In oilfield，some major problems have gradually emerged with the widespread employment of exploration technology，which can not be satisfactorily coped with through traditional physical-chemical techniques. Biological techniques have been widely used in crude oil production for their specific advantages. It is a current trend to deal with the problems in the oilfield ground system by using biological techniques. The aims of this paper are to expound the present status of biological techniques as defending and controlling the deleterious microbe，and developing biodemulsifier and bioflocculant so as to tackle some practical problems in actual oil production.

The theoretical developments and experimental study status of vapor nucleation on fine particles are reviewed. The heterogeneous nucleation theories are summarized as the classical heterogeneous nucleation theory, the density functional theory and the molecular dynamics Monte Carlo theory, and their characteristics of the three theories are analyzed. Combined with the application of water vapor heterogeneous condensation in emission control of PM2.5 from combustion, the purports and methods for the study of heterogeneous nucleation and condensation of supersaturated vapor on fine particulates are presented.

The working principle，the present research and the development of the fluidized bed reactors for organosilicon monomer synthesis were discussed in this paper. In addition，the advantages and disadvantages of existing interior heat transfer structure and gas distributor were presented. On this base，a new type of fluidized bed reactors for organosilicon monomer were discussed，as well as its advanced two level of disk conduction oil distributor and double cone-diversion gas distributor in details. This new type of device，representing a new direction for the fluidized bed reactors，has the following characteristics：low energy consumption，adopting technology for catalyst directly back to bed. Besides，the conducting-heat oil flows once-through in the figure-pipe bundles multiply，and absorbs heat uniformly.

Based on the characteristics of novel three-liquid-phase extraction, the mechanisms of traditional liquid-liquid phase extraction and aqueous two-phase extraction are reviewed. The Lewis acid-base theory is applied to generalize the extraction mechanisms in these extraction systems. Progress in the research on the novel three-liquid-phase extraction is summarized and the future research is predicted.

Owing to the fact that the cracking C5 fractions would polymerize in the separation process, inhibitors need to be applied to minimize the polymerization. Hence, the recent progress in the application of inhibitors for cracking C5 fractions is reviewed. Based on the theory of free radical polymerization, the polymerization and inhibition mechanisms of cracking C5 fractions are discussed. The feature and functionality of different types of inhibitors in the separation process is mainly expounded. Finally, the future development of inhibitors for cracking C5 fractions is prospected.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation for shell side turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics in baffle-plate heat exchangers was conducted with a commercial software—FLUENT，through which the static temperature field，velocity vector field，particle line field and static pressure drop field were obtained. Based on the numerical simulation results，the mechanism in the shell side turbulent flow and heat transfer was investigated from different aspects.

Activated carbon fibers were prepared from general purpose pitch-based carbon fibers with different steam dosage and activation time by cobalt catalytic activation. Dynamic adsorption of toluene on the resultant activated carbon fibers as well as the regeneration properties were studied. The prepared activated carbon fibers are very promising material for toluene adsorption and the adsorption capacity depends on the specific surface area, the pore size and distribution. Saturated adsorption capacity of toluene on the activated carbon fibers reaches 1250mg/g and remains 900mg/g after 20 regeneration cycles of adsorption-desorption.

In order to achieve a rapid and accurate selection for extractive distillation solvent, and to acquire 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene with high purity from solvent oil via extractive distillation, the UNIFAC model was used to calculate the relative volatility of 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene to indane (the mass ratio of 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene to indane is 4∶1) in five different solvents, acetophenone, di-2-octylhexyl phthalate(DOP), glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO），sulfolane at 17.47 kPa. Meanwhile, the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data of these five systems were measured. Deviations of the calculated values with the experimental values were all less than 6％. The results showed that sulfolane is a suitable extractive distillation solvent. Compared with other methods for selecting extractive distillation solvent，the combination of the UNIFAC model with experiments proposed in this paper has the advantages of rapidity, accuracy and high efficiency.

The background, object, science connotation and steps of green process integration for organic pollutant treatment process are described. A utilization case of the proposed theory and method is also introduced in instructing the green design of an organic pollutant treatment process in an acrylic acid and acrylate plant which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

The mass transfer specific area of gas liquid of microporous membrane gas distributor was investigated. While the different effect factors of specific surface area were reviewed，mainly including gas flux，liquid height，surface tension，etc. Experimental results represent mass transfer specific area of gas liquid was increased with increased gas flux while gently decreasing at the high point，decreased with increased surface tension and decreased by inches with rised liquid height. They indicated mass transfer specific area of gas liquid was higher than that in conventional tower and microporous gas distributor extremely strengthened the gas liquid mass transfer. A correlation was nonlinearly regressed with experimental data by the way of the dimensional analysis. The expression correlates well the experimental data.

Advances in adsorbents for the desulfurization of transportation fuels are reviewed. Some important adsorbents are introduced，such as activated carbon，zeolite，metal oxide and mesoporous materials etc. Their preparation，desulfurization efficiency，advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Future research may mainly focus on adsorption materials——their preparation methods and adsorption mechanism.

Residua hydrotreating (RHT) has received considerable attention with the increasing tension and inferior quality of oil resources. Therefore，the disadvantage influence of nickel and vanadium in heavy oils to RHT process，complete removal of them is one of the significant and difficult problem in technologies of RHT. In this paper，the progress in mechanism of residue hydrodemetallization is summarized from three points of the interaction between metal-porphyrin and surface of catalyst，intermediates and reaction models and the modification effect of several influence factors on reaction process. Besides that，the present imperfections and directions in the future are also propounded.

The Na–Mn–O materials can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of layered lithium manganese oxides via an ion exchange procedure，or directly be used as the cathode material for lithium ion batteries，which is considered to be a new promising material for secondary lithium batteries. This paper focuses on the structure and preparation methods of the Na-Mn-O material，especially the structure and electrochemical properties of LixMnO2 synthesized by ion exchange method using NaxMnO2 as a precursor. Simultaneously，the application of Na-Mn-O material for the lithium ion batteries，sodium ion batteries and other aspect are also discussed. The development trend of Na-Mn-O as cathode materials for future secondary batteries is analyzed.

The design and operating principle of a double-effect liquid desiccant dehumidifier driven by hybrid solar- trough/gas-boiler are presented，where the weak desiccant is concentrated by boiling and non-boiling evaporation. Then a stable heat and mass transfer mathematical model for the packed-type dehumidifier is developed by the lumped parameter method and a comparative analysis of its regenerating performance under two different inlet conditions is conducted. The regenerating performance under the inlet condition of adopting cold air to condense the high-temperature weak solution is better than that of adopting hot air to condense the low-temperature weak solution，which provides a basis for the hybrid dehumidifying process design. The double-effect regeneration method can guarantee the system a stable operation，increase the concentration of regeneration solution and improve the energy efficiency.

The research progress on the catalysts，such as supported noble metal，metal oxide and metal modified zeolite，for nitrous oxide decomposition is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the catalysts are discussed in detail. By comparison，the metal modified zeolite shows the better catalytic activity，which will be the focus in the future research.

Titanosincalite TS-1 has attracted much attention due to its excellent catalytic properties in the partial oxidation of organic compounds. The fundamental research and the syntnetic studies on TS-1 have become a hotspot in catalytic field．Recent developments in the synthesis，modification and catalytic properties of titanium silicalite molecular sieve are reviewed，including the developments in the synthesis of TS-1 with hydrothermal and isomorphous replacement methods，the modification of TS-1，as well as applications in catalytic oxidation and acid catalysis systems.

Nonyldiphenylamine，an antioxidant，was synthesized by the reaction of diphenylamine with nonene under the catalysis of a solid superacid SO42-/TiO2. Several factors affecting the diphenylamine conversion and the selectivity for nonyldiphenylamine were investigated，including the calcination temperature of solid superacid，the reaction temperature and the amounts of catalyst，diphenylamine and nonene. The diphenylamine conversion reached to 97.3% with a selectivity for the aimed product，nonyldiphenylamine，of 86.4% when the superacid was calcinated at 550 ℃，where the reaction was carried out at 140 ℃ for 12 h with 3.50 g of catalyst，5.07 g of diphenylamine and 15.12 g of nonene. When the catalyst was reused for six times，the diphenylamine conversion still remained as 92.3% with the selectivity for nonyldiphenylamine of 80.2%. The catalyst deactivation mainly resulted from the carbon deposition and the loss of SO42-.

The current status and progress of porous hydrogels are summarized. The introduction of porous structure greatly enhance the swelling rate and equilibrium absorbency of hydrogels，which can be applied to the preparation of hydrogels with environmental sensitivity. The preparation methods for porous hydrogels are presented and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed，such as the foaming technique，the porogenic technique，the phase separation technique and the frontal polymerization method etc.

Compared with spherical gold particles，the anisotropic gold nanorods exhibit anisotropic chemical and optical properties simultaneously. The unique characteristics of surface plasmon resonance（SPR）and SPR induced strong optical absorption and luminescence provide great application potentials in materials science and biomedical fields. This paper mainly reviews the latest research progress in the synthesis and assembly of gold nanorods. The concrete contents include：the synthesis of gold nanorods，the template mediated self-assembly of gold nanorods，the surface tension induced self-assembly of gold nanorods and their applications.

The research and development in polymer latex as coating material for controlled fertilizer release are reviewed. The characteristics of coating processes in a fluidized bed coater and drum fluidized bed coater are analyzed. The controlled release performance of latex coated fertilizers is evaluated. The key points in the research and development and the prospects of polymer latex coated fertilizer are analyzed.

Some major elements influencing the modification effect of mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber during the process of electrochemical oxidation are comparatively analysed by the orthogonal experiment. The optimized conditions for the electrochemical oxidation are characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy，X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy etc. An obvious improvement in the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) is achieved when the composite is prepared from the mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber being treated with HNO3（65%）and electrochemical oxidation. With the optimized conditions，the ILSS of the composite can amount to 45.324MPa，which is 24.1% higher than the process including electrochemical oxidation only and 49.4% higher than that with the carbon fiber without any modification.

1,4-Butanediol-dicarbamate was synthesized by the reaction of butanediol with urea. Structure of the product was confirmed by IR, elemental analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. On this base, a novel nonisocyanate approach for the synthesis of polyurethanes was preliminarily investigated starting from urea, PEG400 and 1,6-diaminohexane. The obtained polyurethane was analyzed by means of IR and GPC. The weight-average molecular weight of the product is 4266.

Waterborne polyurethane (PU) aqueous dispersions were prepared by the modification with butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)，in which the PU was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with dihydroxymethylpropionic acid (DMPA) as the hard segment and polyether polyols (N220) as the soft segment. The physical and mechanical properties of the prepared aqueous dispersions and membranes were investigated. Results showed that the modified PU has a larger particle size，a smaller surface tension and improved mechanical properties and hardness as compared with the unmodified PU. The introduction of HEMA resulted in the formation of a chemical crosslinked core–shell interpenetrating polymer network structure，indicating that the hard segment of PU has a higher molecular chain compatibility with the acrylic polymers in the modified materials.

The polypyrrole/attapulgite nanocomposites（PPy/ATP） were fabricated via in chemistry oxidation polymerization of pyrrole（Py）monomer，using sodium dodecylsulphonate and FeCl3·6H2O as dopant and the oxidant，respectively. The as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by XRD，TG-DTA，FTIR and TEM. With increasing the dosage of Py，the volume resistivity of the nanocomposites decreases gradually. When the mass ratio of Py to ATP≥0.25 the volume resistivity of nanocomposites keeps almost change. XRD and TEM measurements of the nanocomposites revealed that the surface of attapulgite is encapsulated by the amorphous polypyrrole to form a ‘core-shell’ fibrous nanostructure，and the thickness of coating is about 2 nm. Data from TG-DTA revealed that the heat resistance of nanocomposites is higher than pure polypyrrole. According to the spectra of FTIR，it is inferred that the physical interaction exist between polypyrrole and attapulgite.

Block copolymers were synthesized by conventional free radical polymerization in two steps by using polyfunctional chain transfer agent. In the first step，free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out in the presence of a chain transfer agent，1，2-ethanedithiol. Hence，PMMA with residual thiol groups at the chain end were obtained at appropriate monomer conversions. Thus prepared PMMA with residual thiol groups at the chain end was subsequently used in the second step as a macro-chain transfer agent，where conventional free radical polymerization of styrene was carried out yielding block copolymers of PMMA with polystyrene successfully.

The molecular weight distribution of the polyolefins was analyzed before and after the oligomers removed from the crude product by centrifugation. These polymers were produced by CX process consisting of slurry homo-polymerization, slurry copolymerization and centrifugation，or by gas process including slurry homo-polymerization and gas copolymerization. The effect of the oligomers on the dynamic and thermal properties of the product was studied. The results showed that the oligomers within the product was partially removed by centrifugation. The dynamic and thermal properties of the product were improved, comparison with the crude product. The content of comonomer incorporation within the polyolefin chain was determined by 13C NMR, the result revealed that the oligomers had higher content of comonomer incorporation than the polymer with high molecular weight. A new polymerization process, consisting of slurry homo-polymerization, centrifugation to remove oligomer partially and gas copolymerization, might be proposed.

Polyaniline-Ni nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ aqueous polymerization of aniline in the presence of Ni. The structure、norphologies、magnetic and electrical properties of samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM)，X-ray diffraction(XRD)，Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR)，four probe method and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) techniques.The results indicated that the nanocomposites under applied magnetic field exihibited the hysteresis loops of the ferromagnetic nature at room temperature，Saturation magnetization was 9.44 emu/g. The electrical conductivity was 5×10-3 S/cm.

Maleic rosin pentaerythritol ester with light color and high softening point was prepared from refined rosin，maleic anhydride and pentaerythritol. The effects of different reducing agent，catalyst，color-reducing agent，raw material ratio and reaction time on the product performance are emphatically discussed. The optimized condition was obtained through experiments. The proper amount of maleic anhydride，reducing agent SHHP，catalyst R-1 and color-lighting agent M-6 are 13%，0.3‰，3‰ and 3‰ of the refined rosin，respectively. The addition reaction time of maleic anhydride with the refined rosin is 60 min，and then the esterification time with pentaerythritol is 150 min. The product produced under the optimized condition has a Gardner color of 3，an acid value of 9.8 mg/g and a softing point of 159 ℃.

Selective nitration of a hexazaisowurzitane derivative，tetraacety-bis(p-chlorobenzamido) hexaazaisowurtzitane (TABIW)，was studied. Structure of the product has been determined by FTIR， 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The effect of nitration agent，reaction temperature，reaction time，feeding mode on the product yield and purity were investigated. The optimized conditions were found as：in an ice bath，the substrate was added in batches into fuming nitric acid [m(HNO3)=98%] under stirring. When the substrate was completely solubilized，oleum [m(SO3)=20%] was dropwise added. The reaction was conducted at 70 ℃ for 1h，then at 90 ℃for 3 h. Upon filtration，the target product was obtained with a yield of 71.4%，the melting point of the product was measured as 242—244℃.

Four isomers of alklybenzenesulfonate salts，Gemini surfactents，were synthesized from dodecylbenzene，triethanolamine，dichloromethane，1,2-dichloroethane and sodium hydroxide through a three-step process，which involves Fried-Crafts reaction，sulfonation and neutralization. The structures of intermediates were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The surface tension of dilute aqueous solution of the product was measured at 25℃ by drop-volume method，and then the critical micelle concentration(CMC) was determined. One of the Gemini surfactants was employed as emulsifier in emulsion polymerization. The results indicated that the γCMC decreases with increasing the carbon atoms in the side alkyl or the bridge chains. It was also found that the surface tension value of Gemini surfactent neutralized with triethanolamine is the lowest in all the alklybenzenesulfonate salts. With the increase of emulsifier concentration，the latex particle size reduces in average，the polymerization equilibrium is improved and the conversion is increased.

2-Butyl-6-nitroindole was synthesized via the stepwise Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of a triflate with hexyne starting from 2-amino-4-nitrophenol，where the amino group was protected by trifluoroacetic group. The triflate was obtained from the reaction of N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl) trifluoroacetamide with PhNTf2 catalyzed by NaH. Structure of the product in each steps was checked and determined by IR，1H NRM，13C NMR and MS.

Several feasible techniques for the treatment of ammonium nitrogen wastewater are reviewed and compared，their application conditions，ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency and treatment costs are discussed. Through analyzing the removal efficiencies and costs of various techniques，this review is aiming to provide a shortcut reference for the research and application of ammonium nitrogen wastewater treatment，which may give helps in rapidly finding a most economical，reasonable and cost-effective method or combination in practical application in different type of wastewater treatment. Through analysis and comparison，it was found that techniques of biological treatment and ammonia stripping for treating ammonium nitrogen wastewater have the lowest costs，which are 2—20 and 1.8—10 yuan/kg NH4+-N，respectively; the technique of MAP precipitation has the highest cost，which is around 50—70 yuan/kg NH4+-N; and the cost of breakpoint chloride method is about 37.6 yuan/kg NH4+-N，which is in between the above.

Modified bentonite is a widely used absorbent for heavy metals in wastewater treatment. The effects of different modification methods on the structure and the adsorptive ability of bentonite，as well as the application of the modified bentonite，are reviewed. Several suggestions are proposed for advanced research，according to the requirement of heavy metal removal.

Pervaporation is a green and high efficient membrane separation technique that has obvious advantages in the removal of volatile organic pollutants from wastewater. Based on the introduction of pervaporation principle and characteristics，the characteristics，classes and performance of compiste membrans for the pervaporation in volatile organic compounds treatment are overviewed. And the prospected application of pervaporation is discussed.

Dilute acid catalyzed hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass produces sugars that can be fermented to further produce bioethanol or converted to some other important chemical products. Reactors with different configurations and processes have different hydrolysis kinetics and efficiency. This article gives an overview on the dilute acid hydrolysis kinetics and reactors developed in the past several decades. It can be surmised that a multi-step treatment，a countercurrent process and a dynamic reaction would be the most efficient methods for the dilute acid catalyzed lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis to produce sugars.

With the lead resource used up increasingly，the lead recovery technique has been a widely interested research subject. Compared with the pyrometallurgical technique，the hydrometallurgical process has the advantages of low energy consumption and good environmental benefits. This paper provides a review on the environment friendly hydrometallurgical process for recovering lead from scrap lead-acid batteries. The principles and flows of different hydrometallurgical processes are introduced. The intending lead recovery technology in our country prospected.

Based on the safety and economy analysis, the tail-gas recirculation in biomass pyrolysis liquefaction plant was investigated. The pyrolysis liquefaction experiments were conducted with or without the tail-gas recycling for comparison. The tail-gas was collected and then analyzed by gas chromatography. Results indicated that the major composition of the tail-gas is the same under the two different pyrolysis conditions, while the contents are different. The influence of non-condensate gas, such as CO, CO2 and CH4, to the biomass pyrolysis was theoretically analyzed, and the yield and composition of the produced bio-oil was evaluated. It is suggested that the tail-gas recirculation in biomass pyrolysis liquefaction plant is reasonable and feasible.

The influence of nitrogen loading and high temperature shock on ANAMMOX (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process with a 3.2 L UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor was investigated. The results showed that the UASB-ANAMMOX reactor is not only appropriate for the treatment of low ammonia containing wastewater, but also suitable for that of mediate to high ammonia containing wastewater. The nitrite reductase is more likely subjected to the inhibition of dissolved oxygen. A instant high temperature may give a heavy shock on the running of the reactor; however, the shock may be relieved because of an intrinsic mechanism caused by the ANAMMOX microbes, which resulted in the resilience of the reactor to a steady state.

The circulating water in oil refinery has the characteristics of high turbidity，high hardness，high alkalinity，bearing oil and low concentrating rate. Aiming at this point，a WSW-216 water stabilizer is compounded by using acrylic acid-acrylate-sulfonate terpolymer，maleic anhydride-acrylic acid copolymer，carboxylate phosphate and organophosphate II as the scale inhibitor，and using polyol phosphate lipid，organophosphate II and zinc salts as the corrosion inhibitor. Dynamic simulation of pilot tests showed that the treatment of recirculating cooling water with concentrating rate of （5.0±0.5） and pH 7.0—8.0 by using WSW-216 as the water stabilizer，all the indexes of the treated water can meet the circulating water quality standard. The compounded WSW-216 water stabilizer has excellent efficiency in corrosion and scale inhibitions.