湿气发电技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1225

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环境中蕴含着大量的低品位能，利用这种绿色能源开发离网分散式发电系统是补充日常用电的有效途径之一。湿气发电技术是一种利用功能材料与湿气相互作用从中收集能量的技术，近年来受到广泛关注和研究。本文回顾湿气发电技术发展历程，从湿气与发电材料的相互作用原理出发，汇总讨论了目前湿气发电机理的主流解释，包括离子扩散和流动电位等，并介绍了相关的验证工作；整合分析了吸湿发电层材料及其优势与不足，总结归纳了湿气发电机的结构及潜在应用领域；随后阐述了提高湿气发电机能量转换效率和输出功率的方法；最后，对湿气发电技术面临的主要挑战，提出了一些建议以解决存在的问题。湿气发电技术的不断发展将为绿色能源领域带来新的可能性，并推动离网分散式发电系统的可持续发展。

关键词: 湿气发电, 湿电效应, 离子扩散, 流动电位, 清洁能源

Abstract:

Harvesting a large amount of low-grade energy in the atmospheric moisture and developing an off-grid distributed power generation system is one of the effective ways to supplement daily electricity consumption. Moisture generation technology involves utilizing functional materials that interact with moisture to harvest energy from the environment. This technology has garnered considerable attention and research in recent years. This paper presented a retrospective of the development history of moisture generation technology. The interaction principle between moisture and power generation materials was firstly introduced. The prevailing mainstream explanations for the moisture generation mechanism, such as ion diffusion and streaming potential, were comprehensively overviewed and analyzed. The integration of moisture absorption power generation layers was investigated, encompassing an assessment of their merits and demerits. The structure and potential application fields of moisture generators were also summarized. Furthermore, the strategies to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of moisture generators and expand their output power were elaborated. Lastly, the paper addressed the main challenges faced by moisture generation technology and offered recommendations to address prevailing issues. The continuous advancement of moisture generation technology promised to introduce novel possibilities in the realm of green energy and facilitate the sustainable evolution of off-grid decentralized power generation systems.

Key words: moist-electric generators, hygro-electricity, ionic diffusion, streaming potential, clean energy

中图分类号:

O6-1

马广鑫, 李伟曼, 周欣, 陈运法. 湿气发电技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4490-4505.

MA Guangxin, LI Weiman, ZHOU Xin, CHEN Yunfa. Progress of moisture generation technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(8): 4490-4505.

图/表 13

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项目	离子扩散	流动电位
能量转换	化学能→电能	其他能量→机械能→电能
机理类型	化学变化	物理变化
作用界面	气-液-固	液-固
材料维度	3D	2D
发电结构	梯度结构	微/纳通道结构
输出电流	交流电	直流电
输出方式	间歇性	连续性
发电过程	①材料吸收水团簇； ②形成移动载流子梯度； ③离子扩散生电	①液-固界面作用产生EDL； ②外力驱动下液体流动； ③反离子沿液体运动方向移动

项目	离子扩散	流动电位
能量转换	化学能→电能	其他能量→机械能→电能
机理类型	化学变化	物理变化
作用界面	气-液-固	液-固
材料维度	3D	2D
发电结构	梯度结构	微/纳通道结构
输出电流	交流电	直流电
输出方式	间歇性	连续性
发电过程	①材料吸收水团簇； ②形成移动载流子梯度； ③离子扩散生电	①液-固界面作用产生EDL； ②外力驱动下液体流动； ③反离子沿液体运动方向移动

发电材料	电极	结构	梯度来源/流动电位	湿度/%	输出电压/V	电流密度/mA·cm^-2	供电时长	参考文献
GQDs	Au/Au	平面	官能团	70	0.27	27.7	周期供电	[48]
GO	rGO/rGO	纤维	官能团	65	0.4	1	周期供电	[47]
GOF	Au/Au	夹层	官能团	30	0.02	5×10^-3	周期供电	[12]
g-3D-GO	Al/Al	夹层	官能团	75	0.26	3.2	周期供电	[34]
GO-g-rGO	Ag/Au	平面	官能团	85	1.5	1×10^-4	周期供电	[73]
GO	Ag/Ag	同轴光纤	官能团	70	0.3	6.3×10^-4	周期供电	[74]
CNT	银涂料	平面	水含量	80	0.348	7×10^-1	周期供电	[49]
炭黑（CB）	银涂料	非对称平面	水含量	70	0.6	1.17×10^-2	100h	[51]
石墨（C）	银涂料	平面	官能团	70	0.23	4×10^-4	周期供电	[75]
PSSA	多孔Au/Au	非对称电极	水含量	80	0.8	1×10^-1	24h	[39]
g-3D-PPy	Au/Au	夹层	离子梯度	85	0.06	1.2×10^-2	周期供电	[55]
g-1D-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	离子梯度	75	0.075	—	周期供电	[53]
Mg^2+-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	水含量	75	0.108	—	周期供电	[76]
Al³⁺-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	水含量	75	0.143	—	周期供电	[76]
GO-PSSA	Au/Ag	夹层	水含量	80	0.6	1×10^-3	120h	[30]
PSS-PVA	Ag-NW/Ag	非对称电极	水含量	85	0.6	1	周期供电	[54]
PVA-PA	Au/Ag	夹层	水含量	85	0.8	0.24	1000h	[77]
Nafion^TM膜	碳	夹层	水含量	68.5	1.86	1.01×10^-2	5min	[78]
PHU-Ti₃C₂	Al/Cu	非对称电极	水含量	35	1.1	4.8×10^-2	1.5h	[56]
g-PDA	Ag/Ag	夹层	官能团	85	0.52	5×10^-1	0.5h	[57]
蛋白质	Al/Cu	夹层	水含量	55	0.71	7.75×10^-3	周期供电	[67]
打印纸	Au/PET-ITO	夹层	水含量	70	0.25	1.5×10^-5	周期供电	[68]
打印纸	MXene	夹层	官能团	73	0.275	7.6×10^-3	周期供电	[79]
纤维素	Ag/Ag	夹层	水含量	85	0.3	8×10^-5	50h	[63]
木材	Pt/Pt	夹层	官能团	85	0.57	—	24h	[80]
纸-CB	银涂料	平面	水含量	50	0.35	5.65×10^-3	120h	[42]
玉米秸秆	碳墨	平面	流动电位	80	0.6	5.0×10^-4	40h	[41]
纤维素	Al/Al	夹层	流动电位	99	0.65	1.0×10^-4	18h	[70]
MoS₂	Cu/Cu	平面	晶相梯度	75	0.019	4.2×10^-3	10min	[71]
SiNWs-PDDA	CNT/Ag	夹层	水含量	60	1	8.2 ×10^-3	74h	[72]
TiO₂	Al/ITO	夹层	流动电位	85	0.5	8.0×10^-3	周期供电	[13]

发电材料	电极	结构	梯度来源/流动电位	湿度/%	输出电压/V	电流密度/mA·cm^-2	供电时长	参考文献
GQDs	Au/Au	平面	官能团	70	0.27	27.7	周期供电	[48]
GO	rGO/rGO	纤维	官能团	65	0.4	1	周期供电	[47]
GOF	Au/Au	夹层	官能团	30	0.02	5×10^-3	周期供电	[12]
g-3D-GO	Al/Al	夹层	官能团	75	0.26	3.2	周期供电	[34]
GO-g-rGO	Ag/Au	平面	官能团	85	1.5	1×10^-4	周期供电	[73]
GO	Ag/Ag	同轴光纤	官能团	70	0.3	6.3×10^-4	周期供电	[74]
CNT	银涂料	平面	水含量	80	0.348	7×10^-1	周期供电	[49]
炭黑（CB）	银涂料	非对称平面	水含量	70	0.6	1.17×10^-2	100h	[51]
石墨（C）	银涂料	平面	官能团	70	0.23	4×10^-4	周期供电	[75]
PSSA	多孔Au/Au	非对称电极	水含量	80	0.8	1×10^-1	24h	[39]
g-3D-PPy	Au/Au	夹层	离子梯度	85	0.06	1.2×10^-2	周期供电	[55]
g-1D-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	离子梯度	75	0.075	—	周期供电	[53]
Mg^2+-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	水含量	75	0.108	—	周期供电	[76]
Al³⁺-PPy	多孔Au/Au	夹层	水含量	75	0.143	—	周期供电	[76]
GO-PSSA	Au/Ag	夹层	水含量	80	0.6	1×10^-3	120h	[30]
PSS-PVA	Ag-NW/Ag	非对称电极	水含量	85	0.6	1	周期供电	[54]
PVA-PA	Au/Ag	夹层	水含量	85	0.8	0.24	1000h	[77]
Nafion^TM膜	碳	夹层	水含量	68.5	1.86	1.01×10^-2	5min	[78]
PHU-Ti₃C₂	Al/Cu	非对称电极	水含量	35	1.1	4.8×10^-2	1.5h	[56]
g-PDA	Ag/Ag	夹层	官能团	85	0.52	5×10^-1	0.5h	[57]
蛋白质	Al/Cu	夹层	水含量	55	0.71	7.75×10^-3	周期供电	[67]
打印纸	Au/PET-ITO	夹层	水含量	70	0.25	1.5×10^-5	周期供电	[68]
打印纸	MXene	夹层	官能团	73	0.275	7.6×10^-3	周期供电	[79]
纤维素	Ag/Ag	夹层	水含量	85	0.3	8×10^-5	50h	[63]
木材	Pt/Pt	夹层	官能团	85	0.57	—	24h	[80]
纸-CB	银涂料	平面	水含量	50	0.35	5.65×10^-3	120h	[42]
玉米秸秆	碳墨	平面	流动电位	80	0.6	5.0×10^-4	40h	[41]
纤维素	Al/Al	夹层	流动电位	99	0.65	1.0×10^-4	18h	[70]
MoS₂	Cu/Cu	平面	晶相梯度	75	0.019	4.2×10^-3	10min	[71]
SiNWs-PDDA	CNT/Ag	夹层	水含量	60	1	8.2 ×10^-3	74h	[72]
TiO₂	Al/ITO	夹层	流动电位	85	0.5	8.0×10^-3	周期供电	[13]

材料	优势	不足
无机碳材料	高比表面积、表面性能可调节	循环稳定性、机械强度较差
聚合物材料	吸湿能力优异、网络结构稳定	易溶胀形变、结构稳定性差
生物材料	表面基团丰富、生物相容性好	循环稳定性较差
金属化合物材料	高耐水性、晶体结构稳定	离子解离弱、水扩散动力学慢