Research progress of capacitive deionization technology in water treatment

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1710

Abstract

Abstract:

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising water treatment technology that has garnered widespread attention due to its environmentally friendly, cost-effective, low energy consumption, and renewable advantages. Currently, the research in CDI technology has covered innovations in various electrode materials and device structures, which have provided significant support for the broad application of CDI. In response to the practical needs of water pollution and freshwater scarcity, this paper reviewed the research progress of CDI technology in the water treatment field, and systematically summarized the application results and technological breakthroughs of CDI in desalination, water softening, heavy metal removal, nutrient removal, and lithium extraction from salt lake brines. It particularly analyzed the application of CDI technology in low-cost treatment of brackish water and lithium extraction from high Mg and Li ratio brines, comparing it with reverse osmosis (RO) to highlight the advantages and potential of CDI technology. Additionally, the suitability of CDI technology in different water treatment scenarios was analyzed, noting that despite significant achievements, challenges remained regarding the technology's stability, economic viability, and scalability. Finally, the future development direction of CDI technology was anticipated, emphasizing the need for material innovation, optimization of electrode design, and enhancement of treatment efficiency to achieve broader practical applications.

Key words: capacitive deionization technology, electrochemistry, desalination, unconventional water resources, waste water, lithium extraction from salt lakes

摘要：

电容去离子（capacitive deionization，CDI）技术作为一种极具发展前景的水处理技术，因其具有绿色环保、经济高效、能耗低和可再生等优点而受到广泛关注。目前，CDI技术的研究领域已涵盖多种电极材料和装置结构的创新，这些进展为CDI技术的广泛应用提供了重要支持。本文结合水污染和淡水资源短缺问题的实际需求，梳理了CDI技术在水处理领域的研究进展，系统总结了CDI技术在海水淡化、硬水软化、重金属离子的去除、营养物质去除和盐湖提锂多场景中的应用成果与技术突破。重点分析了CDI技术在微咸水低成本处理和高Mg、Li比卤水提锂方面的应用，并与反渗透（reverse osmosis，RO）进行对比，突出了CDI技术的优势和潜力。同时，分析了CDI技术在不同水处理场景中的适用性，指出尽管已有显著成就，但技术的稳定性、经济性和规模化应用仍面临挑战。最后，展望了CDI技术未来的发展方向，强调加强材料创新、优化电极设计及提升处理效率的必要性，以实现更广泛的实际应用。

关键词: 电容去离子技术, 电化学, 脱盐, 非常规水资源, 废水, 盐湖提锂

CLC Number:

X703

HE Shumin, XIONG Wei, GAO Xiaolong, ZHU Yaonan, ZHANG Enbo, WANG Youzhao, ZHU Tong. Research progress of capacitive deionization technology in water treatment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(11): 6660-6673.

贺舒敏, 熊伟, 高小龙, 朱曜南, 张恩博, 王有昭, 朱彤. 电容去离子技术在水处理中的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(11): 6660-6673.

Figures/Tables 7

参数	意义
孔径分布	孔径及其分布直接影响离子的去除效果和双电层作用的发挥；孔径若小于目标离子的尺寸，虽然能够增加材料的总表面积，但其对目标离子的去除效果却不够显著
比表面积	必须提供充足的空间使离子能够附着在电极表面，这将有助于提高电极的比电容
电导率	高导电性或低电阻值能够促进电荷的迅速转移，从而加快离子的吸附与解吸过程
电极表面活性	电极表面上可接触的离子区域越多，离子去除的效率就越高；虽然更大比表面积提高了可接触表面的机会，但这并不一定保证材料在作为电极时具有较高的去除率；孔隙的开口尺寸、孔道的物理布局等因素也会影响活性或可接触表面的有效性
电极稳定性	电极需要在所施加的电压范围和其所处的化学环境中保持稳定性
成本	需要考虑电极的制作成本和后续运行费用

电极材料	溶液中的离子	选择性去除	选择性机制	参考文献
λ-MnO₂尖晶石型3D还原氧化石墨烯（3D-rGO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Li⁺	离子筛分效应	[71]
单价选择性阳离子交换膜	Mg²⁺、Li⁺	Li⁺	离子交换机制	[73]
锂锰氧化物阴极和碳阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Li⁺≥Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺ K⁺>Na⁺	离子半径	[74]
尖晶石锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、Br^-、HCO $3 -$ 、Si、B	Li⁺	化学亲和力和离子半径	[75]
锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）	Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Sr²⁺、Cl^-、HCO $3 -$	Li⁺	氢和锂之间的逆转反应	[76]
尖晶石锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、Br^-、HCO $3 -$ 、Si、B	Li⁺	在LMTO电极上进行离子交换和氧化还原反应	[77]
λ-MnO₂纳米棒电池正极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	λ-MnO₂通过法拉第氧化还原反应捕获Li⁺	[78]

电极材料	溶液中的离子	选择性去除	选择性机制	参考文献
λ-MnO₂尖晶石型3D还原氧化石墨烯（3D-rGO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Li⁺	离子筛分效应	[71]
单价选择性阳离子交换膜	Mg²⁺、Li⁺	Li⁺	离子交换机制	[73]
锂锰氧化物阴极和碳阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Li⁺≥Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺ K⁺>Na⁺	离子半径	[74]
尖晶石锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、Br^-、HCO $3 -$ 、Si、B	Li⁺	化学亲和力和离子半径	[75]
锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）	Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Sr²⁺、Cl^-、HCO $3 -$	Li⁺	氢和锂之间的逆转反应	[76]
尖晶石锂锰钛氧化物（LMTO）阴极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、Br^-、HCO $3 -$ 、Si、B	Li⁺	在LMTO电极上进行离子交换和氧化还原反应	[77]
λ-MnO₂纳米棒电池正极和活性炭阳极	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺	λ-MnO₂通过法拉第氧化还原反应捕获Li⁺	[78]

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