适合北方冬季施工的清洁压裂液应用现状及思考

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2465

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

北方冬季温度低，清洁压裂施工时存在稠化剂结晶、起黏速度慢等问题，目前的解决方法主要集中在物理加热及保温以及研发低凝固点清洁压裂液两种策略。本文分析了二者的特点，发现物理加热可用电加热棒、电加热带等，保温措施采用棚罩保温、涂料隔热等，但上述方法施工难度大、成本高，不宜大范围使用。而在清洁压裂液中添加防冻助剂及低Krafft点表面活性剂，可有效降低清洁压裂液的凝固点。防冻助剂常用醇类和无机盐，其中醇类还可以提高有效成分的溶解度，添加防冻助剂可使压裂液在-15℃下保持较好的流动性，但是过量的醇类会阻止表面活性剂形成蠕虫状胶束。文中总结了Krafft点表面活性剂的3种制备方法，即在疏水链上引入双键、对亲水基团进行改性以及引入亲水性较高的非离子基团。指出在疏水链上引入双键的方法对降低Krafft点的影响最大，可降低Krafft点8~49℃，达到在低温环境中使用的目的。设计低Krafft点表面活性剂的合成路线、探索低凝固点清洁压裂液配方，以及研究表面活性剂Krafft点的理论推算应会是未来的研究重点。

关键词: 清洁压裂液, 表面活性剂, Krafft点, 低温, 防冻

Abstract:

Due to the low temperature in northern winter, the thickener of clean fracturing fluid is easy to crystallize and lose fluidity. Also, the speed of viscosity increase is slower in the process of preparing fracturing fluid. At present, the methods to solve the above problems mainly include physical heating, thermal preservation and development of the new clean fracturing fluids with low freezing point. The characteristics of the above methods were analyzed in this paper, respectively. The physical heating methods included electric heating rods, electric heating belts and so on. Thermal insulation measures mainly included heat insulated ceiling, heat preservation cover and thermal insulation coating. However, above technologies were expensive and difficult to use widely. The freezing point of clean fracturing fluid was effectively decreased when antifreeze additives and low Krafft point surfactant were added. Antifreeze additives were generally alcohols and inorganic salts, among which alcohols can also improve the solubility of active ingredients. The fracturing fluid can still flow at -15℃ by adding antifreeze additives such as alcohols and inorganic salt. And the solubility of constituent of clean fracturing fluid was improved with alcohols. Moreover, wormlike micelle was unfavorable to form in the presence of high concentration alcohols. Generally, there were three methods for the preparation of surfactants with low Krafft point, that was, introducing double bonds into hydrophobic chains, modifying hydrophilic groups and introducing nonionic groups with higher hydrophilicity. It was pointed out that the method of introducing double bonds into the hydrophobic chain had the greatest impact on reducing the Kraft point, which can reduce the Kraft point by about 8—49℃, so as to achieve the purpose of using in low temperature environment. Designing the synthetic route of surfactant with low Krafft point, exploring the formula of low-freezing point clean fracturing fluid and studying the theoretical calculation of Krafft point of surfactant should be the research priority in the future.

Key words: clean fracturing fluid, surfactant, Krafft temperatures, low temperatures, anti-freeze

中图分类号:

TE39

张艺夕, 张丰润泽, 桑宇彤, 郑憬希, 刘学敏, 张华, 张鹏. 适合北方冬季施工的清洁压裂液应用现状及思考[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(9): 5003-5010.

ZHANG Yixi, ZHANG Fengrunze, SANG Yutong, ZHENG Jingxi, LIU Xuemin, ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Peng. Application status and thinking of clean fracturing fluid suitable for northern winter construction[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(9): 5003-5010.

图/表 5

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序号	Krafft点	参考文献
1-1	<0℃	［8］
1-2	<0℃
1-3	7℃
1-4	>100℃
1-5	>100℃ 51.7℃（500mmol/L NaCl）
2-1	<0℃（500mmol/L NaCl）	［16］
3-1	<0℃	［17］
3-2	<0℃	［17］
4-1	50℃	［18］
4-2	<2.5℃
4-3	<2.5℃
4-4	<2.5℃
5-1	28℃	［19］
5-2	27℃
5-3	<0℃
6-1	<0℃	［20］
6-2	<0℃
6-3	>40℃
6-4	>40℃
7-1	65℃（pH=10）	［21］
7-2	16℃（pH=10）
7-3	<0℃（pH=10）
7-4	<0℃（pH=10）
8-1	约35℃	［22］
9-1	27℃	［23］

序号	Krafft点	参考文献
1-1	<0℃	［8］
1-2	<0℃
1-3	7℃
1-4	>100℃
1-5	>100℃ 51.7℃（500mmol/L NaCl）
2-1	<0℃（500mmol/L NaCl）	［16］
3-1	<0℃	［17］
3-2	<0℃	［17］
4-1	50℃	［18］
4-2	<2.5℃
4-3	<2.5℃
4-4	<2.5℃
5-1	28℃	［19］
5-2	27℃
5-3	<0℃
6-1	<0℃	［20］
6-2	<0℃
6-3	>40℃
6-4	>40℃
7-1	65℃（pH=10）	［21］
7-2	16℃（pH=10）
7-3	<0℃（pH=10）
7-4	<0℃（pH=10）
8-1	约35℃	［22］
9-1	27℃	［23］

序号	结构式	Krafft点	参考文献
1-1		<0℃	［25］
1-2		9℃
1-3		10℃
1-4		<0℃
1-5		21℃
1-6		<0℃
2-1	C₁₂H₂₅-SO₃Na	38℃	［26］
2-2	C₁₂H₂₅-SO₄Na	20.5℃	［26］

序号	结构式	Krafft点	参考文献
1-1		<0℃	［25］
1-2		9℃
1-3		10℃
1-4		<0℃
1-5		21℃
1-6		<0℃
2-1	C₁₂H₂₅-SO₃Na	38℃	［26］
2-2	C₁₂H₂₅-SO₄Na	20.5℃	［26］

序号	Krafft点	参考文献
1-1	63.9℃ 26.3℃（20% NaCl）	［26］
1-2	>90℃ <0℃（20% NaCl）	［26］
2-1	15℃（pH=10）	［21］
2-2	<0℃（pH=10）
2-3	<0℃（pH=10）