Review and perspective of vanadium extraction techniques from converter vanadium-bearing slag

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0807

Abstract

Abstract:

It is an important aspect to ensure the sustainable development of China's vanadium industry by efficiently low-cost and green recover the vanadium from converter vanadium-bearing slag. Based on the composition and phase characteristics of the vanadium-bearing slag, the existing vanadium extracting techniques employed by different companies in the world were comprehensively summarized. The principle, advantages, as well as existing problems related to different vanadium extracting processes were clarified in reference to the traditional processes, i.e., sodium roasting - water leaching, calcification roasting-acid leaching, cleaner production technology of vanadium oxide by Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co. Ltd., and novel processes including microwave roasting, super-gravity selective separation, microbial metallurgy, etc. With the advancement of global carbon neutral targets, the development of future novel vanadium extracting technique should pay more attention to solve the existing environmental and resource problems including the large production of saline wastewater, the difficult harmless of the ammonium mirabilite and the difficult in re-using the sodium from the vanadium tailings. Meanwhile, the construction of the thermodynamic database and the dynamic models for the micro migration mechanisms of valuable metals should also be studied more deeply, and the advantages of microwave, super gravity, ultrasonic, etc. should be applied in traditional techniques. Furthermore, other valuable metals presented in vanadium-bearing slag should be efficiently recovered to realize pollution source abatement. Based on the new techniques and fundamental data, the further vanadium extracting process should be developed in the direction of green, low cost, short flow route and high efficiency.

Key words: vanadium-bearing slag, recycling, roasting, thermodynamic, non-conventional metallurgy

摘要：

如何低成本绿色高效回收转炉冶炼钒渣中的钒资源是保证我国钒产业可持续发展的重要举措。本文在分析转炉钒渣成分及物相特征的基础上，系统总结了国内外主要钒制品生产企业提钒工艺研究现状，以钠化焙烧-水浸、钙化焙烧-酸浸等现行工艺和微波焙烧、超重力选择性分离、微生物冶金等新型工艺为例，阐述了不同工艺提钒过程的原理、优点及存在的问题。文章指出：随着全球碳中和目标的推进，未来转炉钒渣提钒新工艺的开发应更加注重解决现行技术存在的资源环境问题，如含盐废水产生量大、含铵芒硝难处理、提钒尾渣钠高难利用等问题；同时，提钒新技术的开发也应加大基础热力学数据库和有价金属微观迁移动力学模型的建立，充分结合微波、超重力、超声波等非常规冶金技术的优点，实现污染的源头削减，兼顾提钒废液和尾渣中其他有价金属的循环高值利用，促进转炉钒渣提钒新工艺朝着绿色化、低成本、短流程、高收率的方向发展。

关键词: 钒渣, 回收, 焙烧, 热力学, 非常规冶金

CLC Number:

TF 524

QIU Yuchao, SHI Junjie, YU Bin, XIAO Pan, ZHAO Fei, MA Wenyuan, LI Jianzhong, LIU Changsheng. Review and perspective of vanadium extraction techniques from converter vanadium-bearing slag[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5281-5292.

邱玉超, 石俊杰, 余彬, 肖攀, 赵斐, 马文远, 李建中, 刘常升. 转炉钒渣提钒技术研究现状及展望[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(10): 5281-5292.

Figures/Tables 8

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工艺名称	添加剂	焙烧温度 /℃	焙烧时间 /min	浸出方式	浸出温度 /℃	浸出时间 /min	钒浸出率 /%	文献
钠化焙烧	Na₂CO₃	550~820	100~120	H₂O	—	—	84.87	［54］
	Na₂CO₃	700	150	H₂O	90	30	89.50	［55］
	Na₂CO₃	850~1050	120	H₂O	90	60	87.90	［56］
	Na₂CO₃， NaOH	600~1000	30~200	H₂O	90	60	95.80	［57］
钙化焙烧	CaO	950	60	H₂SO₄（20%）	70	60	91.14	［58］
	CaCO₃	850	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	50	60	88.37	［59］
	Ca（OH）₂	850	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	—	—	85.28	［60］
无盐焙烧	—	850	60	Na₂CO₃（10%）	95	150	90.00	［61］
无盐焙烧	—	750	120	NaOH（30%）	180	120	95.00	［62］
复合盐焙烧	CaO，BaSO₄	800	180	稀H₂SO₄	60	180	85.60	［63］
复合盐焙烧	CaO，MgO	850	120	稀H₂SO₄	50	60	94.00	［64］
硫酸铵焙烧	（NH₄）₂SO₄	370~400	90	H₂SO₄（6%）	60	60	91.00	［65］
钾盐焙烧	K₂SO₄	900	60	H₂SO₄（10%）	95	90	71.37	［66］
镁化焙烧	MgO	700~850	90	稀H₂SO₄	70	30	93.74	［51］
锰盐焙烧	MnO₂	950	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	60	60	89.48	［52］

工艺名称	添加剂	焙烧温度 /℃	焙烧时间 /min	浸出方式	浸出温度 /℃	浸出时间 /min	钒浸出率 /%	文献
钠化焙烧	Na₂CO₃	550~820	100~120	H₂O	—	—	84.87	［54］
	Na₂CO₃	700	150	H₂O	90	30	89.50	［55］
	Na₂CO₃	850~1050	120	H₂O	90	60	87.90	［56］
	Na₂CO₃， NaOH	600~1000	30~200	H₂O	90	60	95.80	［57］
钙化焙烧	CaO	950	60	H₂SO₄（20%）	70	60	91.14	［58］
	CaCO₃	850	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	50	60	88.37	［59］
	Ca（OH）₂	850	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	—	—	85.28	［60］
无盐焙烧	—	850	60	Na₂CO₃（10%）	95	150	90.00	［61］
无盐焙烧	—	750	120	NaOH（30%）	180	120	95.00	［62］
复合盐焙烧	CaO，BaSO₄	800	180	稀H₂SO₄	60	180	85.60	［63］
复合盐焙烧	CaO，MgO	850	120	稀H₂SO₄	50	60	94.00	［64］
硫酸铵焙烧	（NH₄）₂SO₄	370~400	90	H₂SO₄（6%）	60	60	91.00	［65］
钾盐焙烧	K₂SO₄	900	60	H₂SO₄（10%）	95	90	71.37	［66］
镁化焙烧	MgO	700~850	90	稀H₂SO₄	70	30	93.74	［51］
锰盐焙烧	MnO₂	950	120	H₂SO₄（10%）	60	60	89.48	［52］

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