美国炼油业的发展动向对我国的启示

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2018-1997

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

美国是世界第一大炼油国，本文分析了当前美国炼油业发展现状，指出美国炼油能力主要集中在五大区域，其中PADD3区的墨西哥湾不仅是美国也是世界最大炼油中心。2013年以来，美国炼油厂开工率一直维持在90%左右，毛利始终保持世界第一。伴随原油质量的变化和油品质量的不断升级，催化裂化、催化重整占比有所下降，加氢能力显著提高，装置结构持续优化。同时，文章总结最新发展动向，主要表现：一是得益于页岩油气革命的成功，美国原油产量、油品产量及出口量持续增长，2017年原油对外依存度降至42.07%，油品净出口量43.8万桶/日。二是为了提高行业及企业的竞争力，进一步加快落后产能淘汰及兼并重组步伐，持续推进国际化；三是更加注重整体区域化和基地化发展，特别是拥有资源、物流、市场优势的PADD3区和PADD2区；四是不断创新与升级催化裂化、加氢裂化与处理、烷基化等传统炼油技术，加大分子炼油、原油直接生产化工品、智能化炼油厂等前沿性技术的研发。本文分析认为，鉴于美国炼油业的地位和发展新态势，今后我国炼油业要实现高质量发展，应在保障国家石油安全的基础上，在国家政策的积极引导下，持续推进供给侧结构性改革，促进基地化、区域化、一体化发展，推进国际化进程，高度重视安全环保与质量升级，不断加强科技创新、苦练内功，实现炼油强国的“中国梦”。

关键词: 美国炼油业, 原油, 油品, 炼油能力和布局, 炼油厂开工率及毛利, 装置结构, 炼油技术

Abstract:

As the world's largest refining country, the development status of the USA refining industry was analysed. Its refining capacity was concentrated in five major regions. The Gulf of Mexico in the PADD3 was not only the USA but also the world's largest refining center. Since 2013, the USA refinery's utilization has been maintained at around 90%, and the margin led the world. With the change of crude oil quality and the continuous upgrading of oil quality, the proportion of catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming was decreased, meanwhile, the hydrogenation capacity was significantly improved, and the plant configuration was continuously optimized. Meanwhile, the newest development trend was summarized. First, thanks to the success of the shale oil and gas revolution, the crude output, production and exports of oil products continued to grow. In 2017 the crude oil dependeny fell to 42.07% and the net export of USA oil products was 438000 barrels/day. Second, in order to improve the competitiveness of the industry and enterprises, the elimination of backward refining capacity and the pace of mergers and acquisitions was further accelerated, and the internationalization was continued to promote. The third was to pay more attention to the overall regionalization and basement development, especially the PADD3 and PADD2 with resources, logistics and market advantages. The forth was to continuously innovate and upgrade traditional refining technologies such as catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and treatment, and alkylation etc, and increase the research and development of cutting-edge technologies including molecular refining, crude oil to chemicals, intelligent refineries etc. In view of the status and development of the USA refining industry, therefore, to achieve high-quality development of the China refining industry in the future, the most basic condition should ensure national oil security. What’s more, under the active guidance of national policies, some measures should be implemented in order to fulfill the "Chinese dream" of refining power, including continuing to advance supply-side structural reform, promoting the base, regional and integrative development, carrying forward internationality, attaching great importance to safety and environmental protection and quality upgrading, and continuous strengthening the scientific and technological innovation through the internal strength.

Key words: USA refining industry, crude oil, petroleum products, refining capacity and distribution, refinery utilization and margins, plant configuration, refining technologies

中图分类号:

F416.72

宋倩倩, 李雪静, 师晓玉, 周笑洋, 郑轶丹. 美国炼油业的发展动向对我国的启示[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(05): 2065-2073.

Qianqian SONG, Xuejing LI, Xiaoyu SHI, Xiaoyang ZHOU, Yidan ZHENG. Learning from development trend of USA refining industry for China[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(05): 2065-2073.

图/表 10

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公司	炼油能力/ 万吨·年^-1	炼油厂数量/座	炼油厂平均规模/万吨·年^-1	占总能力比例/%
瓦莱罗能源	10801.5	13	830.88	11.6
埃克森美孚	9405.0	6	1567.50	10.1
马拉松石油	8643.7	5	1728.74	9.3
菲利普66	8269.5	9	918.83	8.9
Andeavor	5509.6	11	500.87	5.9

公司	炼油能力/ 万吨·年^-1	炼油厂数量/座	炼油厂平均规模/万吨·年^-1	占总能力比例/%
瓦莱罗能源	10801.5	13	830.88	11.6
埃克森美孚	9405.0	6	1567.50	10.1
马拉松石油	8643.7	5	1728.74	9.3
菲利普66	8269.5	9	918.83	8.9
Andeavor	5509.6	11	500.87	5.9

地区	炼油厂数量/座	炼油能力 /万吨·年^-1	占总能力比例/%
PADD1	8	6117.5	6.59
PADD2	27	20350.0	21.92
PADD3	56	48811.0	52.58
PADD4	15	3365.5	3.63
PADD5	29	14190.5	15.29
总计	135	92834.5	100

地区	炼油厂数量/座	炼油能力 /万吨·年^-1	占总能力比例/%
PADD1	8	6117.5	6.59
PADD2	27	20350.0	21.92
PADD3	56	48811.0	52.58
PADD4	15	3365.5	3.63
PADD5	29	14190.5	15.29
总计	135	92834.5	100

年份/年	产量/亿吨	进口量/亿吨	出口量/亿吨	对外依存度/%
2007	2.520	4.982	0.014	66.35
2008	2.489	4.872	0.014	66.12
2009	2.656	4.476	0.022	62.64
2010	2.719	4.575	0.021	62.62
2011	2.802	4.437	0.023	61.17
2012	3.235	4.246	0.034	56.56
2013	3.708	3.839	0.067	50.43
2014	4.347	3.647	0.174	44.41
2015	4.672	3.656	0.231	42.30
2016	4.410	3.909	0.294	45.04
2017	4.646	3.929	0.555	42.07