化工进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (S1): 299-309.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1169
收稿日期:
2023-07-10
修回日期:
2023-09-12
出版日期:
2023-10-25
发布日期:
2023-11-30
通讯作者:
张平
作者简介:
谢璐垚(2000—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为新型电解制氢技术。E-mail:xiely22@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn。
基金资助:
XIE Luyao(), CHEN Songzhe, WANG Laijun, ZHANG Ping()
Received:
2023-07-10
Revised:
2023-09-12
Online:
2023-10-25
Published:
2023-11-30
Contact:
ZHANG Ping
摘要:
综述了铂基SO2去极化电解(SDE)阳极催化剂的研究进展。SDE阳极反应条件苛刻,铂基催化剂因具备良好的导电性、抗腐蚀性,并能够有效抵抗H2S等硫物质的毒化,成为SDE阳极催化剂的首选。通过引入Al、Cr、Ni等非贵金属元素,可有效提高铂基催化剂性能并减少Pt的用量。在载体方面,综述和讨论了活性炭、石墨、炭黑、石墨烯以及SiC/TiC等对铂基催化剂性能的影响,此外分析了催化剂制备工艺对催化剂结构参数和性能的影响。尽管已经取得了很多研究成果,但当前对铂基SDE阳极催化剂的长期稳定性、多金属催化剂各金属元素间的相互作用等方面的研究尚较少,进一步优化催化剂设计、加强载体筛选及其改性,开发新的制备工艺,提高Pt利用率及催化剂的活性和稳定性,是未来相关研究的关键所在。
中图分类号:
谢璐垚, 陈崧哲, 王来军, 张平. 用于SO2去极化电解制氢的铂基催化剂[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.
XIE Luyao, CHEN Songzhe, WANG Laijun, ZHANG Ping. Platinum-based catalysts for SO2 depolarized electrolysis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.
路径1(HSO3*中间体) | 路径2(SO3*中间体) |
---|---|
表1 SO2在水相中两种可能的氧化反应路径[23]
路径1(HSO3*中间体) | 路径2(SO3*中间体) |
---|---|
周期 | 元素 | 催化活性研究方法 | 密度泛函理论分析结果[ | 实验测试结果 |
---|---|---|---|---|
第五周期 | Nb | 密度泛函理论分析 | 0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高 | — |
Mo | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率满 | — | |
Ru | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较差[ | ||||
第五周期 | Rh | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性最高,但活性随电解过程衰减严重[ | ||||
Pd | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性最好[ | |
Ag | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | — | |
第六周期 | Ta | 密度泛函理论分析 | 0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高 | — |
W | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率慢 | — | |
Re | 实验测试 | — | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ | |
Os | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | — | |
Ir | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较差[ | ||||
Pt | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 反应活性中等,模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化性能较好(最优选择) | ||||
Au | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ |
表2 五、六周期过渡金属元素催化SO2氧化研究结果[19,23,33]
周期 | 元素 | 催化活性研究方法 | 密度泛函理论分析结果[ | 实验测试结果 |
---|---|---|---|---|
第五周期 | Nb | 密度泛函理论分析 | 0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高 | — |
Mo | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率满 | — | |
Ru | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较差[ | ||||
第五周期 | Rh | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性最高,但活性随电解过程衰减严重[ | ||||
Pd | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性最好[ | |
Ag | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | — | |
第六周期 | Ta | 密度泛函理论分析 | 0.6~1.2V电压范围内反应活性较高 | — |
W | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率慢 | — | |
Re | 实验测试 | — | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ | |
Os | 密度泛函理论分析 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | — | |
Ir | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率较慢 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下几乎没有催化活性[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较差[ | ||||
Pt | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 反应活性中等,模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化性能较好(最优选择) | ||||
Au | 密度泛函理论分析 实验测试 | 模拟的归一化SO2氧化速率快 | 25℃、50% H2SO4(饱和SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ | |
50℃、2mol/L H2SO4(10-3mol/L SO2)条件下催化活性较好[ |
引入过渡金属元素 | 测试体系 | 测试条件 | 催化性能是否提升(与Pt/C相比) | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ir | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压1.6~1.8V时电流密度较大 | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系以及碳载体不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大 | |||
三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | ||
Ru | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是催化剂构型不同造成的 |
20℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.5~1.3V时归一化电流密度大 | |||
两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大 | ||
Rh | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 归一化电流密度提高 | |||
Al | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 室温、3mol/L H2SO4 (含0.9mol/L SO2)[ | 催化活性提高 | |
Cr | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加;开路电压小;电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大 | Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构,增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数,产生了电子效应和几何效应 |
三电极体系 | ||||
Co | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加 | |
Fe | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加 | |
Pd | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系、测试环境、载体不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 归一化电流升高;稳定性增加 | |||
三电极体系 | 25℃,1mol/L H2SO4, 100mmol/L SO2[ | SO2氧化电解的平均起始电压小,稳定性增加 | ||
Cu | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | |
Ni | 三电极体系 | 25℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.6~1.0V时归一化电流密度大 | |
Co、Cr | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | |
Pd、Al | 三电极体系 | 60℃,1mol/L H2SO4+1mol/L Na2SO3[ | 归一化电流密度大 |
表3 双金属/多金属铂基催化剂研究结果汇总
引入过渡金属元素 | 测试体系 | 测试条件 | 催化性能是否提升(与Pt/C相比) | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ir | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压1.6~1.8V时电流密度较大 | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系以及碳载体不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大 | |||
三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | ||
Ru | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是催化剂构型不同造成的 |
20℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.5~1.3V时归一化电流密度大 | |||
两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.7~1.2V时归一化电流密度大 | ||
Rh | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试环境不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 归一化电流密度提高 | |||
Al | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 室温、3mol/L H2SO4 (含0.9mol/L SO2)[ | 催化活性提高 | |
Cr | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加;开路电压小;电压1.4~1.8V时电流密度大 | Cr的引入或改变Pt的电子结构,增加Pt原子d电子层空轨道数,产生了电子效应和几何效应 |
三电极体系 | ||||
Co | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加 | |
Fe | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | ECSA略有增加 | |
Pd | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | 结论不同原因可能是双金属比例、测试体系、测试环境、载体不同造成的 |
80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 归一化电流升高;稳定性增加 | |||
三电极体系 | 25℃,1mol/L H2SO4, 100mmol/L SO2[ | SO2氧化电解的平均起始电压小,稳定性增加 | ||
Cu | 两电极体系 (“三明治”型MEA) | 80℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | |
Ni | 三电极体系 | 25℃,56% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | 电压0.6~1.0V时归一化电流密度大 | |
Co、Cr | 三电极体系 | 25℃,30% H2SO4 (饱和SO2)[ | — | |
Pd、Al | 三电极体系 | 60℃,1mol/L H2SO4+1mol/L Na2SO3[ | 归一化电流密度大 |
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