石油烃污染场地低温修复机制研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2019-0861

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物修复一直是石油烃污染场地修复技术的研究热点，已经取得了很多实验和理论认知。但是，现有研究主要集中在中高温环境下，而在实地修复中，生物修复往往要跨越中低温期，此时，无论是土著还是外源微生物的生理特性都将发生改变；由于细胞活力低，这一时期经常在修复过程中被忽视，或是采用缺乏针对性的常规工艺而事倍功半。本文围绕低温生物修复技术，概述了低温石油烃降解微生物的研究现状，重点介绍了长链烷烃、苯及其同系物、多环芳烃三大类典型石油烃的低温代谢机制和主要代谢途径；在此基础上，从脂肪酸的组成、蛋白的低温表达、特殊蛋白的合成以及酶的结构适应性等4个方面，进一步剖析了低温环境下细胞生理生化特性的微观变化，这种低温微生物独有的适冷机制决定了其特有的低温降解特性，并成为低温修复的核心。分析表明，低温期生物修复应该得到足够重视：一方面，充分而合理地利用漫长的低温期，针对性实施低温期受控修复，提高营养盐利用率，可以有效提高生物修复效率；另一方面，深入研究细胞低温代谢和适冷机制有助于指导低温修复手段的实施，将成为切实可行的发展方向。

关键词: 低温菌, 低温修复, 代谢机制, 适冷机制, 石油烃降解

Abstract:

Bioremediation has been a research focus on site remediation contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbon, and so far, much experimental and theoretical knowledge has been gained on it. However, the current researches are conducted in optimal temperature environment. In fact, bioremediation often undergoes mid-low temperature period in site when physiological characteristics will change for both indigenous and exogenous microorganisms. Due to low cell activity, the mid-low temperature period in the remediation process has always been overlooked, resulting in the use of conventional technology to remediate contaminated sites with poor efficiency and the lack of pertinence. In this paper, the research status of microorganisms degrading petroleum hydrocarbons at low temperature was summarized, focusing on low-temperature metabolic mechanism and main metabolic pathways of three kinds of typical petroleum hydrocarbons, namely, long-chain alkane, benzologue and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. On this basis, the microscopic changes of cell physiological-biochemical characteristics under different temperature conditions have been further analyzed from the following four different aspects: fatty acid composition, protein expression in low temperature, the synthesis of specific protein, and adaptability of the enzymes structure. It was shown that the unique cold-adapted mechanism of low-temperature microorganisms determines its unique low-temperature degradation characteristics and consequently becomes the core of low-temperature remediation technology. In brief, low temperature bioremediation should deserve adequate attention. For one thing, the bioremediation efficiency can be effectively improved by making full and reasonable use of controlled restoration in lengthy low-temperature period to improve the utilization rate of nutrient salt; and for the other, it will be a feasible development direction to study the cell metabolism and cold-adapted mechanisms to guide the implementation of low-temperature bioremediation.

Key words: cold-adapted microorganisms, low-temperature bioremediation, metabolic mechanism, cold-adaptation mechanism, petroleum hydrocarbon degradation

中图分类号:

姜岩,周和平,张哲,刘红兵,沈顺祥. 石油烃污染场地低温修复机制研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(2): 419-428.

Yan JIANG,Heping ZHOU,Zhe ZHANG,Hongbing LIU,Shunxiang SHEN. Bioremediation of contaminated sites by petroleum hydrocarbon under low temperature environment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(2): 419-428.

图/表 4

表1

典型低温石油烃降解菌"

来源	菌株	温度/℃	去除效果	参考文献
润滑油污染土壤	Acidovorax citrulli、Acidovorax avenae	20	403mg/L润滑油摇瓶降解4天，除油率50% 400mg/L润滑油摇瓶降解3天，降解率59%	张贤明课题组^[11,12,13]
南极土壤	Sphingomonas Ant 17、30	16	5mmol/L喷气发动机燃油的土壤降解8天，除油率80%、87%	Jackie等^[14]
	Oleispira RB-8T	15、4	1%柴油摇瓶降解22天，降解率81.8%、62.04%	Gentile等^[15]
	Exophilia CZ06	10	1mg/mL甲苯培养基，摇瓶降解8天，降解率60%	Zhang等^[16]
	Planococcus、Shewanella、Pseudoalteromonas	8	1%的0^#柴油摇瓶降解14天，降解率34%、68%、42%	刘芳明等^[17]
北极土壤	Pseudomonas、Shewanella、Marinobacter 5株菌混合降解	20、4	100mL的1mL/L原油培养基摇瓶降解28天，降解率77%、71%	Uta等^[18]
	Sphingopyxis HA4-4	15	50mg/kg萘和菲摇瓶降解60天，降解率82%	Francescal等^[19]
	3株Pseudoalteromona	15	10g/L的0^#柴油摇瓶降解7天，降解率60%、46%、53%	张月梅等^[20]
高山土壤	Rhodococcus（2株）、Trichosporon	10	80天摇瓶实验，降解苯酚12.5mmol/L、18mmol/L	Rosa等^[21]
高山土壤	Pseudomonas、Acinetobacter、Rhodococcus混合降解	10	5g/L的柴油土壤修复14天，除油率72%	Margesin等^[22]
青藏高原	Rhodococcus YF28-1(8)、Nocardia Y48混合降解	20	24mg/L原油摇瓶降解10天，几乎完全降解	Yang等^[5]
	Sulfuritalea、Rhodococcus、Sphingomonas、Nocardioides	10	0.1mL/g柴油的土壤，混合菌群修复60天，除油率67.13%	温成成^[23]
	Rhodococcus、Acinetobacter	10	2%灭菌原油25mL，摇瓶降解15天，降解率74.14%、98.43%	王艺霖^[24]
蓝湖油田	Planococcus Y42	20	2%的原油摇瓶降解10天，除油率50%	Yang^[25]
沈阳生态试验站	Pseudomonas、Mortierella	10	100mg/L的PAHs土壤混合菌修复45天，除油率64.38%	巩春娟^[6]
抚顺石油二厂	Acinetobacter	10～15	2000mg/L的35^#柴油摇瓶降解72h，降解率71%	赵全^[3]
吉林油田	Acinetobacter JLS1	16	体积分数1%的C₁₆摇瓶降解28天，去除率87.89%	翟真浩^[26]
莫斯科	Basidiomycete	4	32g/kg石油污染土壤修复90天，降解率81%	Kulikova等^[27]
日本藤岛集团	Rhodococcus erythropolis、Gordonia Polyisoprenivorans	15	500mg/kg燃料油的土壤混合菌修复24天，除油率82%	Masaki等^[28]
丹麦	Pseudomonas	15	50mg/L的原油摇瓶降解83天，降解率50%～60%	Leendert等^[29]

表1

图1

图2

图3

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