有机溶剂纳滤传递模型及最新膜材料研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-2274

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有机溶剂纳滤（organic solvent nanofiltration, OSN）是一种高效节能、操作简便的新型膜分离技术，在化工、制药、能源和环境等相关领域具有广阔的应用前景，因此受到了膜技术领域内研究者们的重点关注。本文首先简述了有机溶剂纳滤的应用背景，其次从有机溶剂纳滤传递模型与膜材料两个方面，总结归纳了近年来在有机溶剂纳滤领域取得的研究进展。总结了基于无机陶瓷、高分子聚合物、多孔有机聚合物、有机-无机杂化材料以及石墨烯类二维材料等用于制备新型OSN膜的研究进展，并结合传输模型讨论分析了有机溶剂分子在膜内的传输行为及膜的分离性能。最后简述了有机溶剂纳滤技术在化工及相关行业中的应用现状，并指出了这些关键有机溶剂纳滤膜材料在有机溶剂纳滤应用中存在的优势和挑战，提出了基于这些关键材料的特点进行设计和优化OSN膜性能的建议供参考，以期促进有机溶剂纳滤膜的研究和应用。

关键词: 有机溶剂纳滤, 传递模型, 膜材料, 多孔有机材料

Abstract:

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN), a new type of membrane-based separation that has attracted much attention in the field of membrane technology, evinces a broad application prospects in chemical, pharmaceutical, energy and environmental related fields due to the advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption and ease of operation. This review first briefly introduced the application background of OSN. Then, recent advances in an OSN field in terms of transfer models and functional membrane materials were outlined and discussed. Among them, OSN membrane materials such as porous ceramics, polymers, porous organic materials, organic-inorganic frameworks, as well as graphene-like two-dimensional materials were summarized. Combined with the transfer models, the transport behavior of organic solvent molecules across the membrane and the membrane separation performance were analyzed. Finally, the industrial application status of OSN membranes was briefly described. The advantages and challenges of these key materials in OSN field were pointed out, and some development suggestions for optimizing membrane performance based on the characteristics of these key materials were put forward, aiming at promoting the research and application of OSN membrane.

Key words: organic solvent nanofiltration, transfer models, membrane materials, porous organic materials

中图分类号:

TQ028.8

金业豪, 冯孝权, 朱军勇, 张亚涛. 有机溶剂纳滤传递模型及最新膜材料研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(11): 6181-6194.

JIN Yehao, FENG Xiaoquan, ZHU Junyong, ZHANG Yatao. Research progress in transfer models and membrane materials for organic solvent nanofiltration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(11): 6181-6194.

图/表 7

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传输模型	传输机制	控制参数
不可逆热力学模型
Kedem-Katchalsky模型	扩散+对流	P_i，L_V，σ_i
Spiegler-Kedemd模型	扩散+对流	P_i，L_V，σ_i
溶解扩散模型
经典溶解扩散模型	扩散	P_i，P_j
“简单”溶解扩散模型	扩散	P_i，P_j
Maxwell-Stefan模型	多组分扩散	D_i，K_i
孔流模型
哈根泊稷叶模型	对流	r_p，l，ε，τ
道南空间孔流模型	扩散+对流+静电相互作用	r_p，l，ε，τ，Ψ
修正的表面力孔流模型	扩散+对流+静电/亲和作用	r_p，l，ε，τ，φ

传输模型	传输机制	控制参数
不可逆热力学模型
Kedem-Katchalsky模型	扩散+对流	P_i，L_V，σ_i
Spiegler-Kedemd模型	扩散+对流	P_i，L_V，σ_i
溶解扩散模型
经典溶解扩散模型	扩散	P_i，P_j
“简单”溶解扩散模型	扩散	P_i，P_j
Maxwell-Stefan模型	多组分扩散	D_i，K_i
孔流模型
哈根泊稷叶模型	对流	r_p，l，ε，τ
道南空间孔流模型	扩散+对流+静电相互作用	r_p，l，ε，τ，Ψ
修正的表面力孔流模型	扩散+对流+静电/亲和作用	r_p，l，ε，τ，φ

溶剂	摩尔质量/g·mol^-1	密度/g·mL^-1	动力学半径/nm	黏度/mPa·s	相对极性	Hansen溶解度参数
甲醇	32	0.791	0.38	0.544	0.762	29.7
乙醇	46	0.789	0.49	1.074	0.309	20.3
异丙醇	60	0.785	0.47	2.038	0.546	24.6
正丁醇	74	0.810	0.50	2.544	0.586	23.1
乙腈	41	0.786	0.34	0.369	0.46	24.4
四氢呋喃	72	0.866	0.48	0.456	0.207	19.4
丙酮	58	0.786	0.47	0.306	0.355	20.1
二甲基甲酰胺	73	0.944	0.50	0.816	0.386	24.8
水	18	1	0.27	0.89	1	47.8
正庚烷	100	0.684	0.75	0.4	0.012	15.3
正己烷	86	0.655	0.75	0.300	0.009	14.9
甲苯	92	0.867	0.55	0.555	0.099	18.2
二氯甲烷	85	1.326	0.49	0.414	0.309	20.3
环己烷	84	0.799	1.020	—	—	16.8

溶剂	摩尔质量/g·mol^-1	密度/g·mL^-1	动力学半径/nm	黏度/mPa·s	相对极性	Hansen溶解度参数
甲醇	32	0.791	0.38	0.544	0.762	29.7
乙醇	46	0.789	0.49	1.074	0.309	20.3
异丙醇	60	0.785	0.47	2.038	0.546	24.6
正丁醇	74	0.810	0.50	2.544	0.586	23.1
乙腈	41	0.786	0.34	0.369	0.46	24.4
四氢呋喃	72	0.866	0.48	0.456	0.207	19.4
丙酮	58	0.786	0.47	0.306	0.355	20.1
二甲基甲酰胺	73	0.944	0.50	0.816	0.386	24.8
水	18	1	0.27	0.89	1	47.8
正庚烷	100	0.684	0.75	0.4	0.012	15.3
正己烷	86	0.655	0.75	0.300	0.009	14.9
甲苯	92	0.867	0.55	0.555	0.099	18.2
二氯甲烷	85	1.326	0.49	0.414	0.309	20.3
环己烷	84	0.799	1.020	—	—	16.8

膜材料	膜		溶剂渗透		溶质截留		使用或推荐使用模型	参考文献
膜材料	分离层	支撑层	溶剂	渗透性 /L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1	溶质	截留率 /%	使用或推荐使用模型	参考文献
无机材料	APTES接枝的γ-Al₂O₃	α-Al₂O₃	甲苯	3.1	苏丹黑B	72	不可逆热力学模型	［26］
无机材料	MPTES接枝的γ-Al₂O₃	α-Al₂O₃	异丙醇	0.78	苏丹黑B	66	不可逆热力学模型	［26］
高分子聚合物材料	聚酰亚胺		异丙醇	2.7	玫瑰红	95	溶解扩散模型	［27］
	类金刚石碳膜	聚丙烯腈	乙醇	84.1	偶氮苯	94.4	孔流模型	［28］
	聚酰胺	聚丙烯腈	甲醇	13.3	甲基橙	97.7	溶解扩散模型	［29］
多孔有机材料	共轭微孔聚合物	聚丙烯腈	乙醇	13.8	玫瑰红	99	孔流模型	［30］
	自具微孔聚合物	聚丙烯腈	乙醇	4.3	甲基橙	93	溶解扩散模型	［31］
	Tp-BPY	无纺布	甲醇	108	酸性品红	97	孔流模型	［32］
	M-TpBD		乙醇	86.5	刚果红	96	孔流模型	［33］
有机-无机杂化材料	ZIF-8/PA	聚酰亚胺	甲醇	2.5	聚苯乙烯	90	溶解扩散模型	［34］
有机-无机杂化材料	UIO-66-NH₂	聚酰亚胺	乙醇	0.88	玫瑰红	96.3	孔流模型	［35］
石墨烯类二维材料	还原氧化石墨烯	尼龙	甲醇	75.3	伊文思蓝/960	100	孔流模型	［36］
石墨烯类二维材料	MXenes	尼龙	异丙醇	983	酸性黄79	100	孔流模型	［37］