Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress ›› 2024, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 2354-2369.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1990
• Clean and efficient utilization of fossil energy • Previous Articles
JIANG Andi1(), DING Xuexing1(
), WANG Shipeng1, DING Junhua1, LI Ning2
Received:
2023-11-15
Revised:
2023-12-08
Online:
2024-06-15
Published:
2024-05-15
Contact:
DING Xuexing
江安迪1(), 丁雪兴1(
), 王世鹏1, 丁俊华1, 力宁2
通讯作者:
丁雪兴
作者简介:
江安迪(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为流体动密封技术。E-mail:13919208706@163.com。
基金资助:
CLC Number:
JIANG Andi, DING Xuexing, WANG Shipeng, DING Junhua, LI Ning. Research progress on thermodynamic performance of supercritical CO2 dry gas seal[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2354-2369.
江安迪, 丁雪兴, 王世鹏, 丁俊华, 力宁. 超临界CO2干气密封热动力学性能研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(5): 2354-2369.
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研究单位 | 涡轮机械方案 | 设计功率等级 /kW | 设计转速 /r·min-1 | 进气压力 /MPa | 进口温度 /K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
美国桑迪亚国家实验室[ | TA(12级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 100 | 75000 | 9.8 | 320 |
美国西南研究院/GE公司[ | TA(12级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 10000 | 27000 | 25.1 | 350 |
TA(2级主压缩/4级再压缩离心压缩机,6级轴流透平/4级高压+3级低压双分流轴流透平) | 50000 | 9500 | 25.1 | 973 | |
450000 | 3600 | ||||
中国西安热工研究院[ | TA(4级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 5000 | 9000 | 20.0 | 873 |
韩国能源技术研究所[ | TA(2级主压缩/4级再压缩离心压缩机,6级轴流透平) | 10 | 70000 | 7.91 | 773 |
研究单位 | 涡轮机械方案 | 设计功率等级 /kW | 设计转速 /r·min-1 | 进气压力 /MPa | 进口温度 /K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
美国桑迪亚国家实验室[ | TA(12级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 100 | 75000 | 9.8 | 320 |
美国西南研究院/GE公司[ | TA(12级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 10000 | 27000 | 25.1 | 350 |
TA(2级主压缩/4级再压缩离心压缩机,6级轴流透平/4级高压+3级低压双分流轴流透平) | 50000 | 9500 | 25.1 | 973 | |
450000 | 3600 | ||||
中国西安热工研究院[ | TA(4级离心压缩机,4级轴流透平) | 5000 | 9000 | 20.0 | 873 |
韩国能源技术研究所[ | TA(2级主压缩/4级再压缩离心压缩机,6级轴流透平) | 10 | 70000 | 7.91 | 773 |
方程 | 独立变量 | 压缩因子表达式 | 具体适用范围 |
---|---|---|---|
R-K方程 (Redlich-Kwong equation)[ | p、T | 适用于中低压(0.1~10MPa)和中高温(rt~Tc)条件下的气体状态描述,特别是液气界面附近的状态 | |
二项截断型维里方程 (second term Virial equation)[ | p、T | 适用于中等压力和温度(<Pc和Tc)下的气体状态描述,尤其在接近临界点和较低压力时,具有较高的精度 | |
三项截断型维里方程 (third term Virial equation)[ | p、T | 适用范围与二项截断型维里方程相同,但由于增加了第三维里系数提高了描述的准精确度 | |
Span-Wagner方程 (Span-Wagner equation)[ | ρ、T | 具有更高精度且适用范围广泛,特别适用于超临界流体和高压气体等复杂热力学系统 | |
S-R-K方程 (Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation)[ | p、T | 适用于描述临界压力附近的气体状态,尤其是高温(>473K)情况 | |
P-R方程 (Peng-Robinson equation) [ | p、T | 适用于多组分混合物的气体行为描述,在宽范围的温度(173~773K)和压力(0~100MPa)下表现良好,包括处理超临界流体 |
方程 | 独立变量 | 压缩因子表达式 | 具体适用范围 |
---|---|---|---|
R-K方程 (Redlich-Kwong equation)[ | p、T | 适用于中低压(0.1~10MPa)和中高温(rt~Tc)条件下的气体状态描述,特别是液气界面附近的状态 | |
二项截断型维里方程 (second term Virial equation)[ | p、T | 适用于中等压力和温度(<Pc和Tc)下的气体状态描述,尤其在接近临界点和较低压力时,具有较高的精度 | |
三项截断型维里方程 (third term Virial equation)[ | p、T | 适用范围与二项截断型维里方程相同,但由于增加了第三维里系数提高了描述的准精确度 | |
Span-Wagner方程 (Span-Wagner equation)[ | ρ、T | 具有更高精度且适用范围广泛,特别适用于超临界流体和高压气体等复杂热力学系统 | |
S-R-K方程 (Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation)[ | p、T | 适用于描述临界压力附近的气体状态,尤其是高温(>473K)情况 | |
P-R方程 (Peng-Robinson equation) [ | p、T | 适用于多组分混合物的气体行为描述,在宽范围的温度(173~773K)和压力(0~100MPa)下表现良好,包括处理超临界流体 |
湍流理论 | 理论基础 | 湍流应力处理方法 | 适用领域 |
---|---|---|---|
Constantinescu湍流理论[ | Prandtl混合长度理论 | 以平均速度梯度进行表示 | 以速度流动为主的动压轴承计算 |
Ng-Pan-Elord湍流理论[ | Reichardt经验“壁面定律” | 以平均速度梯度和涡黏系数表示 | 非平面流问题求解及不可压缩湍流润滑轴承 |
Hirs湍流理论[ | “Bulk flow”整体流理论 | 以雷诺数的幂次关系表示 | 雷诺数较小的湍流润滑和低运动黏度的流体润滑 |
湍流理论 | 理论基础 | 湍流应力处理方法 | 适用领域 |
---|---|---|---|
Constantinescu湍流理论[ | Prandtl混合长度理论 | 以平均速度梯度进行表示 | 以速度流动为主的动压轴承计算 |
Ng-Pan-Elord湍流理论[ | Reichardt经验“壁面定律” | 以平均速度梯度和涡黏系数表示 | 非平面流问题求解及不可压缩湍流润滑轴承 |
Hirs湍流理论[ | “Bulk flow”整体流理论 | 以雷诺数的幂次关系表示 | 雷诺数较小的湍流润滑和低运动黏度的流体润滑 |
黏度方程 | 独立变量 | 具体表达式 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|
Lucas黏度方程[ | p、T | 适用于常规条件下气体混合物的黏度预测,但描述超临界流体黏度时精度较低 | |
F-W-V黏度方程[ | ρ、T | 对靠近CO2临界状态和高压下的黏度描述表现出较高的精度 |
黏度方程 | 独立变量 | 具体表达式 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|
Lucas黏度方程[ | p、T | 适用于常规条件下气体混合物的黏度预测,但描述超临界流体黏度时精度较低 | |
F-W-V黏度方程[ | ρ、T | 对靠近CO2临界状态和高压下的黏度描述表现出较高的精度 |
传热模型 | 原理 | 涉及方程 | 计算复杂度 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|---|
等温模型 | 假定密封环与流体热交换充分 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程 | 忽略了固体部分的一些热传递,在边界上施加恒定温度或零热通量条件即可,计算相对简单,复杂度低 | 适用于膜厚较薄且密封间隙内流体流速较慢的情况 |
绝热模型 | 假设固体边界热对流是绝缘的,即无热量通过固体边界 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程 | 适用于气膜较厚及流速较高的情况 | |
共轭传热模型 | 考虑密封环的导热以及密封环与密封腔流体之间的对流换热 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程、热传导方程 | 需同时求解流体和固体的热传递方程,并应用适当的耦合边界条件,计算复杂度高 | 适用范围广,接近于实际传热过程 |
传热模型 | 原理 | 涉及方程 | 计算复杂度 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|---|
等温模型 | 假定密封环与流体热交换充分 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程 | 忽略了固体部分的一些热传递,在边界上施加恒定温度或零热通量条件即可,计算相对简单,复杂度低 | 适用于膜厚较薄且密封间隙内流体流速较慢的情况 |
绝热模型 | 假设固体边界热对流是绝缘的,即无热量通过固体边界 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程 | 适用于气膜较厚及流速较高的情况 | |
共轭传热模型 | 考虑密封环的导热以及密封环与密封腔流体之间的对流换热 | 流体流动方程、能量守恒方程、热传导方程 | 需同时求解流体和固体的热传递方程,并应用适当的耦合边界条件,计算复杂度高 | 适用范围广,接近于实际传热过程 |
计算方法 | 基本思想 | 特点 |
---|---|---|
PH线性法 (P-H linear method)[ | 定义PH函数关联独立变量,再引入泛函数,并对研究点的微分线性化代替,获得近似线性方程 | 构造形式简洁,求解工作量大大降低 |
等步长有限差分法 (equal step fin difference method,E-FDM)[ | 用节值或节点差商代替微分方程中的变量或导数,并转换为差分代数方程 | 差分表达式简单、收敛速度快 |
变步长有限差分法 (variable step fin difference method,V-FDM)[ | 考虑非均匀网格的差分格式,根据问题的具体需求,步长可灵活调整 | 灵活性、实用性好:根据计算精度,选择适合的网格密度和差分格式,提高了计算效率 |
有限体积法 (finite volume method,FVM)[ | 在划分控制体积的基础上,利用网格节点对应控制,再对多个控制体积分,得到离散方程 | (1)构造形式多样化; (2)离散求解复杂域和灵活网格划分 |
有限元法 (finite element method,FEM)[ | 找到求解域中所划分单元内连续函数对应的形函数,组装成线性表达式,求解相应的刚度矩阵 | (1)具有出色的有效性和可操作性,能够精确地逼近复杂形状表面; (2)计算阶次得到提高 |
等几何分析法 (isogeometric analysis,IGA)[ | 使用插值函数作为形函数,通过网格节点构建待解物理场的分布 | 无须求解域的离散过程,且表达压力所需的自由度少,求解效率高 |
多重网格法 (multigrid method,MG)[ | 利用粗网格消除细网格上的低频误差,更快收敛 | 兼顾运算效率的同时,提高运算精度、简化计算过程 |
计算方法 | 基本思想 | 特点 |
---|---|---|
PH线性法 (P-H linear method)[ | 定义PH函数关联独立变量,再引入泛函数,并对研究点的微分线性化代替,获得近似线性方程 | 构造形式简洁,求解工作量大大降低 |
等步长有限差分法 (equal step fin difference method,E-FDM)[ | 用节值或节点差商代替微分方程中的变量或导数,并转换为差分代数方程 | 差分表达式简单、收敛速度快 |
变步长有限差分法 (variable step fin difference method,V-FDM)[ | 考虑非均匀网格的差分格式,根据问题的具体需求,步长可灵活调整 | 灵活性、实用性好:根据计算精度,选择适合的网格密度和差分格式,提高了计算效率 |
有限体积法 (finite volume method,FVM)[ | 在划分控制体积的基础上,利用网格节点对应控制,再对多个控制体积分,得到离散方程 | (1)构造形式多样化; (2)离散求解复杂域和灵活网格划分 |
有限元法 (finite element method,FEM)[ | 找到求解域中所划分单元内连续函数对应的形函数,组装成线性表达式,求解相应的刚度矩阵 | (1)具有出色的有效性和可操作性,能够精确地逼近复杂形状表面; (2)计算阶次得到提高 |
等几何分析法 (isogeometric analysis,IGA)[ | 使用插值函数作为形函数,通过网格节点构建待解物理场的分布 | 无须求解域的离散过程,且表达压力所需的自由度少,求解效率高 |
多重网格法 (multigrid method,MG)[ | 利用粗网格消除细网格上的低频误差,更快收敛 | 兼顾运算效率的同时,提高运算精度、简化计算过程 |
仿真方法 | 特点 | 优缺点 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|
计算流体动力学 (computational fluid dynamics,CFD)[ | 使用有限元软件来计算和分析流体流动问题 | 可提供详细的流体流动和传热特性分析,但对计算资源要求较大 | 适用于广泛的流体流动和热传递问题 |
分子动力学 (molecular dynamics,MD)[ | 基于物理原理模拟流体分子或原子的性质和行为 | 微观尺度下计算精确,但依赖于所用力场的精确性 | 适用于微观尺度的流体特性分析 |
数据驱动模型 (data driven model,DDM)[ | 应用机器学习算法和人工智能技术分析数据,预测流体行为 | 处理并集成大量复杂数据,预测迅速,但需大量高质训练数据 | 适用于复杂系统分析和优化设计 |
仿真方法 | 特点 | 优缺点 | 适用性 |
---|---|---|---|
计算流体动力学 (computational fluid dynamics,CFD)[ | 使用有限元软件来计算和分析流体流动问题 | 可提供详细的流体流动和传热特性分析,但对计算资源要求较大 | 适用于广泛的流体流动和热传递问题 |
分子动力学 (molecular dynamics,MD)[ | 基于物理原理模拟流体分子或原子的性质和行为 | 微观尺度下计算精确,但依赖于所用力场的精确性 | 适用于微观尺度的流体特性分析 |
数据驱动模型 (data driven model,DDM)[ | 应用机器学习算法和人工智能技术分析数据,预测流体行为 | 处理并集成大量复杂数据,预测迅速,但需大量高质训练数据 | 适用于复杂系统分析和优化设计 |
测试类型 | 试验方法 | 测量技术 |
---|---|---|
泄漏量测试 | 流量计测量:保证腔内压力恒定,进气补充量为泄漏量 | (1)扫描电镜:观察密封副接触表面的微观结构,检测磨损和损伤; (2)声发射技术:监测干气密封状态,捕获并分析声波信号,评估密封性能和可能出现的故障; (3)实时监测和数据采集:使用实时监测系统和数据采集设备,记录干气密封性能参数 |
温度和压力测试 | 温度测量:普遍使用温度传感器,如热电偶或热电阻传感器; 压力测量:可采用压力或压差传感器对密封环境压力测量,也可通过进出口压力和膜压峰值,间接测量气膜开启力 | |
气膜厚度测试 | 气膜厚度测量实质是位移和振幅的测量,常见测量方法为电涡流法 | |
摩擦扭矩和磨损测试 | 摩擦扭矩测量:使用测力传感器并利用数据采集系统记录; 磨损测试:观察和分析密封副端面的微观结构和磨损情况,评估磨损程度和机制 |
测试类型 | 试验方法 | 测量技术 |
---|---|---|
泄漏量测试 | 流量计测量:保证腔内压力恒定,进气补充量为泄漏量 | (1)扫描电镜:观察密封副接触表面的微观结构,检测磨损和损伤; (2)声发射技术:监测干气密封状态,捕获并分析声波信号,评估密封性能和可能出现的故障; (3)实时监测和数据采集:使用实时监测系统和数据采集设备,记录干气密封性能参数 |
温度和压力测试 | 温度测量:普遍使用温度传感器,如热电偶或热电阻传感器; 压力测量:可采用压力或压差传感器对密封环境压力测量,也可通过进出口压力和膜压峰值,间接测量气膜开启力 | |
气膜厚度测试 | 气膜厚度测量实质是位移和振幅的测量,常见测量方法为电涡流法 | |
摩擦扭矩和磨损测试 | 摩擦扭矩测量:使用测力传感器并利用数据采集系统记录; 磨损测试:观察和分析密封副端面的微观结构和磨损情况,评估磨损程度和机制 |
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