H3PO4活化核桃壳制备活性炭及在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附中的应用

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0851

化工进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 1527-1539.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0851

H₃PO₄活化核桃壳制备活性炭及在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附中的应用

邢献军¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 罗甜¹, 卜玉蒸¹, 马培勇⁴

^1.合肥工业大学化学与化工学院，安徽合肥 230009
^2.合肥工业大学先进能源技术与装备研究院，安徽合肥 230009
^3.国家新能源汽车储供能产品产业计量测试中心，安徽合肥 230051
^4.合肥工业大学机械工程学院，安徽合肥 230009

收稿日期:2022-05-09 修回日期:2022-07-03 出版日期:2023-03-15 发布日期:2023-04-10
通讯作者: 邢献军
作者简介:邢献军（1964—），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为生物质能转化。E-mail：xxianjun@hfut.edu.cn。
基金资助:
安徽省科技重大专项(2021e03020003)

Preparation of biochar from walnut shells activated by H₃PO₄ and its application in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption

XING Xianjun¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), LUO Tian¹, BU Yuzheng¹, MA Peiyong⁴

^1.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
^2.Advanced Energy Technology and Equipment Research Institute, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
^3.National New Energy Vehicle Energy Storage and Supply Product Industry Measurement and Testing Center, Hefei 230051, Anhui, China
^4.College of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China

Received:2022-05-09 Revised:2022-07-03 Online:2023-03-15 Published:2023-04-10
Contact: XING Xianjun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以核桃壳为原料、磷酸（H₃PO₄）为活化剂，制备核桃壳基活性炭（PBC），并对其吸附Cr(Ⅵ)性能进行探究。分别使用SEM、TEM、BET、FTIR、Raman、XPS等表征探究PBC的理化特性。研究溶液pH、活性炭用量和初始浓度对吸附性能的影响，研究PBC在不同吸附时间下吸附Cr(Ⅵ)动力学行为，分析吸附机理。结果表明，在磷酸浸渍比为1∶1，热解温度为400℃时，制备的核桃壳基活性炭具有良好的吸附性能。对较低浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液（≤50mg/L）吸附率达到100%，吸附动力学和等温线分别符合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型，吸附过程中化学吸附占主导地位，并且热力学分析表明吸附过程是自发的吸热过程。

关键词: 生物质, 活性炭, 吸附

Abstract:

Walnut shell-based activated carbon PBC was prepared using walnut shell as raw material and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) as activator, and its adsorption performance on hexavalent chromium was studied. The physical and chemical properties of PBC were measured using SEM, TEM, BET, FTIR, Raman, XPS and other characterizations, respectively. The effects of solution pH, activated carbon dosage and initial concentration on the performance of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption were investigated. The kinetic behavior of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption by PBC were examined and the adsorption mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the prepared walnut shell-based activated carbon had good adsorption performance at a phosphoric acid impregnation ratio of 1∶1 and pyrolysis temperature of 400℃. The adsorption rate reached 100% for the lower concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) solution (≤50mg/L). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were in accordance with the proposed secondary kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively, and the chemisorption dominated the adsorption process. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous heat absorption process.

Key words: biomass, activated carbon, adsorption

中图分类号:

TQ424.1

邢献军, 罗甜, 卜玉蒸, 马培勇. H₃PO₄活化核桃壳制备活性炭及在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附中的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1527-1539.

XING Xianjun, LUO Tian, BU Yuzheng, MA Peiyong. Preparation of biochar from walnut shells activated by H₃PO₄ and its application in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(3): 1527-1539.

图/表 18

图1 实验流程

图2 不同条件下活性炭的吸附效果（活性炭用量0.07g，溶液体积50mL，溶液浓度50mg/L，反应时间2h，pH 2，温度25℃）

图3 不同条件下活性炭的SEM图、TEM图和EDS图

图4 不同活性炭样品氮气吸脱附等温线和孔径分布

表1 活性炭样品的孔结构参数

样品名	总比表面积 /m²·g^-1	总孔容 /cm³·g^-1	微孔孔容 /cm³·g^-1	介孔孔容 /cm³·g^-1
PBC1-400	1312	1.04	0.09	0.95
PBC1.78-400	2303	1.64	0.02	1.01
PBC2-400	1246	0.98	0.06	0.9
PBC1-500	1027	0.74	0.03	0.71
PBC1-600	1014	0.73	0.04	0.69

图5 PBCx-T的FTIR谱图

图6 PBCx-T的Raman图和强度比值的柱形图

图7 PBC1-400、PBC1-400-Cr的XPS全扫描谱图和高分辨C 1s、O 1s、P 2p、Cr 2p谱图

表2 C、O、P、Cr的相对原子分数

元素	PBC1-400		PBC1-400-Cr
元素	结合能 /eV	相对原子分数 /%	结合能 /eV	相对原子分数 /%
C 1s
C $̿$ C	284.8	53.7	284.7	64.7
C—O	285.8	16.7	285.4	11.3
C $̿$ O	288	4.8	286.6	27.3
O $̿$ C—OH	288.9	24.8	289.2	6.8
O 1s
C $̿$ O/P $̿$ O	531.4	27.1	531.8	60.6
C—O/C—O—P	533.4	55.7	532.9	19.9
P—O—P/—OH	535.3	17.2	—	—
Cr—O	—	—	530.9	19.5
P 2p
磷酸盐	133.8	47.5	133.3	70
偏磷酸盐	134.6	41.4	134.1	30
P₂O₅	136.5	11.1	—	—
Cr 2p 1/2
Cr(Ⅲ)	—	—	587.5	62.9
Cr(Ⅵ)	—	—	588.28	37.1
Cr 2p 3/2
Cr(Ⅲ)	—	—	577.8	63.7
Cr(Ⅵ)	—	—	578.85	36.3

表2 C、O、P、Cr的相对原子分数

元素	PBC1-400		PBC1-400-Cr
元素	结合能 /eV	相对原子分数 /%	结合能 /eV	相对原子分数 /%
C 1s
C $̿$ C	284.8	53.7	284.7	64.7
C—O	285.8	16.7	285.4	11.3
C $̿$ O	288	4.8	286.6	27.3
O $̿$ C—OH	288.9	24.8	289.2	6.8
O 1s
C $̿$ O/P $̿$ O	531.4	27.1	531.8	60.6
C—O/C—O—P	533.4	55.7	532.9	19.9
P—O—P/—OH	535.3	17.2	—	—
Cr—O	—	—	530.9	19.5
P 2p
磷酸盐	133.8	47.5	133.3	70
偏磷酸盐	134.6	41.4	134.1	30
P₂O₅	136.5	11.1	—	—
Cr 2p 1/2
Cr(Ⅲ)	—	—	587.5	62.9
Cr(Ⅵ)	—	—	588.28	37.1
Cr 2p 3/2
Cr(Ⅲ)	—	—	577.8	63.7
Cr(Ⅵ)	—	—	578.85	36.3

图8 pH对Cr(VI)吸附的影响（活性炭用量0.1g，溶液体积50mL，溶液浓度50mg/L，反应时间2h，温度25℃）

图9 活性炭用量对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响（溶液体积50mL，溶液浓度50mg/L，反应时间2h；pH 2，温度25℃）

图10 初始浓度对Cr(VI)吸附影响（活性炭用量0.1g，溶液体积50mL，反应时间24h，pH 2，温度25℃）

图11 不同初始浓度下PBC1-400对Cr(VI)的吸附动力学曲线（活性炭用量0.1g，溶液体积50mL，pH 2，温度25℃）

表3 在不同C0下Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的拟一级动力学、拟二级动力学、Elovich和颗粒内扩散模型

C₀ /mg·L^-1	q_e,exp /mg·g^-1	拟一级动力学模型			拟二级动力学模型			Elovich模型			颗粒内扩散模型
C₀ /mg·L^-1	q_e,exp /mg·g^-1	q_e,cal /mg·g^-1	k₁ /min^-1	R²	q_e,cal /mg·g^-1	k₂ /g·mg^-1·min^-1	R²	A /mg·g^-1·min^-1	B /g·mg^-1	R²	C /mg·g^-1	k_id /mg·g^-1·min^-1/2	R²
20	10	9.8	0.314	0.943	10.1	0.0574	0.986	6.057	0.706	0.918	6.82	0.149	0.301
30	15	14.6	0.165	0.933	15	0.018	0.973	6.923	1.419	0.914	9.035	0.275	0.397
40	20	19	0.309	0.911	19.6	0.027	0.97	11.242	1.496	0.951	12.869	0.322	0.373
50	25	24.2	0.185	0.948	25	0.011	0.981	11.468	2.356	0.913	14.96	0.458	0.4
60	30	28.6	0.188	0.939	29.6	0.009	0.985	13.285	2.846	0.937	17.268	0.561	0.438
80	39.95	35.5	0.101	0.937	37.48	0.0039	0.982	10.744	4.608	0.941	18.327	0.85	0.484

图12 Cr(Ⅵ)在PBC1-400上吸附的Langmuir和Freundlich模型及不同Cr(VI)初始浓度下的RL值

表4 Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型数据

T/℃	q_e,exp/mg·g^-1	Langmuir				Freundlich
T/℃	q_e,exp/mg·g^-1	K_L/L·mg^-1	q_max/mg·g^-1	R_L	R²	K_F/mg^1-ⁿ ·L ⁿ ·g^-1	1/n	R²
25	50.33	0.483	49.597	0.005~0.1	0.975	32.610	0.082	0.950
35	56.2	1.193	55.133	0.002~0.05	0.953	37.428	0.079	0.985
45	60	0.161	62.043	0.02~0.3	0.993	41.845	0.070	0.945

表5 Cr(VI)在各种材料上的吸附容量比较

吸附剂	温度/℃	pH	吸附剂投入量/g·L^-1	初始浓度C₀/mg·L^-1	吸附量q_max/mg·g^-1
聚硫橡胶改性活性炭^[46]	22	4	3	20	8.9
改性污泥^[47]	30	3	10	50	26.3
球磨炭^[20]	22	7	50	1000	28.9
TA改性炭^[48]	22	5	0.8	20	31.0
铁负载炭^[49]	25	3.3	1	50	53.4
小麦秸秆生物炭^[50]	25	2	—	600	24.6
核桃壳基活性炭（本文）	45	2	2	300	62.0

表6 不同温度下Cr(VI)吸附的热力学数据

活性炭	∆H^⊖/kJ·mol^-1	∆S^⊖/J·mol^-1·K^-1	∆G^⊖/kJ·mol^-1
活性炭	∆H^⊖/kJ·mol^-1	∆S^⊖/J·mol^-1·K^-1	25℃	35℃	45℃
PBC1-400	68.52	33.84	-15.38	-18.14	-13.44

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H₃PO₄活化核桃壳制备活性炭及在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附中的应用

Preparation of biochar from walnut shells activated by H₃PO₄ and its application in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption

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