi-site ionic liquid catalysts and the application of absorption-conversion coupling processes would become the highlights of future research and have good industrialization prospect.

The direct conversion of CO/CO₂ to aromatics is a very challenging non-petroleum pathway, which has important strategic significance. In this paper, the research progress of composite catalysts development and the reaction mechanism in producing aromatics by different reaction routes of CO/CO₂ were reviewed. Based on the reaction coupling theory, breakthroughs of the composite catalyst in CO/CO₂ conversion and product regulation have been made. Two main reaction pathways of CO hydrogenation to aromatics using composite catalysts, as well as the influences of active metals types, the structure and acidity of zeolites and the assembly mode and the contact degree of active components on the catalytic performance were emphatically introduced. The reactivity matching between the synergetic hydrogenation and the aromatization is the key factor affecting the performance of catalysts. The development of efficient and stable catalysts to improve the conversion rate of CO/CO₂ and the yield of aromatic products, and the exploration of the reaction mechanism remain the focus of future research.

K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ adsorbents were prepared by calcination in different atmospheres with potassium carbonate supported on alumina carrier by equal volume impregnation method. The effect of different calcination atmosphere on the performance of the K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ adsorbents for removing carbon disulfide from isoprene was investigated. XRD, mercury intrusion, CO₂-TPD, FTIR were used to characterize and analyze the crystal structure, pore structure, basic active sites, surface functional groups of the adsorbents. The results show that the calcination atmosphere can affect the desulfurization capacity of the K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ adsorbent, which is related to the pore structure of the adsorbent, the distribution of K₂CO₃ active sites, and the H—O and C\stackrel{\text{????}}{?}O chemical bonds. Among these adsorbents, the K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ adsorbent calcinated in air has the best adsorption performance for the removal of carbon disulfide in isoprene. At normal temperature and pressure, when the mass ratio of adsorbent to oil was 1∶10, the sulfur content in the isoprene was reduced from 2000mg/kg to 769mg/kg, and the sulfur capacity of the adsorbent reached 1.23%.

The deactivated SCR catalyst from a 1000MW coal-fired generating unit in China was regenerated with CeO₂ modification. The samples before and after regeneration were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence spectrum (XRF) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). Hg⁰ oxidation performance of the CeO₂ modified regenerated catalysts (CeReCat) were tested on a self-made fixed-bed reaction system, and the effects of SO₂, H₂O, NO and NH₃ on the Hg⁰ oxidation performance were studied. The results showed that the regeneration by CeO₂ modification could effectively remove the impurities on the surface of the deactivated SCR catalyst, restore the surface active sites and pore structure, and simultaneously effectively load Ce and V. The Hg⁰ oxidation performance of the CeO₂ modified samples was significantly improved, and 3.0 CeReCat had the best oxidation efficiency. In addition, when 600μL/L SO₂ was added to the flue gas, 3.0 CeReCat still had a high Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency of 74.4%, indicating a high SO₂ tolerance. NO in flue gas slightly promoted the oxidation of Hg⁰. Due to competitive adsorption, H₂O and NH₃ in flue gas inhibited the oxidation of Hg⁰. The CeO₂ modified regeneration catalyst exhibited a good application prospect when placed in the lower layer of SCR system where a low NH₃ concentration appeared.

Sol-gel method was applied to synthesize TiO₂, TiO₂-Al₂O₃ (TiAl), MnO₂/TiO₂ (MnTi), and MnO₂/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ (MnTiAl). The simultaneous removal of NO and Hg⁰ from the coal-fired flue gas over MnTi and MnTiAl catalysts were studied on a fixed-bed reactor system, and the corresponding samples were characterized and analyzed by BET, XRD, H₂-TPR, and XPS. The characterization results showed that the introduction of Al₂O₃ into TiO₂ could greatly increase the specific surface area of the support, improve the redox performance of the catalyst, and promote the enrichment of high-valence manganese ions (Mn³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺) and chemisorbed oxygen (O*) on the catalyst surface. The results of the reaction experiments showed that the MnTiAl catalyst exhibited better NO and Hg⁰ removal performance than the MnTi catalyst in the entire reaction temperature range. The efficiencies of denitrification and mercury removal by MnTiAl catalyst at 200℃ were as high as 88.5% and 96.1%, respectively, and the concentration of Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, and O* on the surface of the catalyst were all consumed along with the oxidization of Hg⁰ to Hg²⁺. At the same time, the O₂ in the flue gas could re-oxidize the low-valence manganese ions (Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺) to high-valence manganese ions (Mn³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺), as well as recover and replenish the chemically adsorbed oxygen (O*) species on the surface of the catalyst, thereby realizing the catalytic Hg⁰ oxidation over the MnTiAl catalyst.

CuY catalysts were prepared by vapour impregnation with copper acetylacetonate as the copper source and NH₄Y zeolite as the support. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated by using direct vapor-phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a model reaction. The surface dispersion, active component content, acid strength and concentration of the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), respectively. It was found that copper species were highly dispersed on the Y zeolite and the crystal structure of the Y zeolite remained intact. For the CuY/250 catalyst activated at 250℃ and in the atmosphere of N₂∶H₂=12∶1, the active component content was the highest and the catalytic activity was excellent. The obtained methanol conversion, space time yield and selectivity of dimethyl carbonate were 11.1%, 200.5mg/(g·h) and 60.3% respectively.

Perovskite quantum dots have attracted much attention in light-emitting diodes, laser emitters, and other fields due to their narrow optical emission bands, adjustable light emission, and high quantum yield, etc. However, perovskite quantum dots are highly sensitive to the environment due to their strong ionicity, high surface energy, and easy migration of surface ligands, therefore, they are limited in practical applications. This article introduces the reasons of the structure and instability of perovskite quantum dots and summarizes the main methods to improve the stability of perovskite quantum dots in recent years from four aspects: ion doping, surface passivation, surface coating, and multiple protection. Finally, from the perspective of green environmental protection, the prospect of the preparation of highly stable biomass-based perovskite quantum dots are put forward. It proposed to use biomass materials with specific structures and their derivatives to replace traditional petroleum-based reagents as ligands, solvents, and shell materials for the adsorption of heavy metal ions, which accelerates the development of perovskite quantum dots towards green and low toxicity.

Selective separation of metal ions such as precious metals, radioactive metals and alkali metals is an important direction of research and development. Thiacalixarene is a class of macrocyclic compounds composed of sulfur atom bridged phenol units. As a third-generation supramolecular material, thiacalixarene has abundant reaction sites, and the upper and lower edges, as well as sulfur atoms of the bridge chain are possibly to be functionalized. The functionalized thiacalixarene can exhibit excellent coordination performance with metal ions, thereby achieving the purpose of selective separation of metal ions. This paper reviewed the synthesis history, structure characteristics and coordination mechanisms of thiacalixarene. Based on this, the coordination of the functional groups such as ester groups, amides and imines/amines on the upper and lower edges of the thiacalixarene with alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, radioactive metals, precious metal ions, etc. was analyzed. The effects of the thiacalixarene structure, the size of the calix ring and the type of solvent on its coordination performance were summarized, and the coordination mechanisms with different metal ions were analyzed in depth. This paper aimed to provide theoretical basis for the development of selective separation technologies for efficient extraction of various metals.

Various methods have been reported for persulfate activation including the use of heat, UV, ultrasound and transition metals. However, these methods suffer from high energy input or inevitable leaching of toxic metal from metal-based catalysts, which has limited their practical applications. Then, carbonaceous materials have attracted considerable interests as heterogeneous catalysts for persulfate activation owing to their large surface area, unique adsorption property and metal-free nature. Heteroatom (N, S, B, P, etc.) doping can not only break carbonaceous materials’ network inertia to enhance the conductivity, but also can increase the reactive sites, resulting in the improvement of their performance in persulfate activation. In this paper, the persulfate activation mechanisms of carbonaceous materials were introduced, mainly involving free radical pathways, singlet oxygen pathways and surface electron transfer, and those of the heteroatom-doped carbonaceous materials were further discussed. Then, the types and fabrication methods of heteroatomic carbonaceous materials as well as their applications in degradation of organic pollutants were reviewed. Finally, it was proposed that the promotion of stability and reusability and the in-depth study of the mechanisms were the future research directions of heteroatom-doped carbonaceous materials.

In recent years, clay mineral/carbon composite materials have become one of the research hotspots of carbon-based composite adsorbents due to their rich source, controllable structure, stable performance, etc. Attapulgite is a natural hydrous magnesium aluminosilicate clay mineral. Owing to the unique pore structure and one-dimensional rod-like crystal, it can be served as an ideal adsorption material and carrier. The research progress on attapulgite/carbon composite adsorbents was reviewed in this paper. Based on the high value of natural resources and the resource utilization of wastes, it mainly introduced the preparation methods and the regeneration studies of eco-friendly attapulgite/carbon composite adsorbents derived from spent bleaching earth. The morphology and properties of compositions were analyzed, and then the removal properties of the attapulgite/carbon adsorbents to different pollutants were summarized and compared. Finally the development direction of attapulgite/carbon composite materials was proposed in order to promote the development of research of clay mineral/carbon composite materials and provide technical support for application in environmental remediation.

Prefabricated concrete (PC) components need to be maintained after pouring to guarantee that concrete can harden well in a certain period. Currently, steam maintaining is one of the commonly adopted methods for this purpose. However, it is a bit costly and consumes a large amount of fossil energy. Based on the characteristics of maintaining process of PC components and the thermal characteristics of GH series phase change materials (PCMs) developed by our team, this paper presents an integrated design principle of passive solar energy and phase change heat experiments. Further, the selecting principle of PCMs on the inner surface of the main sun-facing wall of curing buildings wasput forward. The application results of Hebei province, China showed that, the 50mm-thick GH-37 PCM (temperature range of phase transformation: 37.4—43.5℃ and phase change enthalpy: 227.5kJ/kg) was suitable for the main sun-facing wall. Compared with GH-33 PCM, GH-37 PCM allowed the inner surface temperature of the main sun-facing wall to increase by 3.4℃ on average at night, the upper surface temperature of PC components to increase by 1.4℃, and the heat storage and release rate of PCM wall to increase by 62%. This research suggests a new method for renewable energy utilization and low-carbon based environmental protection in PC component curing process.

A molecular imprinted photocatalytic material with intelligent hydrogel grafted TiO₂ (TiO₂-DR/MIPs) was prepared by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) with ofloxacin as template molecule. The morphology and properties of the material were characterized by TEM, FTIR, TG and XRD. The temperature and pH sensitive properties of the materials and their effects on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ofloxacin were investigated. Meanwhile, the selectivity and stability of the molecular imprinted materials were also explored. The results showed that the TiO₂-DR/MIPs particle size had good response characteristics with the change of temperature and pH, and its photocatalytic activity could be regulated by changing the ambient temperature and pH. TiO₂-DR/MIPs not only had good selective adsorption and degradation of ofloxacin, but also had good stability and reusability. After four cycles of photocatalytic degradation experiments, the photocatalytic efficiency was only reduced by 5%. In addition, the double-responsive molecular imprinted layer in TiO₂-DR/MIPs could effectively prevent the agglomeration of TiO₂ and achieve uniform dispersion of TiO₂.

In this paper, coal tar pitch (CTP), a by-product of industry, was used as raw material to prepare CTP-based microcrystal carbons by high-temperature carbonization. The microstructure and surface properties of CTP-based microcrystal carbons were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The lithium storage characteristics of CTP-based microcrystal carbons applied as anode materials were also investigated. The results showed that CTP-based microcrystal carbons coexisting graphite microcrystalline structure and amorphous structure can be prepared by carbonization of coal tar pitch at different temperatures (800—1100℃). Microstructural characteristics such as microcrystalline layers, nanopore channels and structural defects and surface chemical properties of CTP-based microcrystal carbons were strongly dependent on the carbonization temperature. When the carbonization temperature was 800℃, CTP-based microcrystal carbon CTP-800 had a relatively ordered graphite microcrystalline layer and abundant amorphous carbon such as nanopore channels and structural defects, and the two were organically combined and embedded with each other to form a three-dimensional network structure, and the surface of carbon matrix contained appropriate oxygen/nitrogen functional groups. Such CTP-based microcrystal carbon had excellent lithium storage characteristics when it used as anode material for lithium ion batteries. The reversible capacity reached as high as 305mA·h/g at current rate of 50mA/g and still remained 174mA·h/g at current rate of 1000mA/g, and the reversible capacity retention rate was over 99.0% after 100 cycles. Such results indicated that the microcrystal carbon CTP-800 had good rate performance and excellent cycle stability, which might become a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. The excellent lithium storage characteristics of CTP-800 were strongly depended on their unique microstructure in carbon matrix including graphite microcrystalline layer, amorphous carbon such as nanopore channel and structural defects, and oxygen/nitrogen-rich functional groups on the carbon surface.

In order to solve the contradiction between excellent mechanical properties and self-healing properties of self-healing elastomers, a diamine chain extender cystine dimethyl ester (CDE) containing disulfide bond was obtained by methyl esterification of cysteine (CYS). The self-healing poly (urethane urea) (SH-PUU) elastomer was prepared through two-step approach by using polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) as the soft segments and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and CDE as the hard segments, with the molar ratio of 1︰3︰2. The SH-PUU was characterized by infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, mechanical property test, self-healing property test, micromorphology observation of scratch healing, stress relaxation and dynamic mechanical property analysis. The results showed that the glass transition temperature of soft segments and hard segments was -38.5℃ and 77.6℃, respectively, indicating that SH-PUU had a high degree of microphase separation. SH-PUU had outstanding mechanical properties, which tensile strength and elongation at break was 13.6MPa and 531.3%, respectively. The self-healing efficiency of 97.1% after healing at 80℃ for 2h based on tensile strength indicated the performance of SH-PUU got a good balance between mechanical properties and self-healing properties. The high self-healing ability of SH-PUU was caused by the enhancement of the synergistic effect of dynamic disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds. The self-healing mechanism of SH-PUU is that the dynamic disulfide bonds in SH-PUU occur exchange reaction reversibly at 80℃, and the hydrogen bonds in SH-PUU regenerate at less than 100℃.

In order to endow microporous polypropylene membrane (MPPM) with antibacterial ability and enhance its anti-pollution performance, the modified layer of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt was successfully constructed on the surface of MPPM membrane by covalent modification through photoinitiated graft polymerization of acrylic acid, amidation reaction of chitosan with polyacrylic acid, ring-opening addition of amino group of chitosan with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. The construction process was confirmed by FTIR, XPS and fluorescein disodium salt staining analysis. The results of static water contact angle and water absorption experiment showed that the modified film has excellent surface wettability and water absorption, and the water absorption can reach 11.23mg/cm², which is 1123 times of that of unmodified MPPM. The antibacterial activity and stability of the modified membrane were tested with E. coli and S. aureus by plate count method. The results showed that the modified membrane had good antibacterial activity, with the antibacterial rate of 98% against E. coli and 100% against S. aureus, and the antibacterial effect was stable, thus having potential application prospect in the field of water treatment.

Films material was prepared through crosslinking of chitosan and pectin. The effects of carrageenan and starch as additives on the mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The results showed that the pectin-chitosan composite membrane material without carrageenan and starch was not suitable to be used as sustained-release capsule material alone because it was insoluble in simulated gastric solution and intestinal solution. When carrageenan and starch were added, the flexibility, gelatinization, transparency and mechanical properties of the films were further improved, and the solubility of the films in simulated intestinal and gastric solution was increased. When chitosan-pectin∶carrageenan∶starch had a mass ratio of 2∶1∶1, the film material not only had good formability and elasticity, but also had moderate solubility in gastric solution and intestinal solution. The results of the capsule degradation showed that the capsule dissolution was a slow process in the simulated gastric solution and intestinal solution, and the sustained release rate of the capsule was about 93% after 6h immersion.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is one of research hotspots in the field of porous materials in recent years. MOFs has high surface area and uniform hole structure. However, traditional micropores MOFs are limited in biomedical application. The synthesis methods of hierarchical MOFs such as extended ligand method, template method and polymer method were introduced in this work. Hierarchical MOFs had microporous, mesoporous and macroporous pore structure, and could be stable in both water and chemical solvent. So hierarchical MOFs showed excellent performance in catalysis, gas adsorption and energy storage. The research of hierarchical MOFs in biochemical engineering such as immobilized enzymes and loaded pharmaceutical macromolecules was mainly introduced. Hierarchical MOFs was a kind of safe material with suitable pore size and could be decomposed under certain situation. At last, the problems and challenges in the preparation and application of hierarchical MOFs materials were discussed, and the application prospect of hierarchical MOFs materials as a new kind of functional porous materials was prospected.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) encapsualated metal nanoparticles (NPs) has enormous potential for application in catalysis. A highly efficient expression system was developed in this study by constructing recombinant Pichia pastoris cells for the secretion of soluble cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsid proteins (CCMV CPs). A high yield of (101.4±3.2)mg/L CCMV CPs was harvested from the fermentation supernatant with the purity beyond 90% under the optimal induction conditions (1.0% methanol concentration at 30℃ for 96h). Resultant CPs had strong in vitro self-assembled capacity to encapsulate sodium citrate-stabilized Ru NPs (Ru-CA) to prepare hybrid nanocatalyst Ru@VLPs with core-shell structure. Compared to unsupported Ru-CA, Ru@VLPs exhibited a higher catalytic performance in the reduction of nitroarenes including 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (3-NBS). The apparent reaction rate constant k over Ru@VLPs was calculated to be 0.14min^-1 in 4-NP reduction and 0.16min^-1 in 3-NBS one, respectively. Activation energy for 4-NP reduction over Ru@VLPs was about 32kJ/mol, also lower than that over Ru-CA (about 39kJ/mol). It was logically attributed to the enhanced stability of Ru NPs with the protection of protein cage as well as the synergistic effect between Ru NPs and some functional groups (e.g.—NH₂) on CCMV CPs. Finally, Ru@VLPs exhibited a stable and reusable capability.

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) surface sizing agent has gained many attentions in consideration of its good flexibility, strong adhesion, controllable structure and excellent performance. However, neat WPU has low crosslinking density, which results in poor water resistance, insufficient thermal stability and mechanical strength of paper. In this context, it must be properly modified to meet the requirements of paper industry. This work reviewed the recent modification methods of WPU surface sizing agent, including acrylic resin modification, silicone modification, epoxy resin modification and castor oil modification. At the same time, the performance changes of this product were analyzed and reviewed, which provided a theoretical basis for the research and development of new WPU surface sizing agent. It was also introduced multifunctional WPU surface sizing agent, which gave paper specific functions such as ageing resistance, antibacterium and fluorescent brightening. By summarizing the development law of WPU surface sizing agent, it was pointed out that green environmental protection, high performance and multifunctionality were the focus of future research on WPU surface sizing agent in the paper industry.

Water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is a new type of fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus, which has the advantages of solubility, compatibility, low crystallization temperature and good chelating performance. The application of water-soluble APP to soil can improve the soil available phosphorus contents, reduce the fixation of phosphorus in soil and improve the utilization rate of phosphorus. The main processes of producing water-soluble APP, phosphoric acid ammoniation method and ammonium phosphate urea method, are introduced, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. For the phosphoric acid ammoniation method, the process is simple and the quality of the products is high while the quality requirement of phosphoric acid and the producing cost are high. However, for the ammonium phosphate urea method, the process is simple, the production capacity is large and the producing cost is low while the quality of the products is unstable with the batch reaction. The continuous ammonium phosphate urea method is proposed, which has the advantages of continuous production and controllable product quality. At the same time, the results of the pot experiment and field experiment of water-soluble APP are reviewed, indicating that water-soluble APP has broad application prospect in agriculture. In addition, the future development of water-soluble APP and its application in agriculture are prospected .

Aiming at the problem that the crystal purity of aluminum chloride hexahydrate was difficult to control in the process of preparing alumina from the fly ash by acid method and further purification was needed, a simulation experiment of liquid-solid elutriation process was established. The effects of liquid phase density, viscosity, particle size, and particle volume fraction on the settling velocity of the particles were investigated and corrected by the resistance of the liquid to the particles, and a calculation model for settling velocity was established, which had relative error of less than 10% and could better describe the settling velocity under the system. Designing the static test according to the simulated experimental conditions of the elutriation process and the corresponding particle settling velocity, the change rule of four impurity ions of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium with elutriation time was investigated, and the better elutriation time was 60s. Experimental results show the removal rate of impurity ion is Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺, and the highest removal rate of each ion can reach more than 80%; the impurities elutriation removal rate of the crystals increase with the increase of the liquid-solid ratio, which is consistent with the settling velocity calculation model; and the research result provides a reference for the design calculation and optimization of the elutriation process.

Benzaldehyde was continuously synthesized using benzyl alcohol as raw material and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) over catalyst, by the oxidation of sodium hypochlorite solution in a continuous flow micro-channel reactor under the liquid-phase conditions. The effects of reactants molar ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, solvents and residence time on the yields of product were investigated and the process conditions were optimized. The results indicate that under the conditions of n(NaClO)∶n(benzyl alcohol)=1.25∶1, n(benzyl alcohol)∶n(TEMPO)=1∶0.01, V(benzyl alcohol)∶V(DMF)=1∶10, pH=8, reaction temperature at 0℃, and residence time at 10min, the yield of benzaldehyde reaches 95.1%.

Excessive emissions of acid gases, such as CO₂, SO₂, and H₂S, have caused a range of threats to the environment, for instance, the greenhouse effect and acid rain. Traditional solvent absorption technology has been widely used due to its maturity and low costs. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as intensive energy consumption during the regeneration process, low-value compounds, etc. Recently, phase-change absorption, in which, the homogeneous solution forms two phases upon acid gas loading, and the acid gas mainly concentrates in one phase, has captured wide concern. This technology only needs to treat with the gas-rich phase during regeneration, resulting in the reduction of the regenerated amount and energy saving. Besides, the acid gas in rich phase could act as a modified raw material, which could be used to synthesize carbon/sulfur-containing chemicals, thus avoiding the regeneration process fundamentally. This review introduced the recent researches of phase-change absorption technology, which included CO₂, SO₂, and H₂S gas. This technology was divided into liquid-liquid and liquid-solid phase-change absorption and its comprehensive advantages and disadvantages were summarized and compared. The two types of phase-change absorption technology should be considered comprehensively in practical application. At present, the mass absorption capacity was 1.56g SO₂/g DMEA, 0.205g H₂S/g DBN and the molar absorption capacity was 1.87mol CO₂/mol (TETA/PEG200) in phase-change absorption process, which is reported as the super high value in the literature. This indicates phase-change absorption is a promising method in acid gas capture.

Metal organic framework (MOF) is a new type of porous material with high specific surface area, abundant active sites and easy chemical modification. However, its poor water stability limits its application in adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, one hot topic of MOF research is to improve its VOCs adsorption performance. This article reviews the research progress of MOF and its composites for the removal of VOCs from the aspects of synthesis of monomeric MOF, the preparation of MOF composites, the adsorption mechanism and the influence factors in adsorption. In view of the shortcomings of MOF materials in the adsorption of VOCs, research suggestions are put forward. The development directions of MOF materials in VOCs adsorption are to prepare new MOF materials with rich micro-mesoporous structure and active sites, strong hydrothermal stability, good resistance to water vapor’s competition adsorption and high recycling utilization, and to develop new synthesis methods.

Hierarchical porous carbon is widely used in the fields of supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, catalysis and adsorption due to its high specific surface area, large pore volume and hierarchical pore structure. The carbon-based residue after the pyrolysis and gasification of wastes are appropriate precursors for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon. This paper reviewed the current waste-based hierarchical porous carbon preparation and adsorption applications. Based on the differences between waste sources and its own characteristics, the characteristics and applications of hierarchical porous carbon prepared from biomass and non-biomass waste were summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods and the applicable fields were compared. This paper also analyzed the adsorption process of VOCs, CO₂, dyes, antibiotics and phenols. The advantages of waste-based porous carbon in pore structure and surface heteroatom doping can enhance the adsorption effect of these types of substances. Combined with the existing literature, the prospects for the preparation of waste-based hierarchical porous carbon, pore size design and surface functional group design were put forward.

The consumption of fossil fuel and the emission of organic wastes have brought serious environmental problems, and the reuse of organic wastes for anaerobic biohydrogen production is sustainable and environmentally friendly. To overcome the limitation of low biohydrogen production due to unbalanced nutritional elements, toxicity and fewer kinds of microorganisms in single substrate anaerobic fermentation, anaerobic co-fermentation biohydrogen production technology has been developed using different types of substrates. However, there are still some problems such as unclear process mechanism and uncertain key technical parameters. This paper summarizes the necessities, advantages and impact factors of biohydrogen production from organic wastes by anaerobic co-fermentation, reviews the characteristics and ranges of key process parameters such as mixing ratio of different organic wastes, organic loading rate, fermentation temperature, hydraulic retention time, initial pH value, solid-liquid ratio, stirring and reactor, analyzes the hydrogen concentration in biogas and its production rate, pH value in fermentation liquor, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid and their composition of anaerobic co-fermentation systems with different organic wastes, and discusses the hydrogen-producing functional flora, its hydrogen-producing characteristics and the characteristics of unstable system microorganisms. Then the author points out some deficiencies in the current research, and finally puts forward the future research direction and application perspectives in the areas of substrate utilization and pretreatment, process mechanism, technology improvement and comprehensive evaluation. This review provides a basis for the research and application of biohydrogen production from organic wastes by anaerobic co-fermentation technology.

Oily wastewater is generated in many industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, petrochemicals, food, leather and metal processing, and has always been the focus of industrial pollution control. With the continuous development of industrial production technology, the types of characteristic pollutants in oil-containing wastewater and their discharges have also continued to increase, posing challenges to the deep removal and recovery of oil from industrial wastewater. Due to the variety of organic matters in the oily wastewater, the different environments, and the complex internal reactions, it not only affects the production efficiency of the multi-stage process, but also has an environmental risk. Therefore, the efficient and advanced treatment and utilization of industrial oily wastewater is an inevitable requirement for industrial pollution control, and has an important role in promoting the sustainable development of industrial production. In view of this, on the basis of systematic analysis of the characteristics of industrial oily wastewater, this article reviews the latest research progress at home and abroad on the treatment of emulsified oil and dissolved oil from the perspective of separate processes and combined processes, and focuses on principle and characteristics, degreasing potential, application benefits and its advantages compared with the other degreasing technologies. Finally, the perspective for resin degreasing technologies is presented.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a pollutant that is severely harmful for the environment and the human health. Fortunately, the adsorption method has obvious advantages in VOCs removal and has been widely used. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have good application prospects in the field of VOCs removal because of its high surface area, adjustable pore size, and wonderful modification and so on. This article first introduced the adsorption mechanism involved in the adsorption process, and reviewed the recent research progress of MOFs in the adsorption of VOCs from the perspective of influencing factors. According to the geometric structure of adsorbate and adsorbent, modified functional groups, metal sites of MOFs, acid-base, water and carbon material composite, the influencing factors in the adsorption process were analyzed and divided into internal influencing factors and external factors. The main methods to increase the adsorption capacity of VOCs by MOFs were summarized according to the influencing factors. At the end of this paper the MOFs adsorption of VOCs was summarized and looked forward to the application prospect of adsorption VOCs by MOFs. These will be provided some valuable references to remove VOCs from flue gas by sorbents.

With the emergence of global warming and energy issues, the development and application of clean energy such as nuclear energy has become more and more in-depth and extensive. Uranium is very valuable as a nuclear material. However, uranium-based nuclear waste is a threat to human life and health because of its high radioactivity and biotoxicity, so how to detect its trace has aroused people’s attention. The photochemical sensor can detect and exclude uranium and other radioactive elements in time because of its quick analysis and high sensitivity. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a uranyl photochemical detection sensor with high selectivity, sensitivity and reusability. In this paper, we reviewed the recent advances in the detection of uranyl based on photochemical techniques, including UV-vis, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and so on. Furthermore, this paper discussed their detection characteristics, analyzed their advantages and disadvantages, and touched on the development trend and direction of photochemical sensing technology for uranium detection, which provided reference for the further design of uranyl photochemical detection sensor.

Mechanochemistry, as a non-combustion technology, is featured by mild reaction conditions, simple operation, high efficiency, clean and wide application scope. In recent years, mechanochemical method has attracted considerable interests, especially for the destruction of chlorinated organic pollutants. Research on mechanochemical degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants was reviewed in detail. The development and characteristics of mechanochemical method were introduced. In addition, the types of single additives and combination additives commonly used in ball milling systems were summarized. The effects of ball milling device and operation parameters on the degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants were explored. Furthermore, the activation forms of additives and the mechanochemical degradation pathways of several typical chlorinated organic pollutants including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dechlorane plus (DPs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), were mainly elaborated. Finally, the problems to be solved were briefly described and future developments were prospected in view of the current research status on the degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants by mechanochemical method, whose purpose is to promote not only the in-depth study of mechanochemical theory but also the widespread application of mechanochemical technology.

Coal chemical wastewater is a typical toxic and refractory industrial wastewater. After pretreatment, this kind of wastewater still contains a large number of toxic and harmful substances, among which, ammonia nitrogen and phenols are the typical representatives. Ammonia nitrogen concentration is around 200mg/L, and phenolic concentration is up to 1000mg/L, accounting for more than 40% of the COD. Great harm would be put on the environment and life if these highly toxic substances were untreated. Therefore, the effective treatments for phenols and ammonia nitrogen are the key point to realization of the harmless treatment of coal chemical wastewater and green sustainable development. This review summarizes the current status for the treatment of phenolic substances and ammonia nitrogen in coal chemical wastewater, including phenolic substance treatment technologies and ammonia nitrogen treatment technologies. Furthermore, various technologies and processes in terms of their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. This review is to allow researchers in this field to understand the research status and development trend of phenols and ammonia nitrogen treatment technologies and processes in coal chemical wastewater. Finally, the development prospects of phenols and ammonia nitrogen treatment in coal chemical wastewater are discussed.

Pyrolysis of waste tires, as an important disposal means, could effectively achieve its reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization. This article reviewed the influencing factors of pyrolysis process of waste tires and the progress of pyrolysis products, carried out economics evaluation, and analyzed environmental and societal benefits, pointed out the current problems in industrial pyrolysis process of waste tires, and prospected future application of energy-saving and environmentally friendly pyrolysis process. In combination with the existing industrial pyrolysis equipment, the process conditions and reactor configurations were optimized. Pyrolysis products, i.e. pyrolysis gas, oil and char, were further analyzed for greater values through modification and upgrading techniques. Based on environmental regulations and green development concepts combined various treatment technologies, it was proposed to develop process equipment suitable for pyrolysis of waste tires and waste tires disposal technology that integrated collection/pretreatment/pyrolysis/product recovery and quality improvement to achieve efficient and clean conversion and high value reutilization of waste tires.

Biodesulfurization technology is environmentally and process-friendly, which has important application and development prospect in the field of coal desulfurization. This paper studied the biological desulfurization process of high sulfur coal by the mixed flora of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and examined the desulfurization effects under air oxidation environment and CO₂ auxiliary atmosphere. The results showed that the mixed flora of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans had good desulphurization ability in air oxidation environment, the two aerobic eosinophilic bacteria showed certain synergistic effect, and the inorganic sulfur removal rate reached 70%. However, CO₂-assisted atmosphere significantly improved the desulfurization efficiency of bacteria under aerobic (air oxidation environment) conditions, which increased the removal rate of inorganic sulfur by 20%, and the removal rate of inorganic sulfur reached more than 90%. SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS and other characterization methods were used to study the structural changes of coal desulfurization. It was speculated that the introduced CO₂ provided sufficient carbon source for the growth of the two bacteria, which promoted the rapid growth and proliferation of the two bacteria. At the same time, the solution ion concentration changed due to the CO₂ dissolved in water, which reduced the adsorption density of jarosite precipitation on the surface of coal particles, and promoted the process of biodesulfurization.

Oily sludge usually contains more bio-degradable organic compounds, and the sludge has a large viscosity and a high degree of emulsification, which leads to its low anaerobic digestion potential. Slow sludge cell wall breaking is a rate-limiting step for anaerobic digestion of sludge. In this study, by performing alkaline pretreatment of oily sludge, the wall of sludge cells was broken, and a large amount of dissolved organic matter was detected, which further accelerated the hydrolysis of sludge to dissolved small molecule organic matter and improved the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. On the other hand, in order to solve the problem of excessive organic acids (such as propionic acid) accumulating by pretreatment and destroying the pH balance in the anaerobic system, this study reduced the partial pressure of hydrogen in the anaerobic system by adding zero-valent iron, thereby promoting the conversion of small molecules such as propionic acid to acetic acid promotes methanogenesis and ultimately maintains the pH balance in the anaerobic system. The results of the study showed that the output of methane from oily sludge after alkaline pretreatment increased by 91.7%, while the sludge reduction rate increased by 8 percentage points. Alkaline pretreatment coupled with zero-valent iron powder increased methane production by 105.4% and sludge reduction rate by 13 percentage points. The pH conditions of alkali pretreatment were further optimized. The results showed that the optimal pH for alkali treatment was obtained at 9.

The total contents, fractionation characteristics and ecological risks of metals in five kinds FCC spent catalysts from different refineries were evaluated. The total contents and four fractionation contents of Fe, Al, Ni, V, Sb, and Co of each FCC spent catalyst were measured. The ecological risks of the 5 FCC spent catalysts were assessed by means of risk assessment code (RAC), ratio of secondary phase and primary phase (RSP) and reduced partition index (I_R). Results showed that the total contents of the metals between different samples varied greatly, but they all did not exceed the limit of the “Identification standards for hazardous wastes”. With the exceptions of V and Sb in some FCC spent catalysts, most metal content indexes reached the soil environmental quality standards for the second-class land for construction. The oxidizable fraction had the highest proportion in vanadium, and other metals were mainly composed of residual fraction. The RSP values of vanadium in all the FCC spent catalysts were very high and the I_R values were low. So, vanadium in the 5 FCC spent catalysts had high ecological risk potential, while the Fe, Al, Ni, Sb, and Co were of low ecological risks.

Anode material is critical factor for electro-catalytic efficiency breakthroughs. In this research, the sulfur-doped graphene materials were prepared by carbon precursor of graphene oxide (GO) and sulfur precursor of diphenyl disulfide to degrade organic orange methyl orange. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of electrolyte, applied current, initial pH and other factors on the degradation process was investigated. The results indicated that the sulfur doping can improve the catalytic performance of graphene materials. Under the optimal conditions of initial pH=3, methyl orange concentration of 10mg/L, electrolyte of NaCl, applied current of 30mA and experimental temperature of 20℃, 98.39% of methyl orange can be achieved in 35min. In addition, the stable and reusable properties of the material showed the prospect for practical applications.

The application and funding of National Natural Science Foundation of China in Division of “Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry” in 2020 are summarized, classified by general program, key program, major program, major Research Plan, Program of Joint Funds, Fund for Less Developed Regions, Young Scientists Fund, Excellent Young Scientists Fund and National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. The data are also analyzed based on the statistics of different application codes and host institutions respectively. In the end, suggestions are proposed for the project applicants’ reference in 2021.