Research progress and development trends of cellulosic ethanol in China

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1849

Abstract

Abstract:

As petroleum resources gradually deplete and the ecological environment deteriorates, the use of renewable energy technologies to convert widely available lignocellulosic biomass resources on earth, as alternatives to food crops, into usable cellulosic ethanol fuel has become an important part of many countries’ energy development strategies and a focal point of scientific research. However, as a green renewable energy source, while cellulosic ethanol is demonstrated significant potential in addressing existing issues, its biorefining process also faces numerous difficulties and challenges. Starting with an introduction to the development of fuel ethanol in China, this paper focuses on the current research status of cellulosic ethanol. It introduces the process flow and characteristics of cellulosic ethanol biorefining from five aspects: raw material pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, fermentation of cellulosic ethanol, ethanol separation and purification, and utilization of lignin as a by-product. The paper also analyzes the main technical bottlenecks in cellulosic ethanol production and provides an outlook on future research priorities and development prospects.

Key words: cellulosic ethanol, biorefinery, biomass pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, ethanol fermentation and separation, lignin utilization

摘要：

随着石油资源的逐渐枯竭和生态环境的日益恶化，使用可再生能源技术替代粮食作物等将地球上广泛存在的木质纤维类生物质资源转化为可被利用的纤维素乙醇燃料，已成为许多国家能源发展战略的重要组成部分和科学研究关注的热点及焦点。然而作为一种绿色可再生能源，纤维素乙醇在解决现有问题上表现出巨大潜力的同时，在其生物炼制过程也面临着诸多难点和挑战。本文从介绍我国燃料乙醇发展历程入手，聚焦当前纤维素乙醇的研究现状，围绕木质纤维类生物质的原料预处理、纤维素酶水解、纤维素乙醇发酵、乙醇分离纯化和副产物木质素利用五个方面，介绍了纤维素乙醇生物炼制的工艺流程及特征，剖析了其生产过程的主要技术瓶颈，并对纤维素乙醇未来的研究重点和发展前景进行了展望。

关键词: 纤维素乙醇, 生物炼制, 生物质预处理, 纤维素酶水解, 乙醇发酵分离, 木质素利用

CLC Number:

CHEN Yanjun, DAI Jie, SHAN Junqiang, ZHANG Sixin, JI Lei, ZHU Chenjie, YING Hanjie. Research progress and development trends of cellulosic ethanol in China[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2541-2562.

陈彦君, 戴杰, 单军强, 张思欣, 计磊, 朱晨杰, 应汉杰. 我国纤维素乙醇的研究进展和发展趋势[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(5): 2541-2562.

Figures/Tables 8

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发布时间	发文机关	政策名称	主要内容
2001.3	国家粮食局会同有关部门	《陈化粮处理若干规定》	按照国务院有关文件规定执行，目前陈化粮主要集中用于生产酒精、饲料等；如用于其他用途，需报经国务院批准
2006.12	国家发展改革委	《国家发展改革委关于加强玉米加工项目建设管理的紧急通知》	坚持非粮为主，积极稳妥推动生物燃料乙醇产业发展；立即暂停核准和备案玉米加工项目，并对在建和拟建项目进行全面清理
2006.12	国家发展改革委、财政部	《国家发展改革委、财政部关于加强生物燃料乙醇项目建设管理，促进产业健康发展的通知》	重点支持以薯类、甜高粱及纤维资源等非粮原料产业发展；努力提高产业经济性和竞争力，促进纤维素乙醇产业化；生物燃料乙醇项目实行核准制
2007.8	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源中长期发展规划》	不再增加以粮食为原料的燃料乙醇生产能力，合理利用非粮生物质原料生产燃料乙醇；到2020年，生物燃料乙醇年利用量达到1000万吨，生物柴油年利用量达到200万吨，总计年替代约1000万吨成品油
2008.3	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源发展“十一五”规划》	主要鼓励以甜高粱茎秆、薯类作物等非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇生产；重点进行以非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇规模化试点项目；到2010年，以非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇年生产能力达到200万吨
2012.8	国家能源局	《可再生能源发展“十二五”规划》	推进以农林剩余物为主要原料的纤维素乙醇和生物质热化学转化制备液体燃料示范工程；到2015年，生物燃料乙醇年利用量350万~400万吨，生物柴油和航空生物燃料年利用量100万吨
2016.10	国家能源局	《生物质能发展“十三五”规划》	大力发展纤维乙醇，开展先进生物燃料产业示范项目建设；适度发展木薯等非粮燃料乙醇；到2020年，生物液体燃料年利用量达到600万吨以上
2016.12	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源发展“十三五”规划》	推进生物液体燃料产业化发展，稳步扩大燃料乙醇生产和消费；大力发展纤维乙醇，适度发展木薯、甜高粱等燃料乙醇项目
2017.9	国家发展改革委、国家能源局等十五部门	《关于扩大生物燃料乙醇生产和推广使用车用乙醇汽油的实施方案》	适度发展粮食燃料乙醇，科学合理把握粮食燃料乙醇总量，大力发展纤维素燃料乙醇等先进生物液体燃料；到2025年，力争纤维素乙醇实现规模化生产，形成更加完善的市场化运行机制
2020.12	中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室	《新时代的中国能源发展》	建设多元清洁的能源供应体系，坚持不与人争粮、不与粮争地的原则，严格控制燃料乙醇加工产能扩张，推进非粮生物液体燃料技术产业化发展
2021.4	国家能源局	《2021年能源工作指导意见》	大力发展非化石能源，有序推进生物质能开发利用，加快推进纤维素等非粮生物燃料乙醇产业示范
2021.10	国务院	《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》	积极扩大电力、氢能、天然气、先进生物液体燃料等新能源、清洁能源在交通运输领域应用，大力推进先进生物液体燃料、可持续航空燃料等替代传统燃油
2022.2	国家发展改革委、国家能源局	《关于完善能源绿色低碳转型体制机制和政策措施的意见》	建立清洁低碳能源产业链供应链协同创新机制，加快纤维素等非粮生物燃料乙醇、生物航空煤油等先进可再生能源燃料关键技术协同攻关及产业化示范
2022.2	中共中央、国务院	《中共中央国务院关于做好2022年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》	统筹做好重要农产品调控，严格控制以玉米为原料的燃料乙醇加工
2022.3	国家发展改革委、国家能源局	《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》	加强安全战略技术储备，按照不与粮争地、不与人争粮的原则，提升燃料乙醇综合效益，大力发展纤维素燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物航空煤油等非粮生物燃料
2022.5	国家发展改革委	《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》	积极开发生物能源，加快生物天然气、纤维素乙醇、藻类生物燃料等关键技术研发和设备制造；在城乡有机废弃物集中地区开展纤维素乙醇、生物柴油、生物天然气产业示范，打通生物质原料收集、有机肥生产使用等重要环节，提高生物燃料生产规模
2022.6	国家发展改革委、国家能源局等九部门	《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》	大力发展非粮生物质液体燃料，积极发展纤维素等非粮燃料乙醇，鼓励开展醇、电、气、肥等多联产示范；持续推进燃料乙醇、生物柴油等清洁液体燃料商业化应用，扩大在重型道路交通、航空和航运中对汽油柴油的规模化替代
2024.3	国家能源局	《2024年能源工作指导意见》	加快培育能源新业态新模式，稳步推进绿色清洁液体燃料发展，有序推动纤维素等非粮燃料乙醇技术创新和产业化，抓好生物柴油推广应用试点示范
2024.8	国家能源局	《关于组织开展绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点的通知（征求意见稿）》	拟组织开展绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点，并明确绿色液体燃料是以生物柴油、可持续航煤、生物燃料乙醇、可再生甲醇、可再生氨等为代表的可再生能源

发布时间	发文机关	政策名称	主要内容
2001.3	国家粮食局会同有关部门	《陈化粮处理若干规定》	按照国务院有关文件规定执行，目前陈化粮主要集中用于生产酒精、饲料等；如用于其他用途，需报经国务院批准
2006.12	国家发展改革委	《国家发展改革委关于加强玉米加工项目建设管理的紧急通知》	坚持非粮为主，积极稳妥推动生物燃料乙醇产业发展；立即暂停核准和备案玉米加工项目，并对在建和拟建项目进行全面清理
2006.12	国家发展改革委、财政部	《国家发展改革委、财政部关于加强生物燃料乙醇项目建设管理，促进产业健康发展的通知》	重点支持以薯类、甜高粱及纤维资源等非粮原料产业发展；努力提高产业经济性和竞争力，促进纤维素乙醇产业化；生物燃料乙醇项目实行核准制
2007.8	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源中长期发展规划》	不再增加以粮食为原料的燃料乙醇生产能力，合理利用非粮生物质原料生产燃料乙醇；到2020年，生物燃料乙醇年利用量达到1000万吨，生物柴油年利用量达到200万吨，总计年替代约1000万吨成品油
2008.3	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源发展“十一五”规划》	主要鼓励以甜高粱茎秆、薯类作物等非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇生产；重点进行以非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇规模化试点项目；到2010年，以非粮生物质为原料的燃料乙醇年生产能力达到200万吨
2012.8	国家能源局	《可再生能源发展“十二五”规划》	推进以农林剩余物为主要原料的纤维素乙醇和生物质热化学转化制备液体燃料示范工程；到2015年，生物燃料乙醇年利用量350万~400万吨，生物柴油和航空生物燃料年利用量100万吨
2016.10	国家能源局	《生物质能发展“十三五”规划》	大力发展纤维乙醇，开展先进生物燃料产业示范项目建设；适度发展木薯等非粮燃料乙醇；到2020年，生物液体燃料年利用量达到600万吨以上
2016.12	国家发展改革委	《可再生能源发展“十三五”规划》	推进生物液体燃料产业化发展，稳步扩大燃料乙醇生产和消费；大力发展纤维乙醇，适度发展木薯、甜高粱等燃料乙醇项目
2017.9	国家发展改革委、国家能源局等十五部门	《关于扩大生物燃料乙醇生产和推广使用车用乙醇汽油的实施方案》	适度发展粮食燃料乙醇，科学合理把握粮食燃料乙醇总量，大力发展纤维素燃料乙醇等先进生物液体燃料；到2025年，力争纤维素乙醇实现规模化生产，形成更加完善的市场化运行机制
2020.12	中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室	《新时代的中国能源发展》	建设多元清洁的能源供应体系，坚持不与人争粮、不与粮争地的原则，严格控制燃料乙醇加工产能扩张，推进非粮生物液体燃料技术产业化发展
2021.4	国家能源局	《2021年能源工作指导意见》	大力发展非化石能源，有序推进生物质能开发利用，加快推进纤维素等非粮生物燃料乙醇产业示范
2021.10	国务院	《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》	积极扩大电力、氢能、天然气、先进生物液体燃料等新能源、清洁能源在交通运输领域应用，大力推进先进生物液体燃料、可持续航空燃料等替代传统燃油
2022.2	国家发展改革委、国家能源局	《关于完善能源绿色低碳转型体制机制和政策措施的意见》	建立清洁低碳能源产业链供应链协同创新机制，加快纤维素等非粮生物燃料乙醇、生物航空煤油等先进可再生能源燃料关键技术协同攻关及产业化示范
2022.2	中共中央、国务院	《中共中央国务院关于做好2022年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》	统筹做好重要农产品调控，严格控制以玉米为原料的燃料乙醇加工
2022.3	国家发展改革委、国家能源局	《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》	加强安全战略技术储备，按照不与粮争地、不与人争粮的原则，提升燃料乙醇综合效益，大力发展纤维素燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物航空煤油等非粮生物燃料
2022.5	国家发展改革委	《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》	积极开发生物能源，加快生物天然气、纤维素乙醇、藻类生物燃料等关键技术研发和设备制造；在城乡有机废弃物集中地区开展纤维素乙醇、生物柴油、生物天然气产业示范，打通生物质原料收集、有机肥生产使用等重要环节，提高生物燃料生产规模
2022.6	国家发展改革委、国家能源局等九部门	《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》	大力发展非粮生物质液体燃料，积极发展纤维素等非粮燃料乙醇，鼓励开展醇、电、气、肥等多联产示范；持续推进燃料乙醇、生物柴油等清洁液体燃料商业化应用，扩大在重型道路交通、航空和航运中对汽油柴油的规模化替代
2024.3	国家能源局	《2024年能源工作指导意见》	加快培育能源新业态新模式，稳步推进绿色清洁液体燃料发展，有序推动纤维素等非粮燃料乙醇技术创新和产业化，抓好生物柴油推广应用试点示范
2024.8	国家能源局	《关于组织开展绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点的通知（征求意见稿）》	拟组织开展绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点，并明确绿色液体燃料是以生物柴油、可持续航煤、生物燃料乙醇、可再生甲醇、可再生氨等为代表的可再生能源

公司名称	建成投产年份	产品规模及投资	原料及技术方案	生产现状
中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司	2006	乙醇500t/a 总投资4.8×10⁷CNY	玉米秸秆；连续汽爆、酶水解、发酵、蒸馏	目前仍在间断运行实验，未见投产
安徽丰原集团有限公司	2009	乙醇5000t/a 乳酸1000t/a	玉米秸秆；自有酶制剂和混合糖发酵技术	现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
济南圣泉集团股份有限公司	2012	乙醇2×10⁴t/a	玉米秸秆、玉米芯；“圣泉生物溶剂法”秸秆精炼一体化技术，实现纤维素、半纤维素和木质素高效分离，其中纤维素利用酶水解发酵生产乙醇	2023年全球首个百万吨级“圣泉法”植物秸秆精炼一体化项目（一期），在石油名城黑龙江大庆市全面投产，每年可实现各类植物秸秆处理量5×10⁵t；目前未见其纤维素乙醇生产
山东龙力生物科技股份有限公司	2012	乙醇5.15×10⁴t/a 液态二氧化碳2.5×10⁴t/a 总投资1.66×10⁸CNY	玉米芯、玉米秸秆；稀酸分离半纤维素、斜卧青霉工业菌株就地生产廉价纤维素酶技术、同步浓醪发酵	2018年龙力生物“玉米全株生物质综合利用暨年产1×10⁵t纤维素燃料乙醇及系列衍生产品项目”被列入山东省新旧动能转换重大项目库；现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
河南天冠企业集团有限公司	2013	乙醇3×10⁴t/a	玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆；间歇汽爆、纤维素酶水解、C6糖发酵、C5糖生产沼气	纤维素乙醇醇电联产，现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
美洁国祯（安徽）绿色炼化有限公司	2020 （完成签约）	乙醇1×10⁵t/a 总投资2.2×10⁹CNY	小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆科；莱恩sunliquid^®纤维素乙醇技术	未见建厂
河北易高生物燃料有限公司	2021	乙醇2.5×10⁴t/a 糠醛2.7×10⁴t/a 总投资1.75×10⁹CNY	玉米芯；汽爆、糖化、残渣酶水解、发酵、精馏	2021年2.4×10⁵t/a生物质综合利用项目（一期，投资5×10⁸CNY）酶解及发酵工段、乙醇工段成功运行并产出合格乙醇，标志着全球最大纤维素乙醇项目开车成功；现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
国投生物质燃料（海伦）有限公司	2022	乙醇3×10⁴t/a 总投资4.5×10⁸CNY	玉米秸秆；脉冲汽爆、酶水解、发酵、精馏脱水、分离蒸发	2024年万吨级纤维素乙醇示范装置首台（套）完成单线168h运行测试，实现设计负荷连续稳定运行，产品质量完全达到工艺要求

公司名称	建成投产年份	产品规模及投资	原料及技术方案	生产现状
中粮生化能源（肇东）有限公司	2006	乙醇500t/a 总投资4.8×10⁷CNY	玉米秸秆；连续汽爆、酶水解、发酵、蒸馏	目前仍在间断运行实验，未见投产
安徽丰原集团有限公司	2009	乙醇5000t/a 乳酸1000t/a	玉米秸秆；自有酶制剂和混合糖发酵技术	现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
济南圣泉集团股份有限公司	2012	乙醇2×10⁴t/a	玉米秸秆、玉米芯；“圣泉生物溶剂法”秸秆精炼一体化技术，实现纤维素、半纤维素和木质素高效分离，其中纤维素利用酶水解发酵生产乙醇	2023年全球首个百万吨级“圣泉法”植物秸秆精炼一体化项目（一期），在石油名城黑龙江大庆市全面投产，每年可实现各类植物秸秆处理量5×10⁵t；目前未见其纤维素乙醇生产
山东龙力生物科技股份有限公司	2012	乙醇5.15×10⁴t/a 液态二氧化碳2.5×10⁴t/a 总投资1.66×10⁸CNY	玉米芯、玉米秸秆；稀酸分离半纤维素、斜卧青霉工业菌株就地生产廉价纤维素酶技术、同步浓醪发酵	2018年龙力生物“玉米全株生物质综合利用暨年产1×10⁵t纤维素燃料乙醇及系列衍生产品项目”被列入山东省新旧动能转换重大项目库；现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
河南天冠企业集团有限公司	2013	乙醇3×10⁴t/a	玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆；间歇汽爆、纤维素酶水解、C6糖发酵、C5糖生产沼气	纤维素乙醇醇电联产，现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
美洁国祯（安徽）绿色炼化有限公司	2020 （完成签约）	乙醇1×10⁵t/a 总投资2.2×10⁹CNY	小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆科；莱恩sunliquid^®纤维素乙醇技术	未见建厂
河北易高生物燃料有限公司	2021	乙醇2.5×10⁴t/a 糠醛2.7×10⁴t/a 总投资1.75×10⁹CNY	玉米芯；汽爆、糖化、残渣酶水解、发酵、精馏	2021年2.4×10⁵t/a生物质综合利用项目（一期，投资5×10⁸CNY）酶解及发酵工段、乙醇工段成功运行并产出合格乙醇，标志着全球最大纤维素乙醇项目开车成功；现阶段未见其纤维素乙醇规模化生产
国投生物质燃料（海伦）有限公司	2022	乙醇3×10⁴t/a 总投资4.5×10⁸CNY	玉米秸秆；脉冲汽爆、酶水解、发酵、精馏脱水、分离蒸发	2024年万吨级纤维素乙醇示范装置首台（套）完成单线168h运行测试，实现设计负荷连续稳定运行，产品质量完全达到工艺要求

预处理技术	优点	缺点
物理预处理
研磨剪切	减小生物质颗粒大小，改变生物质超微结构，适用多种生物质	无法对组分进行有效分离，工艺运行能耗高
机械挤压	改变生物质理化特性，工艺设备操作简单，增加纤维素酶可及性	初期设备投入大，工艺运行能耗高，生物质适用范围较小
超声破碎	破坏生物质内部结构，降低生物质比表面积，环境友好、无污染	对生物质超微结构影响有限，初期设备投入大
电磁辐射	热传递效率高，工艺设备操作简单	初期设备投资高，工艺运行能耗高
化学预处理
酸	预处理效率高，可直接获得单糖，提高纤维素酶可及性	对设备腐蚀性强，试剂回收利用能耗高，易产生大量抑制物，有环境污染的风险
碱	糖降解现象不明显，试剂回收利用较简单	预处理时间长，会损失部分半纤维素，有环境污染的风险
氧化	几乎不产生抑制物，有效去除木质素、半纤维素	氧化剂用量大、成本高，会损失部分半纤维素
金属盐	破坏生物质内部结构，工艺设备操作简单	金属盐试剂残留高，环境污染风险高
非水溶剂	破坏生物质内部结构，试剂回收效率高，生物质组分均能保留	生物毒害性高，对设备腐蚀性强，环境污染风险高，设备、试剂成本高
生物预处理	反应条件温和、专一性强，反应过程能耗低，不会环境污染	降解微生物种类少，酶活力低，预处理时间长，易造成可发酵糖损失
联合预处理	几乎不产生抑制物，打破单一方式局限性，充分发挥多种工艺优点，提高纤维素酶可及性	多段工艺导致成本上升，生物质适用性降低