湿法脱硫后烟气和浆液余热回收技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

低品位余热高效深度利用是促进燃煤电站进一步节能减排的关键之一，湿法脱硫后的低温饱和湿烟气蕴含大量潜热和水资源，大量脱硫浆液吸收烟气热量后温度升高。烟气与浆液具有巨大的余热利用和水资源回收的潜力，若直接排放烟气，直接排出浆液，不但造成资源浪费，还容易引发“白色烟羽”污染环境。本文以湿法脱硫后饱和湿烟气和脱硫浆液为研究对象，针对目前湿法脱硫技术余热回收效率低、利用难以匹配冷源等困境，总结了国内外针对脱硫后烟气水热回收和浆液余热回收技术及发展方向，研究中针对浆液余热利用仍待发展。其中，直接冷凝烟气和浆液技术和热泵技术成熟，应用广泛；溶液吸收技术能源利用率高，烟气腐蚀性低；烟气膜分离技术、浆液闪蒸、热泵技术清洁环保，回收质量高。直接冷凝烟气、浆液技术和膜分离技术需要进一步提高抗腐蚀性和转换效率；浆液闪蒸、热泵技术能耗较高，吸收式热泵技术仍需寻找高效安全环保无毒的吸收溶液。最后，探讨了目前脱硫浆液余热利用的主要方式及存在问题，回收余热主要用于供暖和电厂内部热利用，以期进一步推动湿法脱硫后烟气与浆液余热回收利用，实现燃煤电站的深度节能减排。

关键词: 脱硫浆液, 饱和湿烟气, 余热回收, 低温余热, 节水节电

Abstract:

Efficient and deep utilization of low-grade waste heat is one of the key measures to promote further energy saving and emission reduction in coal-fired power stations. The low temperature saturated wet flue gas after wet desulphurization contains a large amount of latent heat and water resources, and the temperature of a large amount of desulphurization slurry rises after absorbing the flue gas heat. The flue gas and slurry have huge potential for waste heat utilization and water recovery, but discharging the flue gas and the slurry directly, will cause waste of resources and easily lead to "white plume" pollution. This paper takes the saturated wet flue gas and desulphurization slurry after wet desulphurization as the research object, and summarizes the domestic and foreign technologies and development directions for flue gas water heat recovery and slurry waste heat recovery after desulphurization, in response to the problems of low waste heat recovery efficiency and difficulty in matching cold sources in current wet desulfurization technology. Among them, direct condensing of flue gas and slurry, and heat pump technology are mature and widely used; solution absorption technology has high energy utilization rate and low corrosiveness of flue gas; flue gas membrane separation technology, slurry flash, heat pump technology are clean and environmentally friendly with high recovery quality. Direct condensing of flue gas and slurry, and membrane separation technology need to further improve corrosion resistance and exchange efficiency; slurry flash and heat pump technologies have high energy consumption; and membrane separation technology still needs to find efficient, safe and environmentally friendly non-toxic refrigerant. Finally, the main ways and problems of the current flue gas desulphurization (FGD) slurry waste heat utilization are discussed, and the recovered waste heat is mainly used for heating and internal heat utilization in power plants, with a view to further promoting the recovery and utilization of flue gas and slurry waste heat after wet FGD and realizing the deep energy saving and emission reduction in coal-fired power plants.

Key words: desulphurization slurry, saturated wet flue gas, waste heat recovery, low temperature waste heat, water and electricity saving

中图分类号:

TK11⁺4

高昕玥, 范高峰, 刘爱平, 王长安, 侯育杰, 张津铭, 徐杰, 车得福. 湿法脱硫后烟气和浆液余热回收技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4307-4319.

GAO Xinyue, FAN Gaofeng, LIU Aiping, WANG Chang'an, HOU Yujie, ZHANG Jinming, XU Jie, CHE Defu. Research progress on waste heat recovery technology for flue gas and slurry after wet desulphurization[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(8): 4307-4319.

图/表 13

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脱硫技术	脱硫剂/脱硫产物	固形物或结晶物总质量分数/%	循环浆液pH	进口烟气温度/℃	出口烟气（浆液）温度/℃
石灰石-石膏法	石灰石或石灰等/石膏	5~20	5.5~6.5	100~160	50~60
镁法	镁基试剂，如氢氧化镁/硫酸镁	1~5	8~10	120~160	50~60
双碱液法	钠基脱硫剂，如氢氧化钠/硫酸钠	1~5	10~11	120~160	50~60
海水法	海水/硫酸（常被石灰或石灰石中和，形成石膏）	—	6.5~8	120~150	50~60
氨法	液氨或氨水/硫酸铵	—	5.5~6.5	120~200	50~80

脱硫技术	脱硫剂/脱硫产物	固形物或结晶物总质量分数/%	循环浆液pH	进口烟气温度/℃	出口烟气（浆液）温度/℃
石灰石-石膏法	石灰石或石灰等/石膏	5~20	5.5~6.5	100~160	50~60
镁法	镁基试剂，如氢氧化镁/硫酸镁	1~5	8~10	120~160	50~60
双碱液法	钠基脱硫剂，如氢氧化钠/硫酸钠	1~5	10~11	120~160	50~60
海水法	海水/硫酸（常被石灰或石灰石中和，形成石膏）	—	6.5~8	120~150	50~60
氨法	液氨或氨水/硫酸铵	—	5.5~6.5	120~200	50~80

回收技术	回收原理	主要技术优势	主要技术不足	发展趋势
烟气冷凝
间接接触式	对流换热	系统简单，水热协同回收，应用广泛	回收效率低，维护成本高	提高换热效率，降低磨损腐蚀危害
直接接触式	接触换热	节能环保，适用条件广泛，回收效率高	冷流体被污染后极易损坏后续设备	提高换热和环保性能
膜分离	膜对分子的选择性	回收水资源质量高，清洁低耗	高成本，难以大规模应用	发展低成本、抗腐蚀和耐磨损的膜材料
溶液吸收（以吸收式热泵为例）	烟气与吸收溶液间的水蒸气分压力差	高效高质量回收水热资源，降低烟气腐蚀性	高成本，工艺复杂，吸收剂可能污染环境	寻求新型高效环保吸收液，降低系统能耗，减小设备体积

回收技术	回收原理	主要技术优势	主要技术不足	发展趋势
烟气冷凝
间接接触式	对流换热	系统简单，水热协同回收，应用广泛	回收效率低，维护成本高	提高换热效率，降低磨损腐蚀危害
直接接触式	接触换热	节能环保，适用条件广泛，回收效率高	冷流体被污染后极易损坏后续设备	提高换热和环保性能
膜分离	膜对分子的选择性	回收水资源质量高，清洁低耗	高成本，难以大规模应用	发展低成本、抗腐蚀和耐磨损的膜材料
溶液吸收（以吸收式热泵为例）	烟气与吸收溶液间的水蒸气分压力差	高效高质量回收水热资源，降低烟气腐蚀性	高成本，工艺复杂，吸收剂可能污染环境	寻求新型高效环保吸收液，降低系统能耗，减小设备体积

回收技术	技术原理	主要技术优势	主要技术不足	发展方向
浆液冷却器	冷却浆液	节水环保，工艺简单，成本较低	缺乏长期工程检验，回收效率较低，设备易腐蚀结垢	提高换热效率，降低磨损腐蚀危害
闪蒸	冷却浆液	高效环保，水热协同回收，控制精准	可能增加系统能耗，存在汽蚀风险，缺乏工程检验	降低应用成本，提高设备防堵塞和耐腐蚀性能
热泵	溶液吸收	利用范围广，回收效率高	系统复杂，成本高，吸收溶液可能具有环保隐患	发展高效集约环保型多功能热泵