非晶材料在能源催化领域的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1415

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非晶态材料因独特的短程有序、长程无序结构，在催化领域展现出一定的应用潜力，成为功能材料研究的前沿材料。通过非晶化策略可多维度优化传统晶体纳米材料的微观结构、电子分布、带隙及导电性能，从而显著提升其催化活性、稳定性和抗形变能力。本文系统综述了水热合成、电化学沉积、溶胶-凝胶等几种湿化学策略制备非晶态纳米催化材料的工艺以及能够针对非晶态材料的特殊结构属性进行表征分析的多尺度表征技术手段；介绍了非晶态材料在光电催化领域的最新研究进展；列举了一些代表性的研究工作来阐述非晶态材料的亚稳态结构及其催化活性增强机理，以及催化选择性间的动态关联；并归纳了非晶态材料结构与性能之间的对应关系；最后对非晶态材料的研究现状和发展前景做出总结与展望。

关键词: 非晶材料, 亚稳态, 能源催化, 多相催化

Abstract:

Amorphous materials have become a frontier in the research of functional materials and have demonstrated their potentials for application owing to their unique short-range ordered and long-range disordered structure. The microstructure, electron distribution, band gap, and conductivity of traditional crystalline nanomaterials can be multi-dimensionally optimized through amorphization strategies, thereby enhancing their catalytic activity, stability, and anti-deformation ability. This article systematically reviews the processes of preparing amorphous nano-catalytic materials through several wet chemical strategies such as hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical deposition, and sol-gel, and the multiscale characterization techniques for analyzing the special structural properties of amorphous materials. We introduce some latest research progresses of amorphous materials in the field of energy and catalysis. It also lists some representative research works to illustrate the metastable structure and the enhanced catalytic activity mechanism as well as the dynamic correlation between structure and selectivity. We also summarize the relationship between the structure and performance, and finally summarize the research status and outlines the prospects of amorphous materials.

Key words: amorphous materials, metastable state, energy catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis

中图分类号:

O643

张婷, 苏鹏宇, 高晓明, 马海霞. 非晶材料在能源催化领域的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(10): 5800-5818.

ZHANG Ting, SU Pengyu, GAO Xiaoming, MA Haixia. Progress on amorphous materials applied in energy and catalysis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(10): 5800-5818.

图/表 15

图1 非晶态和晶体材料不同结构特征

表1 几种新型非晶态材料的制备方法及其在能源催化领域中的应用

合成方法	催化剂	应用领域	参考文献
水热法	非晶态MoO _x -Rh	电催化HER	[16]
	非晶态CoMoO₄	电催化HER	[17]
	晶态/非晶态磷酸镍锰异质结构	储能	[18]
	非晶态CoFe氧化物	电催化HER/OER	[19]
溶胶-凝胶法	非晶态TiO₂	光催化降解	[20]
	非晶态a-NiFeCeOOH	电催化OER	[21]
	非晶态TiO₂介孔纳米片	锂电池	[22]
	非晶态氢氧化铟	电催化CO₂还原反应（CO₂RR）	[23]
光化学沉积	非晶态CoMn₂O _x	储能	[24]
	非晶态MnO _x /Ti₄O₇	电催化OER/ORR	[25]
	非晶态钙掺杂钴酸镧	电催化OER	[26]
	非晶态氧化铁	电催化OER	[27]
共沉淀法	非晶态金属氢氧化物	电催化	[28]
	非晶态NiFeMo	电催化OER	[29]
	非晶-晶态PdCo-Co₃S₄异质结	海水电解HER	[30]
	非晶态BiSbO _x	电催化CO₂RR	[31]
	非晶-晶态CeO _x -Sn异质结	CO₂RR	[32]
	非晶MnO₂包袱N,P,S共掺杂碳球（A-MnO₂/NSPC）	电催化ORR/OER	[33]
	非晶Pt _x Ru _y Se _z	电催化HER	[34]
电化学法	非晶态CoFe-H	电催化OER	[35]
	非晶态磷硒化钴	电催化HER/OER	[36]
	非晶态NiFe-OH/NiFeP	电催化OER	[37]
磁感应加热	非晶态MoS _x	电催化HER	[38]
溶液相还原法	非晶态Ni-Fe	电催化HER	[39]

图2 晶态/非晶态磷酸镍锰异质结构水热合成过程示意图[18]

图3 溶胶-凝胶法制备非晶态材料

图4 PMND步骤及共沉淀法单次合成大量的非晶态NiFeMo氧化物示意图

图5 电沉积与磁感应加热方法制备非晶材料[37-38]

图6 晶态与非晶态材料的XRD谱图

图7 c-PtRu@a-Pt x Ru y Se z -1的制备、形态、结构和组成表征

图8 拉曼光谱检测晶态与非晶态材料

图9 利用差示扫描量热法确定非晶态材料在程序升温下的热物理性质

图10 AN-CuNiFe、AN-NiFe、NiFe-LDH（层状双氧根）、IrO2的极化曲线、Tafel斜率图及在1mol/L的KOH溶液中玻碳电极上的质量活度和TOF比较[63]，H-InO x NRs、P-InO xNRs、O-InO xNRs的甲酸法拉第效率、局部电流密度及CO2ER在-0.7V(vs. RHE)和-0.9V(vs. RHE)下H-InO xNRs的长期稳定性测试[64]

图11 原位拉曼光谱对比图及电催化CO2RR的中间体自由能[55]OCP—电化学体系中电极在无外加电流时的稳定电势

图12 非晶材料在储能领域的应用

图13 石墨烯负载a-CoO NSs电极在1.0C条件下的长期循环能力、倍率性能以及10A/g电流密度下a-FeSeS的长期循环稳定性

图14 不同光催化剂的析氢速率、a-Ni@NiS x -CdS的AQE及室温下（20℃）N2饱和水中得到的吲哚酚蓝法测定NH3的量及a-CeO x-4的光催化固氮性能循环测试

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