热管科学及吸液芯研究进展回顾与展望

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2015.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 首先回顾了热管基本工作原理,随后分别简述了热管发展过程中衍生的热虹吸管、往复热管、脉动热管、回路热管、旋转热管、微型热管和可变导热管.列举了它们在提高铁路路基可靠性、延长机械零件寿命、强化集成电路散热和提高温度测量精度等方面的应用.着重阐述了热管核心吸液芯结构以及复合吸液芯的发展带来的渗透率和毛细力的提高.热管材料的相容性制约热管的使用寿命,相容性材料的选择亦是热管设计的重要内容.最后简述了热管传统加工制造方法,即管壳与吸液芯分开加工的方法.热管微型化发展和与服务对象的结合对热管形状和吸液芯结构多元化的要求不断提高.提出了基于三维打印的新型热管加工方法,此方法便于热管管体与吸液芯结构一次成型,并直接将管体与被散热体集成一体,从而达到以往难以实现的复杂散热效果和经济效益.三维打印技术的飞速发展有望为吸液芯结构的创新提供新的空间,同时为热管的应用提供一个更为广阔的市场.

关键词: 热管, 吸液芯, 加工制造, 热传导, 相变

Abstract: This paper reviewed the basic working principles of heat pipes and introduced seven types of heat pipes,including thermosyphons,reciprocating heat pipes,pulsating heat pipes,loop heat pipes,rotating heat pipes,micro-heat pipes and variable conductance heat pipes. The applications on the reliability of railway embankment,endurance of machine components,heat dissipation of integrated circuits and resolution of temperature measurement instruments were discussed. The wick structure and the development of composite structures increased permeability and capillary pressure. Material compatibility determines the lifespan of heat pipes and is a key issue to be considered in heat pipe design. Conventional heat pipe manufacturing methods of separately fabricating tubes and wicks were briefly reviewed and discussed. The trends of heat-pipe microminiaturization and structural integration demand more effective heat-pipe shapes and wick structures. A novel heat-pipe fabrication method based on the three dimensional (3D) printing was proposed. This method is able to achieve one-step forming of both the heat-pipe body and the wick structure and directly integrate a heat-pipe device into the structure where heat should be dissipated. As a result,more significant heat-transfer efficiencies and larger economic benefits can be accomplished.

Key words: heat pipe, wick structure, fabrication, heat conduction, phase change

中图分类号:

TK172.4

王杰, 王茜. 热管科学及吸液芯研究进展回顾与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(04): 891-902.

WANG Jie, WANG Qian. Development and expectation of heat-pipe technology and wick research[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progree, 2015, 34(04): 891-902.

参考文献

[1] Gaugler R S. Heat transfer device:US,2350348[P]. 1944-06-06.
[2] Grover G M. Evaporation-condensation heat transfer device:US,3229759[P]. 1966-01-18.
[3] Cotter T P. Theory of heat pipes[R]. Albuquerque NM:Los Alamos Scientific Lab.,1965.
[4] Deverall J E,Kemme J E. Satellite heat pipe[R]. N. Mex.:Los Alamos Scientific Lab.,Univ. of California,1965.
[5] Basiulis A,Filler M. Operating characteristics and long-life capabilities of organic fluid heat pipes[C]//6th Thermophysics Conference,1971.
[6] Katzoff S. Heat pipes and vapor chambers for thermal control of spacecraft[J]. AIAA Paper,1967,67-310:16-19.
[7] Gray V H. The rotating heat pipe-A wickless,hollow shaft for transferring high heat fluxes[C]//ASME-AIChE Heat Transfer Conference,Minneapolis,MN,1969.
[8] Wang Q,Chen G,Cao Y. Analyses of heat-pipe cooled isothermal journal bearings[J]. Journal of Tribology,1999,121(3):546-552.
[9] Chen G,Wang Q,Cao Y,et al. Development of an isothermal journal bearing employing heat-pipe cooling technology[J]. Tribology Transactions,1999,42(2):401-406.
[10] 杨永平,魏庆朝,周顺华,等. 热管技术及其在多年冻土工程中的应用研究[J]. 岩土工程学报,2005,27(6):698-706.
[11] Gaigalis V A,Asakavichyus I P,Éva V K. A reciprocating heat pipe[J]. Journal of Engineering Physics,1978,35(5):1265-1268.
[12] Cao Y,Wang Q. Reciprocating heat pipes and their applications[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer,1995,117(4):1094-1096.
[13] Ling J,Cao Y,Wang Q. Experimental investigations and correlations for the performance of reciprocating heat pipes[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering,1996,17(4):34-45.
[14] Wang Q,Cao Y. Oscillatory impingement of liquid inside reciprocating pipes[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,1996,197(5):619-628.
[15] Ling J,Cao Y,Wang Q. Critical working frequency of reciprocating heat-transfer devices in axially reciprocating mechanisms[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,1998,41(1):73-80.
[16] Wang Q,Cao Y,Chen G,et al. Studies of a heat-pipe cooled piston crown[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2000,122(1):99-105.
[17] Tong B Y,Wong T N,Ooi K T. Closed-loop pulsating heat pipe[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2001,21(18):1845-1862.
[18] Akachi H. Structure of a heat pipe:US,4921041[P]. 1990-05-01.
[19] Akachi H. Structure of micro-heat pipe:US,5219020[P]. 1993-06-15.
[20] Akachi H. L-type heat sink:US,5490558[P]. 1996-02-13.
[21] Charoensawan P,Khandekar S,Groll M,et al. Closed loop pulsating heat pipes Part A:Parametric experimental investigations[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2003,23(16):2009-2020.
[22] Rittidech S,Dangeton W,Soponronnarit S. Closed-ended oscillating heat-pipe (CEOHP) air-preheater for energy thrift in a dryer[J]. Applied Energy,2005,81(2):198-208.
[23] Khandekar S,Groll M,Luckchoura V. An introduction to pulsating heat pipes[J]. Electronics Cooling,2003,9:38-42.
[24] Gerasimov Y F,Maidanik Y F,Shchegolev G T,et al. Low-temperature heat pipes with separate channels for vapor and liquid[J]. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics,1975,28(6):683-685.
[25] Dolgirev Y E,Gerasimov Y F,Maydanik Y F. Calculation of heat pipe with separate channels for vapor and liquid[J]. Eng. Phys.,1978,34:988-993.
[26] Fershtater Y G,Maydanik Y F,Analysis of the temperature field of the antigravitational heat pipe's capillary structure[J]. Eng. Phys.,1986,51:203-207.
[27] Kiseev M,Nouroutdinov V A,Pogorelov N P,Analysis of maximal heat transfer capacity of capillary loops[C]//The 9th International Heat Pipe Conference,Albuquerque,NM,1995.
[28] Maydanik Y F. Loop heat pipes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2005,25(5-6):635-657.
[29] Majdanik Y G,Fershtater Y G,Pastukhov V G,et al. Thermoregulation of loops with capillary pumping for space use[C]//SAE,22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems,1992.
[30] Goncharov K,Nikitkin M,Golovin O,et al. Loop heat pipes in thermal control systems for “Obzor” spacecraft[C]//25th ICES,Sea Technical Paper Series,No.951555,1995.
[31] Chang C S,Huang B J,Maidanik Y F. Feasibility study of a mini LHP for CPU cooling of a notebook PC[C]//Proceedings of the 12th IHPC,Moscow. 2002:390-393.
[32] Pastukhov V G,Maidanik Y F,Vershinin C V,et al. Miniature loop heat pipes for electronics cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2003,23(9):1125-1135.
[33] Judd R L,Aftab K,Elbestawi M A. An investigation of the use of heat pipes for machine-tool spindle bearing cooling[J]. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,1994,34(7):1031-1043.
[34] Cotter T P. Principles and prospects for micro heat pipes[R]. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N,1984,84:29149.
[35] Peterson G P. Investigation of miniature heat pipes[R]. Final Report,Wright Patterson AFB,Contract F33615-86-C-2733,Task 9,1988.
[36] Vasiliev L L. Micro and miniature heat pipes:Electronic component coolers[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2008,28(4):266-273.
[37] Itoh A,Polasek F. Development and application of micro heat pipes[C]//Proceedings of 7th International Heat Pipe Conference, Minsk,1990.
[38] Garimella S V,Fleischer A S,Murthy J Y,et al. Thermal challenges in next-generation electronic systems[J]. Components and Packaging Technologies,2008,31(4):801-815.
[39] Wang P,Bar-Cohen A. Self-cooling on germanium chip[J]. Components,Packaging and Manufacturing Technology,2011,1(5):705-713.
[40] Kang S W,Tsai S H,Chen H C. Fabrication and test of radial grooved micro heat pipes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2002,22(14):1559-1568.
[41] Mock P R,Marcus D B,Edelman E A. Communications technology satellite:A variable conductance heat pipe application[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,1975,12(12):750-753.
[42] Groll M,Rösler S. Operation principles and performance of heat pipes and closed two-phase thermosyphons[J]. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn,1992,17(2):91-151.
[43] Marcarino P,Merlone A. Gas-controlled heat-pipes for accurate temperature measurements[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2003,23(9):1145-1152.
[44] Watanabe K,Kimura A,Kawabata K,et al. Development of a variable-conductance heat-pipe for a sodium-sulfur (NAS) battery[J]. Furukawa Review,2001,20:71-76.
[45] Kempers R,Ewing D,Ching C Y. Effect of number of mesh layers and fluid loading on the performance of screen mesh wicked heat pipes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2006,26(5):589-595.
[46] Wanous D J,Marcus B D,Kirkpatrick J P. A variable conductance heat pipe flight experiment-Performance in space[C]//American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Thermophysics Conference,Denver,Colo.,1975.
[47] Mock P R,Marcus D B,Edelman E A. Communications technology satellite:A variable conductance heat pipe application[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,1975,12(12):750-753.
[48] Kaya T. Analysis of vapor–gas bubbles in a single artery heat pipe[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2009,52(25-26):5731-5739.
[49] Li Y,He H,Zeng Z. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer in a heat pipe with a sintered-grooved composite wick[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,50(1):342-351.
[50] Tang Y,Deng D,Huang G,et al. Effect of fabrication parameters on capillary performance of composite wicks for two-phase heat transfer devices[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2013,66:66-76.
[51] Semenic T,Catton I. Experimental study of biporous wicks for high heat flux applications[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2009,52(21-22):5113-5121.
[52] Yeh C C,Chen C N,Chen Y M. Heat transfer analysis of a loop heat pipe with biporous wicks[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2009,52(19):4426-4434.
[53] 庄骏,张红．热管技术及其工程应用[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2000.
[54] Groll M,Heine D,Spendel T. Heat recovery units employing reflux heat pipes as components[R]. Final Report,Contract EE-81- 133D(B),Commission of the European Communities Report EUR9166EN,1984.
[55] Groll M. Heat pipe research and development in Western Europe[J]. Heat Recovery Systems and CHP,1989,9(1):19-66.
[56] Lidbury J A. A helium heat pipe[R]. Rutherford Laboratory,England:Nimrod Design Group Report NDG-72-11,1972.
[57] Marto P J,Mosteller W L. Effect of nucleate boiling on the operation of low temperature heat pipes[C]//ASME,A69-43544,1969.
[58] Phillips E C. Low-temperature heat pipe research program[R]. NASA,1969.
[59] Keser D. Experimental determination of properties of saturated sintered wicks[C]//Proc. 1st International Heat Pipe Conference, Stuttgart,1973.
[60] Moritz K,Pruschek R. Limits of energy transport in heat pipes[R]. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N,1974,75:28354.
[61] Vinz P,Busse C A. Axial heat transfer limits of cylindrical sodium heat pipes between 25W/cm² and 15.5kW/cm²[C]//Proc. 1st International Heat Pipe Conference,Stuttgart,1973.
[62] Quataert D,Busse C A,Geiger F. Long time behavior of high temperature tungsten-rhenium heat pipes with lithium or silver as working fluid[C]//Proc. 1st International Heat Pipe Conference,Stuttgart,Germany,1973.
[63] 李西兵,李勇,汤勇,等. 烧结式微热管吸液芯的成型方法[J]. 华南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(10):114-119.