化工进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (S1): 479-488.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1056
收稿日期:
2023-06-27
修回日期:
2023-10-26
出版日期:
2023-10-25
发布日期:
2023-11-30
通讯作者:
毛玉红
作者简介:
王敏(1999—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为给水处理理论与技术。E-mail:wangminjob@126.com。
基金资助:
WANG Min(), MAO Yuhong(
), CHEN Chao, BAI Dan
Received:
2023-06-27
Revised:
2023-10-26
Online:
2023-10-25
Published:
2023-11-30
Contact:
MAO Yuhong
摘要:
铝盐混凝剂因其形成絮体大而密实,具有较好的除浊脱色性能,在混凝领域广泛应用,但却存在处理水铝残留问题。本文为更好地促进铝盐混凝剂在水处理领域的应用,详细介绍了铝盐水解物对人体的毒性效应、对输配水管网系统和饮用水深度处理工艺的影响。总结了残留铝生成机理和形态分析方法,阐述了优势形态Al13和Al30的水解过程以及其发挥优势混凝作用的原因。分析了原水水质条件、化学条件、水力条件和前期预处理对残留铝含量的影响。最后,点明了未来控制残留铝的策略和技术。指出未来应结合人工智能复配合成纳米级新型混凝剂,关注混凝过程中水力条件对残留铝的影响,并开发能够精准测量分析水中各类铝形态的方法,不断创新强化净水工艺,进一步完善残留铝控制措施,保障出水水质安全。
中图分类号:
王敏, 毛玉红, 陈超, 白丹. 水处理工艺中铝盐水解物的毒性、形态及控制研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 479-488.
WANG Min, MAO Yuhong, CHEN Chao, BAI Dan. Progress on the toxicity, morphology and control of aluminum salt hydrolysates in water treatment process[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 479-488.
国家或机构 | 残留铝限制标准/mg·L-1 |
---|---|
世界卫生组织 | 0.2 |
欧盟 | 0.2 |
美国 | 0.05~0.20 |
日本 | 0.2 |
中国 | 0.2 |
表1 国内外生活饮用水残留铝浓度限值标准
国家或机构 | 残留铝限制标准/mg·L-1 |
---|---|
世界卫生组织 | 0.2 |
欧盟 | 0.2 |
美国 | 0.05~0.20 |
日本 | 0.2 |
中国 | 0.2 |
分类 | 原理 | 优缺点 | 适用情况 | 备注 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferron逐时络合比色法 | 根据 Al3+及其不稳定配合物与光谱试剂反应动力学的差异来分析铝的形态 | 不用分离,不破坏溶液平衡;干扰严重,灵敏度不高 | 高浓度条件下的铝 | 检测限0.05 mg/L; 线性范围0.1~1.5mg/L | [ |
铬天青S分光光度法 | 操作简单,不需要昂贵仪器;酸度难以控制,不稳定 | 生活饮用水和水源水中的铝 | 检测限0.008mg/L; 回收率94%~106% | [ | |
8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸分光光度法 | 灵敏度高,对铝形态干扰小 | 快速反应铝的测定 | 检测限0.01mg/L; 回收率92.5%~101% | [ | |
离子交换色谱法 | 利用某一特定的色谱系统进行溶液中铝各组分的分析 | 分离柱可多次测定水样; 无法直接得到无机单核铝的含量,误差大且操作烦琐 | 同时分析低浓度的多种离子 | 检测限0.02mg/L; 回收率94%~102% | [ |
高效液相色谱法 | 对铝具有独特选择性 | 饮用水中铝的测定 | 检测限0.015mg/L; 线性范围0.03~0.3mg/L | [ | |
流动注射分析法 | 重现性好,能准确控制反应时间,可与多种检测仪联用 | 现配样品的处理 | 检测限0.002mg/L | [ | |
邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法 | 通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态 | 设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离;加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡,干扰准确性 | 天然水体中各种 铝形态的分析 | 检测限0.003mg/L; 相对标准偏差6.5% | [ |
钙镁试剂-示波计时电位法 | 天然水体中各组分单核铝的测定 | 检测限0.015mg/L; 回收率95%~107% | [ | ||
27Al-NMR核磁共振法 | 铝的不同物种的27Al信号化学位移和线宽不同,可进行形态分析 | 快速、非破坏性、高灵敏度 及可定量 | 环境生物中铝含量分析 | — | [ |
表2 常见铝浓度分析方法
分类 | 原理 | 优缺点 | 适用情况 | 备注 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferron逐时络合比色法 | 根据 Al3+及其不稳定配合物与光谱试剂反应动力学的差异来分析铝的形态 | 不用分离,不破坏溶液平衡;干扰严重,灵敏度不高 | 高浓度条件下的铝 | 检测限0.05 mg/L; 线性范围0.1~1.5mg/L | [ |
铬天青S分光光度法 | 操作简单,不需要昂贵仪器;酸度难以控制,不稳定 | 生活饮用水和水源水中的铝 | 检测限0.008mg/L; 回收率94%~106% | [ | |
8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸分光光度法 | 灵敏度高,对铝形态干扰小 | 快速反应铝的测定 | 检测限0.01mg/L; 回收率92.5%~101% | [ | |
离子交换色谱法 | 利用某一特定的色谱系统进行溶液中铝各组分的分析 | 分离柱可多次测定水样; 无法直接得到无机单核铝的含量,误差大且操作烦琐 | 同时分析低浓度的多种离子 | 检测限0.02mg/L; 回收率94%~102% | [ |
高效液相色谱法 | 对铝具有独特选择性 | 饮用水中铝的测定 | 检测限0.015mg/L; 线性范围0.03~0.3mg/L | [ | |
流动注射分析法 | 重现性好,能准确控制反应时间,可与多种检测仪联用 | 现配样品的处理 | 检测限0.002mg/L | [ | |
邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法 | 通过调节pH和选择合适的配体两条途径来分析铝形态 | 设备简单、步骤简便、灵敏度高、无需分离;加热或通氧会破坏水样中各种铝形态间的原始平衡,干扰准确性 | 天然水体中各种 铝形态的分析 | 检测限0.003mg/L; 相对标准偏差6.5% | [ |
钙镁试剂-示波计时电位法 | 天然水体中各组分单核铝的测定 | 检测限0.015mg/L; 回收率95%~107% | [ | ||
27Al-NMR核磁共振法 | 铝的不同物种的27Al信号化学位移和线宽不同,可进行形态分析 | 快速、非破坏性、高灵敏度 及可定量 | 环境生物中铝含量分析 | — | [ |
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